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Original Articles

Iranian intelligence organizations

Pages 287-298 | Published online: 09 Jan 2008

Bibliography

  • Abrahamian , Ervand . 1989 . The Iranian Mojahedin , New Haven and London : Yale University Press .
  • Afkhami , Gholam R. 1985 . The Iranian Revolution: Thanatos on a National Scale. , Washington, DC : The Middle East Institute .
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  • Dekmejian , R. Hrair . 1980 . “The Anatomy of Islamic Revival: Legitimacy Crisis, Ethnic Conflict and the Search for Islamic Alternatives,” . Middle East Journal , 34 Winter : 28 – 33 .
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  • Esposito , John L. 1992 . The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality? , New York and Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Fuller , Graham E. 1991 . The Center of the Universe: The Geopolitics of Iran , Boulder, San Francisco, Oxford : Westview Press .
  • _____ . 1995 . "Has Political Islam Failed?” . Middle East Insight , 9 January/February : 8 – 11 .
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  • Keddie , Nikki R. 1983 . An Islamic Response to Imperialism , Berkeley, Los Angeles, London : University of California Press .
  • _____ , ed. 1983 . Religion And Politics In Iran , New Haven and London : Yale University Press .
  • Kennedy , David and Brunetta , Leslie . 1988 . Lebanon and the Intelligence Community. , Cambridge, Mass. : Case Program at the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Case Number C15–88–859.0, Harvard University .
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  • Metz , Helen Chapin , ed. 1989 . Iran: A Country Study , Washington, DC : Federal Research Division, Library of Congress .
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  • Perlmutter , Amos . 1981 . Modern Authoritarianism , New Haven and London : Yale University Press .
  • Phillips , James A. 1994 . “The Saddamization of Iran,” . Policy Review , 69 Summer : 6 – 14 .
  • Ram , Haggay . 1992 . “Crushing The Opposition: Adversaries Of The Islamic Republic of Iran,” . Middle East Journal , 46 Summer : 426 – 439 .
  • Ramazani , R. K. , ed. 1990 . Iran ‘s Revolution , Bloomington and Indianapolis : Indiana University Press .
  • Rosen , Barry M. , ed. 1985 . Iran Since The Revolution , New York : Distributed by Columbia University Press .
  • Samii , Abbas William . 1997 . “The Shah's Lebanon Policy: The Role of SAVAK,” . Middle Eastern Studies , 33 January : 66 – 91 .
  • Sachedina , Abdulaziz . 1995 . “Who Will ead The Shi'a?” . Middle East Insight , 9 March‐April : 24 – 28 .
  • Shirley , Edward G. 1995 . “Is Iran's Present Algeria's Future?” . Foreign Affairs , 74 May/June : 28 – 44 .
  • Sivan , Emmanuel . 1985 . Radical Islam , New Haven and London : Yale University Press .
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  • Voll , John Obert . 1994 . “Islam as a Special World‐System,” . Journal of World History , 5 Fall : 213 – 226 .
  • Wright , Robin . 1989 . In The Name Of God: The Khomeini Decade , New York : Touchstone .

References

  • Tabari , Azar . 1983 . “The Role of the Clergy in Modern Iranian Politics,” . In Religion And Politics , Edited by: Iran , Nikki and Keddie , R. 72 New Haven and London : Yale University Press .
  • Husain , Mir Zohair . 1995 . Global Islamic Politics , 227 – 235 . New York : HarperCollins Publishers .
  • Military intelligence was recently headed by General Abdullah Najafi.
  • Amjad , Mahammad . 1989 . Iran: From Royal Dictatorship To Theocracy , 65 New York, Westport, CT, and London : Greenwood Press .
  • Samii , Abbas William . 1997 . “The Shah's Lebanon Policy: The Role of SAVAK,” . Middle Eastern Studies , 33 January : 66 – 91 .
  • Ibid. pp. 96.
  • Hiro , Dilip . 1985 . Iran Under The Ayatollahs , 54 96 London : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
  • Wright , Robin . 1989 . In The Name Of God: The Khomeini Decade , 110 New York : Touchstone .
  • O'Ballance , Edgar . 1997 . Islamist Fundamentalist Terrorism, 1979–1995: The Iranian Connection , 38 New York : New York University Press .
  • Afkhami , Gholam R. 1985 . The Iranian Revolution: Thantos On A National Scale , 114 Washington, DC : Middle East Institute .
  • Abrahamian , Ervand . 1989 . The Iranian Mojahedin , 50 New Haven and London : Yale University Press .
  • Afshar , Haleh , ed. 1985 . Iran: A Revolution In Turmoil , 191 New York : State University of New York Press . “The Iranian Theocracy,” Haleh Afshar,
  • Ibid, p. 192.
  • 1994 . "Iranian Hand On The Plunger,” . Yediot Ahronot , 29 July
  • 1995 . “Russian Agents Teach Iranians How To Spy,” . Washington Times , 11 September The Russians provided training in intelligence collection methods using three‐month training cycles under the direction of the Russian Interior Ministry. See
  • Intelligence Watch Reports . Daily Update , 2 263 Russian Foreign Minister Yevgeny Primakov's experience in the Middle East has facilitated this relationship
  • 1994 . “The Tehran Connection,” . Time , 21 March : 55 Ali Fallahian Khuzestani was educated in Qom and spent time in the Shah's prisons for antigovernment activity. He was made acting Chief Prosecutor in 1982 after garnering a reputation as a “hanging judge,” and has been in charge of Iranian intelligence since 1988. See
  • Intelligence Watch Reports . Daily Update , 3 ( 121 )
  • 19Intelligence Newsletter, No. 286, 18 April 1996.
  • Ibid.
  • 1997 . “Italy goes on alert after Iranian terrorist squad sets up base in Milan“ . The Times of London , 19 April It was funded and organized by Mohsen Rafiqdoust. Rafiqdoust, the former Pasdaran chief dismissed in 1988 for alleged mismanagement, currently heads the Foundation of the Deprived. He was in Italy, allegedly to attend a conference on Italian‐Iranian economic cooperation. See
  • 1997 . Brief on Iran , 2 April
  • 1995 . Brief on Iran , 7 July
  • Iran's covert weapons acquisition programs have been well covered elsewhere and will not be addressed in this study.
  • 1994 . "The Iranian Hand On The Plunger,” . Yediot Ahronot , 29 July
  • 1996 . “Appendix to Action Memorandum Oil” . Foundation for Democracy in Iran , 6 May The total is approximately 85 persons, beginning with Shahriar Shafïq, a nephew of the Shah, in Paris on 7 December 1979. See
  • 1994 . “The Tehran Connection,” . Time , 21 March : 51 – 55 . Shahpour Bakhtiar, assassinated in 1991, was Iran's former prime minister. See
  • 1997 . Intelligence Watch Report, Daily Update , 4 ( 076 ) 22 April The assassination of Kurdish dissident leaders present in Berlin for a Socialist International Conference on 17 September 1992 was coordinated by Quasim Darabi (now in prison in Germany) under the operational name “Bozoj Allawi.” See
  • 1996 . "Iran plotted Paris bomb attack,” . The Sunday Times , 16 June The operation was aimed at the anti‐government Council of National Resistance headquartered outside Paris. The assault was to use a giant mortar in an IRA‐style attack on the group's headquarters. It was foiled when a freighter carrying the weapon was discovered in Antwerp, Belgium, in March of 1996.
  • 1996 . "Tentacles of Terror,” . Time, International Edition , 11 November
  • 1997 . “Former Official Disclosed Iran's Complicity in Murders,” . Washington Post , 12 April : 1 The German courts referred to Misbahi as witness “C.” Misbahi is 49‐years‐old and, in addition to being a close aide to Rafsanjani and a co‐founder of VAVAK, he managed intelligence networks in Iranian expatriate communities in Europe. See
  • 1997 . Intelligence Newsletter , 15 May
  • 1997 . “Iran Seeks Syrian Aid To Bypass Spy Curbs,” . Times of London , 24 May
  • 1996 . “Iran's State of Terror,” . Time, Atlantic Edition , 11 November The classic illustration was the visit of Iranian intelligence Minister Fallahian with Germany's BND chief Bernd Schmidbauer. The meeting allegedly dealt with humanitarian issues. See
  • 1996 . Brief On Iran , 25 July Schmidbauer returned the favor by visiting Tehran secretly in 1996. Mohamed Takari manages relations with German intelligence. See
  • O'Ballance . Islamic Fundamentalist Terrorism 157 Germany has also supplied computer equipment and training to the Iranian services. See
  • O'Ballance . Islamic Fundamentalist Terrorism 41
  • 1995 . Intelligence Newsletter , 15 March
  • 1996 . Intelligence Newsletter , 18 April
  • 1992 . “Islamic Jihad Takes Credit for Bombing,” . Washington Times , 19 March These groups included Lebanon's Hizballah, the PFLP‐GC, Tunisian Islamic Movement, Egypt's Islamic Jihad, the Liberation Front of Bahrain, Islamic Revolutionary Organization of the Arabian Peninsula, the Organization for the Advancement of Shi'a Ideology in Pakistan, the Radical Muslim Organization of the Philippines, and the Revolutionary Muslim Movement of South Africa. See
  • 1996 . Brief on Iran , 484 26 August
  • 1994 . "Iranian Diplomats Said to be Suspects in Blast at Argentina Jewish Center,” . Washington Post , 29 July
  • 1994 . "The Iranian Hand On The Plunger,” . Yediot Ahronot , 29 July
  • 1996 . “Foundation for Democracy in Iran” . Weekly News Update , 27 May
  • 1996 . "Iran Builds Up Network of Terror Schools,” . Electronic Telegraph , 8 July Additional camps include the Nahavand camp in Hamadan for Lebanon's Hizballah, and the Imam Ali camp in east Tehran which is the largest camp and used by Saudi opposition groups.
  • 1993 . "Is Sudan Terrorism's New Best Friend?” . Time , 30 August : 31 According to Yossef Bodansky, this rather large delegation included the intelligence chief Ali Fallahian, Muhsin Reza'i and Zulradr’ of the Revolutionary Guards, and Akbar Torkan, representing the Iranian Ministry of Defense. See
  • Bodansky , Yossef . 1993 . Target America. , 150 New York : Shapolsky Publishers .
  • 1993 . "Maestros of Mayhem,” . U.S. News and World Report , 30 August/6 September : 45
  • 1994 . "Sudan is a Surrogate for Iranian Terrorism,” . Washington Times , 27 April
  • 1993 . "Elite Iran Unit Said to Control Sudan's Security,” . Washington Times , 28 August
  • 1993 . "Maestros of Mayhem,” . U.S. News and World Report , 30 August/6 September : 45
  • Bodansky . Target America , 159 – 160 .
  • Ben‐Yishai , Ron . 1994 . “A Deal Between France and Iran,” . Yediot Ahronot , 16 August : 4 Sudan may have partially repaid Iranian largess when it extradited Carlos to France in 1994. France had “expelled” (to Tehran) two of the Iranians involved in the assassination of former Iranian Prime Minister Shahpur Baktiar in France. France needed a public relations success to refurbish its image in the fight against terrorism and Tehran may have assisted them. See
  • Medani , Khalid . 1993 . “Sudan's Human and Political Crisis,” . Current History , May : 206
  • Phillips . “The Saddamization of Iran,” . 7
  • 1995 . "Iran's Silence Explained,” . Foreign Report , 11 May : 1
  • 1995 . “Revolutionary Disintegration,” . Time , 26 June
  • 1996 . Intelligence Watch Reports, Daily Update , 3 ( 116 ) 26 April For example, last year Iran broke up five espionage networks set up by Turkey within the country.
  • 54Intelligence Newsletter, Number 286, 18 April 1996.
  • Fuller , Graham E. 1991 . The Center Of The Universe , 125 Boulder, San Francisco, and Oxford : Westview Press .
  • Wege , Carl Anthony . 1994 . “The Hizballah Organization,” . Studies in Conflict and Terrorism , 17 ( 2 )
  • Oliver , Roy . 1994 . The Failure of Political Islam , Edited by: Volk , Carol . Cambridge, Mass : Harvard University Press .
  • A pseudonym.
  • Shirley , Edward . 1995 . “Is Iran's Present Algeria's Future?” . Foreign Affairs 1A , May‐June : 36
  • Shirley , Edward . 1997 . Know Thine Enemy: A Spy's Journey Into Revolutionary Iran , New York : Farrah, Straus and Giroux .

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