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Original Articles

Ambivalent bedfellows: German‐American intelligence relations, 1969–1991

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Pages 165-179 | Published online: 09 Jan 2008

References

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  • Friedrich , Wolfgang‐Uwe , ed. 1991 . Die USA and die Deutsche Frage, 1945–1990 , Frankfurt and New York : Campus . Friedrich has noted that while German and U.S. foreign policies are determined by their respective interests (which often differ), both nations defined the USSR as a threat during the Cold War and this overlapping interest helped them to sustain a close relationship even through periods of tension or disagreement; see
  • 1997 . “The Dossier on Anthony Lake,” . The New York Times , 17 January : A14 These rough figures are cited in
  • 1994 . “Wir Wussten Bescheid,” . Spiegel , 51 : 27
  • 1 March 1996 . “Preparing for the 21st Century: An appraisal of US Intelligence,” . In Report, Commission on the Roles and Capabilities of the United States Intelligence Community , 1 March , Washington, DC : Government Printing Office . ch. 12. This Presidential/Congressional Commission concluded that “in general.. .the United States is deriving great benefit from these cooperative relationships” (p. 128).
  • Westerfield , H. Bradford . 1996 . “America and the World of Intelligence Liaison,” . Intelligence and National Security , 11 July : 523 – 60 .
  • Weiner , Tim . 1995 . “CIA's Workaday Cloak,” . The New York Times , 5 April : A6 For examples of intelligence cooperation among the Allied powers during World War II, see
  • Smith , Bradley F. 1996 . Sharing Secrets with Stalin: How the Allies Traded Intelligence, 1941–1945 , Lawrence, Kan : University Press of Kansas .
  • Westerfield , H. Bradford . “America and the World of Intelligence Liaison,” . 523 op. cit.,
  • 1984 . “Dieser Dilettanten‐Verein,” . Spiegel , 41 : 38 – 52 . Bonn did authorize some forms of technical intelligence collection, however, reportedly purchasing some $700 million worth of advanced electronic listening devices from the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) between 1972 and 1977. An important condition of these sales was that the West Germans would share the acquired information with the NSA. See
  • 1986 . “Die Deutschen Erfahren Nicht Alles,” . Spiegel , 41 : 25 – 28 . Interviews with former CIA intelligence analysts with responsibilities for German and East European portfolios during the Cold War, February 1995, Washington, DC. CIA ties are closest with the BND, but exist also with the Bundesamt fuer Verfassungsschutz (BfV), the German equivalent of the FBI, as well as with the Militaerischer Abschirmdienst (MAD), the German secret service. See
  • 1986 . The Atlanta Journal and Constitution , 22 Nov. : A – 6 . Only one percent of Americans study a foreign language [Southern Governors Association Report, cited in
  • Simpson , Christopher . 1985 . Blowback: America's Recruitment of Nazis and Its Effects on the Cold War , New Haven : Yale University Press .
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  • O'Connell , Charles T. 1990 . The Munich Institute for the Study of the USSR: Origin and Social Composition , Pittsburgh, Pa. : University of Pennsylvania Center for Russian and East European Studies . Munich also served as the base of operations for the CIA‐funded Munich Institute for the Study of the USSR, which from 1950 to 1971 produced propaganda material on the Soviet system and its policies. See
  • Holt , Robert T. 1958 . Radio Free Europe , Minneapolis, Minn. : University of Minnesota Press .
  • Elliott , Kim Andrew . 1989 . “Too Many Voices of America,” . Foreign Policy , 77 Winter : 113 – 131 . Since the end of the Cold War, the stations have been moved to Prague, where they continue to broadcast with a greatly reduced budget and freedom from jamming [see
  • Binder , David . 1994 . “Protesting Changes, Leader Steps Down at Cold‐War Radios,” . The New York Times , 12 Jan. : A9
  • 1995 . “U.S. Radio Services Move Base to Prague,” . The New York Times , 6 June : A11 On the history of the radio stations, see
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  • Luard , Evan . 1992 . Basic Texts in International Relations , 166 New York : St. Martin's Press . Hansard, 1 March 1848, reprinted in
  • That the CIA did not share sensitive information with the BND during the Cold War for fear of Communist . 1984 . “moles” is discussed in “Dieser Dilettanten‐Verein,” . Spiegel , 12 : 38 – 52 .
  • Johnston , David . 1996 . “Korean Spy Case Takes More Serious Turn,” . The New York Times , 3 October : A5 in which the U.S. ambassador in Seoul describes the CIA‐Korean liaison as a “very close” working partnership with a “continued residue of suspicion.”
  • Noack , Paul . 1972 . Deutsche Aussenpolitik seit 1945 , Stuttgart : W. Kohlhammer . On the foreign policy of the Brandt administration, see
  • Hanrieder , Wolfram F. 1992 . “The German‐American Connection in the 1970s and 1980s: The Maturing of a Relationship,” . In Shepherd of Democracy? America and Germany in the 20th Century , Edited by: Hodge , Carl C. and Nolan , Cathal J. 105 – 121 . Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press .
  • Knapp , Manfred . 1978 . Die USA und Deutschland, 1918–1975; Deutsch‐Amerikanische Beziehungen zwischen Rivalitaet und Partnerschaft , Muenchen : Beck . On the decreasing dominance of the United States and the growing strength of West Germany during the 1970s, see
  • Brandt , Willy . 1976 . Begegnungen und Einsichten: Die Jahre 1960–1975 , (Hamburg : Hoffmann und Campe .
  • 1989 . Erinnerungen , Zuerich : Propylaen .
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  • Hanrieder , Wolfram F. 1985 . “German‐American Relations in the Postwar Decades” . In America and the Germans: An Assessment of a Three‐Hundred‐Year History , Edited by: Trommler , Frank and McVeigh , Joseph . 106 108 Philadelphia, Pa. : University of Pennsylvania Press .
  • von Sternburg , Wilhelm , ed. 1994 . Die Deutschen Kanzler: Von Bismarck bis Kohl , Frankfurt/Main : Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag .
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  • 1994 . “Still in der Ackerfurche,” . Spiegel , 51 : 25 – 27 .
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  • Knapp , Manfred . 1978 . Die USA und Deutschland, 1918–1975 , Muenchen : Beck .
  • Hauser , Oswald , ed. 1987 . Das Geteilte Deutschland in Seinen Internationalen Verflechtungen , Goettingen : Muster‐Schmidt . On the history of the U.S.‐German security relationship during the period covered here, see
  • Amt , Auswaertiges , ed. 1995 . Aussenpolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland , Koeln : Verlag Wissenschaft und Politik .
  • Friedrich , Wolfgang‐Uwe , ed. 1991 . Die USA und die Deutsche Frage, 1945–1990 , Frankfurt/New York : Campus .
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  • Gatzke , Hans W. 1980 . Germany and the United States, a “Special Relationship?” , Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University press .
  • Muller , Steven and Schweigler , Gerhard , eds. 1992 . From Occupation to Cooperation , New York : Norton .
  • Hodge , Carl C. and Nolan , Cathal J. , eds. 1992 . Shepherd of Democracy? , Westport : Greenwood Press .
  • 23 Oct. 1996 . “Symposium on International Terrorism: Are We Cooperating Enough?” . 23 Oct. , 2 New York City Kurt Schelter, State Secretary in the Federal Ministry of the Interior, address,
  • 1987 . ["Schnapp und Grief,” . Spiegel , 52 : 44 – 48 . During the Carter administration, the U.S. began seeking the support of German anti‐terrorist forces. In 1986, Bonn and Washington entered into a formal agreement which established a basis for cooperation between the U.S. Delta Force (stationed at Ft. Bragg, North Carolina) and the counterterrorist German GSG and British SAS forces; in 1987, the CIA and the German equivalent of the FBI (the BfV) ran a series of newspaper ads to collect information on international terrorism—an arrangement later denied by both agencies
  • McClintock , Michael . 1992 . Instruments of Statecraft , New York : Pantheon Books .
  • 1989 . “NSA: Americas Grosses Ohr,” . Spiegel , : 30 – 49 .
  • Simpson , Christopher . 1995 . National Security Directives of the Reagan and Bush Administrations , Boulder, Colo. : Westview Press . Private sensitive material sales by German companies to Iraq are now known to have begun in the mid‐1980s. See
  • 1992 . “Treffender Eindruck,” . Spiegel , : 97 – 101 . Little is known about how much U.S. officials might have learned in return about the illegal activities of the U.S.‐based exporters
  • Westerfield , H. Bradford . 1996 . “America and the World of Intelligence Liaison,” . Intelligence and National Security , 11 July : 530
  • Blackwill , Robert D. 1992 . “Patterns of Partnership,” . In From Occupation to Cooperation: The United States and United Germany in a Changing World Order , Edited by: Muller , Steven and Schweigler , Gerhard . 145 New York : Norton .
  • Menges , Constantine C. 1991 . The Future of Germany and the Atlantic Alliance , Washington : AEI Press .
  • Koch , Burkhart . 1992 . Germany's New Assertiveness in International Relations: Between Reality and Misperception , Stanford, Cal. : Hoover Institution .
  • 1994 . “Files in East Germany Aided US in Spy Case,” . The New York Times , 7 March : A13 The CIA acquired the bulk of these files under mysterious circumstances. The information thus gathered helped lead to the arrest of the infamous CIA spy Aldrich H. Ames and has proved useful in a number of CIA investigations. Select information from the Stasi files has led to breakthroughs in Europe as well, leading to the 1993 arrest of the NATO spy known by the code name “Topas.” The unwillingness on part of the CIA to share this information freely with the BND, however, is now exacerbating tension between the agencies. See
  • 1994 . “East German Files Aided US in Spy Case,” . The New York Times , 6 March : 21
  • 1994 . “CIA Blockiert Ermittlungen,” . Spiegel , 25 : 16
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  • German Information Center . 1996 . Statement & Speeches , 19 : 8
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