117
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

The Discouraging Effect of Risks in WTO Negotiations: Determinants and Perceived Changes

Pages 361-398 | Published online: 22 Oct 2009

REFERENCES

  • Abbott , K. W. and Snidal , D. 2000 . Hard and Soft Law in International Governance . International Organization , 54 ( 3 ) : 421 – 456 .
  • Adlung, R. 2005. Public Services and the GATS. WTO Working Paper ERSD-2005-03.
  • Alter , K. J. 2000 . The European Union's Legal System and Domestic Policy: Spillover or Backslash? . International Organization , 54 ( 3 ) : 489 – 518 .
  • Ayres , I. and Gertner , R. 1992 . Strategic Contractual Inefficiency and the Optimal Choice of Legal Rules . Yale Law Journal , 101 ( 4 ) : 729 – 773 .
  • Barfield , C. E. 2001 . Free Trade, Sovereignty, Democracy: The Future of the World Trade Organization . Chicago Journal of International Law , 2 ( 2 ) : 403 – 415 .
  • Biermann , F. 2001 . The Rising Tide of Green Unilateralism in World Trade Law: Options for Reconciling the Emerging North-South Conflict . Journal of World Trade , 35 ( 3 ) : 421 – 448 .
  • Bronckers , M. C. E. J. 1999 . Better Rules for a New Millennium: A Warning Against Undemocratic Developments in the WTO . Journal of International Economic Law , 2 ( 4 ) : 547 – 566 .
  • Broude , T. 2004 . International Governance in the WTO: Judicial Boundaries and Political Capitulation , London : Cameron May .
  • Burley , A.-M. and Mattli , W. 1993 . Europe Before the Court: A Political Theory of Legal Integration . International Organization , 47 ( 1 ) : 41 – 76 .
  • Busch , M. I. and Reinhardt , E. 2002 . “ Testing International Trade Law: Empirical Studies of GATT/WTO Dispute Settlement ” . In The Political Economy of International Trade Law: Essays in Honor of Robert E. Hudec , Edited by: Kennedy , D. L. M. and Southwick , J. New York : Cambridge University Press .
  • Cass , D. Z. 2005 . The Constitutionalization of the WTO , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Charnovitz , S. 2002a . The Legal Status of the Doha Declarations . Journal of International Economic Law , 5 ( 1 ) : 207 – 211 .
  • Charnovitz , S. 2002b . The WTO's Problematic ‘Last Resort’ Against Noncompliance . Aussenwirtschaft , 57 ( 4 ) : 409 – 439 .
  • Clive , G. and Kirkpatrick , C. 2004 . Trade and Development: Assessing the Impact of Trade Liberalisation on Sustainable Development . Journal of World Trade , 38 ( 3 ) : 441 – 469 .
  • Cottier , T. and Takenoshita , S. 2003 . The Balance of Power in WTO Decision-Making: Towards Weighted Voting in Legislative Response . Aussenwirtschaft , 58 ( 2 ) : 171 – 214 .
  • Cronin , B. 2001 . The Paradox of Hegemony: America's Ambiguous Relationship with the United Nations . European Journal of International Relations , 7 ( 1 ) : 103 – 130 .
  • Das , B. L. 2003 . The WTO and the Multilateral Trading System: Past, Present and Future , London : Zed Books .
  • Ehlermann , C.-D. 2003 . Reflections on the Appellate Body of the WTO . Journal of International Economics , 6 ( 3 ) : 695 – 708 .
  • Ehlermann , C.-D. and Ehring , L. 2005 . Decision-Making in the World Trade Organization: Is the Consensus Practice of the World Trade Organization Adequate for Making, Revising and Implementing Rules on International Trade? . Journal of International Economic Law , 8 ( 1 ) : 51 – 75 .
  • Ethier , W. J. 2002 . Unilateralism in a Multilateral World . The Economic Journal , 112 : 266 – 292 .
  • Ethier , W. J. 2004 . Intellectual Property Rights and Dispute Settlement in the World Trade Organization . Journal of International Economic Law , 7 ( 2 ) : 449 – 458 .
  • Finger , J. M. 2002 . The Doha Agenda and Development: A View from the Uruguay Round , Manila, Philippines : Asian Development Bank .
  • Finger , J. M. , Reincke , U. and Castro , A. 1999 . “ Market Access Bargaining in the Uruguay Round: Rigid or Relaxed Reciprocity? ” . In World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 2258 , Washington, DC : UNCTAD .
  • Francois, J. 2000. Assessing the Results of General Equilibrium Studies of Multilateral Trade Negotiations. UNCTAD Policy Issues in International Trade and Commodities Study Series No. 3. Geneva, Switzerland: UNCTAD.
  • Garrett , G. , Kelemen , R. D. and Schulz , H. 1998 . The European Court of Justice, National Governments, and Legal Integration in the European Union . International Organization , 52 ( 1 ) : 149 – 176 .
  • Goh , G. 2004 . The World Trade Organization, Kyoto and Energy Tax Adjustment at the Border . Journal of World Trade , 38 ( 3 ) : 395 – 423 .
  • Goldstein , J. and Martin , L. L. 2000 . Legalization, Trade Liberalization, and Domestic Politics: A Cautionary Note . International Organization , 54 ( 3 ) : 603 – 632 .
  • Greenwald , J. 2003 . WTO Dispute Settlement: An Exercise in Trade Law Legislation? . Journal of International Economic Law , 6 ( 1 ) : 113 – 124 .
  • Haas , P. M. 1992 . Introduction: Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination . International Organization , 46 ( 1 ) : 1 – 35 .
  • Hess , S. and von Cramon-Taubadel , S. 2008 . A Meta-Analysis of General and Partial Equilibrium Simulations of Trade Liberalisation under the Doha Development Agenda . World Economy , 31 ( 6 ) : 804 – 840 .
  • Hillgenberg , H. 1999 . A Fresh Look at Soft Law . European Journal of International Law , 10 ( 3 ) : 499 – 515 .
  • Hoda , A. 2001 . Tariff Negotiations and Renegotiations under the GATT and the WTO: Procedures and Practices , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Hoekman , B. M. 2002 . “ Strengthening the Global Trade Architecture for Development ” . In World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 2757 , Washington, DC : World Bank .
  • Horn, H., Maggi, G., and Staiger, R. W. 2006. Trade Agreements as Endogenously Incomplete Contracts. http://www.princeton.edu/~maggi/hms-11-29-06.pdf (Accessed: 20 August 2007 ).
  • Jackson , J. H. 1997 . The World Trading System: Law and Policy of International Economic Relations , 2nd , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
  • Jara , A. and del Carmen Dominguez , M. 2006 . Liberalization of Trade in Services and Trade Negotiations . Journal of World Trade , 40 ( 1 ) : 113 – 127 .
  • Josling , T. E. , Zhao , L. , Carcelen , J. and Arha , K. 2006 . “ Implications of WTO Litigation for the WTO Agricultural Negotiations ” . In IPC Issue Brief March 2006. International Food and Agricultural Trade Policy Council Working Paper , Washington, DC : IPC .
  • Jürgensen , T. 2005 . Crime and Punishment: Retaliation under the World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement System . Journal of World Trade , 39 ( 2 ) : 327 – 340 .
  • Kalderimis , D. 2004 . Problems of WTO Harmonization and the Virtues of Shields over Swords . Minneapolis Journal of Global Trade , 13 ( 2 ) : 305 – 352 .
  • Keohane , R. O. , Moravcsik , A. and Slaughter , A.-M. 2000 . Legalized Dispute Resolution: Interstate and Transnational . International Organization , 54 ( 3 ) : 457 – 488 .
  • Keohane , R. O. and Nye , J. S. Jr. 2001 . “ Between Centralization and Fragmentation: The Club Model of Multilateral Cooperation and Problems of Democratic Legitimacy ” . In Efficiency, Equity, and Legitimacy: The Multilateral Trading System at the New Millennium , Edited by: Porter , R. B. , Sauvé , P. , Subramanian , A. and Zampetti , A. B. Washington, DC : Brookings Institution Press .
  • Kirkpatrick, C., Clive, G., and Serieciu, S. S. 2006. Trade Liberalisation in Environmental Services: Why so Little Progress? Global Economy Journal, Vol. 6: No. 2, Article 4. http://0-www.bepress.com.bibliosun.iue.it:80/gej/vol6/iss2/4 (Accessed: 22 August 2007 ).
  • Knight , F. H. 1921 . Risk, Uncertainty and Profit , Boston, MA : Mifflin .
  • Koremenos , B. 2001 . Loosening the Ties that Bind: A Learning Model of Agreement Flexibility . International Organization , 55 ( 2 ) : 289 – 325 .
  • Leitner , K. and Lester , S. 2004 . WTO Dispute Settlement 1995–2003: A Statistical Analysis . Journal of International Economic Law , 7 ( 1 ) : 169 – 181 .
  • Lipson , C. 1991 . Why Are Some International Agreements Informal? . International Organization , 45 ( 4 ) : 495 – 538 .
  • Lybbert , T. J. 2002 . On Assessing the Cost of TRIPs Implementation . World Trade Review , 1 ( 3 ) : 309 – 321 .
  • Macrory , P. F. J. , Appleton , A. N. E. and Plummer , M. G. 2005 . The World Trade Organization: Legal, Economic and Political Analysis , Vol. III , New York : Springer .
  • Maskus , K. 2000 . Intellectual Property Rights in the Global Economy , Washington, DC : Institute for International Economics .
  • Mattoo , A. and Subramanian , A. 2004 . The WTO and the Poorest Countries: The Stark Reality . World Trade Review , 3 ( 3 ) : 385 – 407 .
  • McCalman , P. 2001 . Reaping What You Sow: An Empirical Analysis of International Patent Harmonization . Journal of International Economics , 55 : 161 – 186 .
  • McCalman , P. 2005 . International Diffusion and Intellectual Property Rights: An Empirical Analysis . Journal of International Economics , 67 : 353 – 372 .
  • McRae , D. 2004 . What Is the Future of WTO Dispute Settlement? . Journal of International Economic Law , 7 ( 1 ) : 3 – 21 .
  • Mitchell , A. D. 2006 . Proportionality and Remedies in WTO Disputes . European Journal of International Law , 17 ( 5 ) : 985 – 1008 .
  • Nottage , H. and Sebastian , T. 2006 . Giving Legal Effect to the Result of WTO Trade Negotiations: An Analysis of the Methods of Changing WTO Law . Journal of International Economic Law , 9 ( 4 ) : 989 – 1016 .
  • O'Connor , B. 2003 . A Note on the Need for More Clairity in the World Trade Organization Agreement on Agriculture . Journal of World Trade , 37 ( 5 ) : 839 – 846 .
  • O'Connor , B. 2004 . Remedies in the World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement System — The Bananas and Hormones Cases . Journal of World Trade , 38 ( 2 ) : 245 – 266 .
  • OECD . 2005 . “ Tackling Trade in Agriculture. Policy Brief ” . Paris : OECD .
  • Pauwelyn , J. 2004 . Recent Books on Trade and Environment: GATT Phantoms Still Haunt the WTO . European Journal of International Law , 15 ( 3 ) : 575 – 592 .
  • Peel , J. 2006 . A GMO by Any Other Name … Might Be an SPS Risk! Implications of Expanding the Scope of the WTO Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Agreement . European Journal of International Law , 17 ( 5 ) : 1009 – 1031 .
  • Peters , A. 2003 . International Dispute Settlement: A Network of Cooperational Duties . European Journal of International Law , 14 ( 1 ) : 1 – 34 .
  • Petersmann , E.-U. , ed. 2005 . Reforming the World Trading System: Legitimacy, Efficiency, and Democratic Governance , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Piermartini , R. and Teh , R. 2005 . “ Demystifying Modeling Methods for Trade Policy ” . In WTO Discussion Papers 10 , Geneva : WTO .
  • Pollack , M. A. 2003 . The Engines of European Integration , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Pugatch , M. P. 2004 . The International Political Economy of Intellectual Property Rights , Cheltenham, UK : Edward Elgar .
  • Rosendorff , B. P. and Milner , H. V. 2001 . The Optimal Design of International Trade Institutions: Uncertainty and Escape . International Organization , 55 ( 4 ) : 829 – 857 .
  • Sampson , G. P. and Whalley , J. , eds. 2005 . The WTO, Trade and the Environment , Cheltenham, UK : Edward Elgar .
  • Sands , P. 2000 . ‘Unilateralism’, Values, and International Law . European Journal of International Law , 11 ( 2 ) : 291 – 302 .
  • Sarooshi , D. 2004 . Sovereignty, Economic Autonomy, the United States, and the International Trading System: Representations of a Relationship . European Journal of International Law , 15 ( 4 ) : 651 – 676 .
  • Scott , J. 2004 . International Trade and Environmental Governance: Relating Rules (and Standards) in the EU and the WTO . European Journal of International Law , 15 ( 2 ) : 307 – 354 .
  • Shelton , D , ed. 2000 . Commitment and Compliance: The Role of Non-Binding Norms in the International Legal System , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Simmons , B. A. 2002 . Capacity, Commitment and Compliance: International Institutions and Territorial Disputes . Journal of Conflict Resolution , 46 ( 6 ) : 829 – 856 .
  • Smith , J. M. 2000 . The Politics of Dispute Settlement Design: Explaining Legalism in Regional Trade Pacts . International Organization , 54 ( 1 ) : 137 – 180 .
  • Smith , J. M. 2003 . WTO Dispute Settlement: The Politics of Procedure in Appellate Body Rulings . World Trade Review , 2 ( 1 ) : 65 – 100 .
  • Steinberg , R. H. 2004 . Judicial Lawmaking at the WTO: Discursive, Constitutional, and Political Constraints . American Journal of International Law , 98 ( 2 ) : 247 – 275 .
  • Trachtman , J. P. 1999 . The Domain of WTO Dispute Resolution . Harvard International Law Journal , 40 ( 2 ) : 333 – 377 .
  • Valenzuela , E. , Hertel , T. W. , Keeney , R. and Reimer , J. J. 2007 . Assessing Global Computable General Equilibrium Model Validity Using Agricultural Price Volatility . American Journal of Agricultural Economics , 89 ( 2 ) : 383 – 297 .
  • VanDuzer , A. J. 2005 . “ Navigating between the Poles: Unpacking the Debate on the Implications for Development of GATS Obligations Relating to Health and Education Services ” . In Reforming the World Trading System: Legitimacy, Efficiency and Democratic Governance , Edited by: Petersmann , E.-U. Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Walkenhorst , P. and Dihel , N. 2006 . Trade Impacts of Increased Border Security Concerns . International Trade Journal , 20 ( 1 ) : 1 – 31 .
  • Wallach , L. and Woodall , P. , eds. 2004 . Whose Trade Organization? A Comprehensive Guide to the WTO , New York : The New Press .
  • Weiler , J. H. H. 2001 . “ The Rule of Lawyers and the Ethos of Diplomats: Reflections on WTO Dispute Settlement ” . In Efficiency, Equity, and Legitimacy: The Multilateral Trading System at the New Millennium , Edited by: Porter , R. B. , Sauvé , P. , Subramanian , A. and Zampetti , A. B. Washington, DC : Brookings Institution Press .
  • Whalley , J. 2000 . What Can the Developing Countries Infer from the Uruguay Round Models for Future Negotiations , Geneva : UNCTAD . UNCTAD Policy Issues in International Trade and Commodities Study Series No. 4
  • Winham , G. R. 2003 . International Regime Conflict in Trade and Environment: The Biosafety Protocol and the WTO . World Trade Review , 2 ( 2 ) : 133 – 151 .
  • WTO . 2005 . World Trade Report , Geneva : WTO . 2005
  • WTO . 2006 . World Trade Report , Geneva : WTO . 2006

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.