Can Employees Motivate Themselves? The Link between Peer Motivating Language and Employee Outcomes

References

• Avolio, Bruce J., Fred O. Walumbwa, and Todd J. Weber. 2009. “Leadership: Current Theories, Research, and Future Directions.” Annual Review of Psychology 60 (1):421–449. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, Albert. 1977. Social Learning Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, Albert. 1986. Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, Albert. 2001. “Social Cognitive Theory: An Agentic Perspective.” Annual Review of Psychology 52 (1):1–26. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bollen, Kenneth A. 1989. Structural Equations with Latent Variables. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Buhrmester, Michael, Tracy Kwang, and Samuel D. Gosling. 2011. “Amazon’s Mechanical Turk: A New Source of Inexpensive, yet High-Quality Data?” Perspectives on Psychological Science 6 (1):3–5. doi:10.1177/1745691610393980.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bullock, Heather E., Lisa L. Harlow, and Stanley A. Mulaik. 1994. “Causation Issues in Structural Equation Modeling Research.” Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal 1 (3):253–267. doi:10.1080/10705519409539977.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dionne, Shelley D., Francis J. Yammarino, Jon P. Howell, and Jennifer Villa. 2005. “Substitutes for Leadership, or Not.” The Leadership Quarterly 16 (1):169–193. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2004.09.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fornell, Claes, and David F. Larcker. 1981. “Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error.” Journal of Marketing Research 18 (1):39–50. doi:10.1177/002224378101800104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gefen, David, Detmar Straub, and Marie-Claude Boudreau. 2000. “Structural Equation Modeling and Regression: Guidelines for Research Practice.” Communications of the Association for Information Systems 4 (1):7. doi:10.17705/1CAIS.00407.
   Google Scholar
• Gerbing, David W., and James C. Anderson. 1988. “An Updated Paradigm for Scale Development Incorporating Unidimensionality and Its Assessment.” Journal of Marketing Research 25 (2):186–192. doi:10.1177/002224378802500207.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair, Joseph F., William C. Black, Barry J. Babin, and Rolph E. Anderson. 2009. Multivariate Data Analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Hofstede, Geert H., Gert J. Hofstede, and Michael Minkov. 2010. Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. Revised and Expanded 3rd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Holmes, William T. 2012. “The Motivating Language of Principals: A Sequential Transformative Strategy.” Unpublished Dissertation, University of Nevada.
   Google Scholar
• Holmes, William T., and Michele A. Parker. 2019. “Motivating Language Intensity: A Study of Wyoming Superintendents Motivating Language Use as Perceived by Their Principals.” International Journal of Business Communication. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/2329488419868520.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howell, Jon P., Peter W. Dorfman, and Steven Kerr. 1986. “Moderator Variables in Leadership Research.” Academy of Management Review 11 (1):88–102. doi:10.5465/amr.1986.4282632.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jablin, Fredric M., and Patricia M. Sias. 2001. “Communication Competence.” In The New Handbook of Organizational Communication: Advances in Theory, Research, and Methods, edited by Fredric M. Jablin and Linda L. Putnam, 819–864. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Jermier, John M., and Steve Kerr. 1997. “‘Substitutes for Leadership: Their Meaning and Measurement’ - Contextual Recollections and Current Observations.” The Leadership Quarterly 8 (2):95–101. doi:10.1016/S1048-9843(97)90008-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jian, Guowei, and Gail T. Fairhurst. 2017. “Leadership in Organizations.” In The International Encyclopedia of Organizational Communication, edited by Craig Scott and Laurie Lewis, 1–20. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Jöreskog, Karl G., and Dag Sörbom. 1989. LISREL7: A Guide to the Program and Applications. 2nd ed. Bloomington: SPSS.
   Google Scholar
• Kerr, Steven, and John M. Jermier. 1978. “Substitutes for Leadership: Their Meaning and Measurement.” Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 22 (3):375–403. doi:10.1016/0030-5073(78)90023-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kock, Ned. 2014. “Advanced Mediating Effects Tests, Multi-Group Analyses, and Measurement Model Assessments in PLS-Based SEM.” International Journal of E-Collaboration (Ijec) 10 (1):1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Kock, Ned. 2015. “Common Method Bias in PLS-SEM: A Full Collinearity Assessment Approach.” International Journal of E-Collaboration (Ijec) 11 (4):1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kock, Ned. 2020. “WarpPLS User Manual: Version 7.0.” ScriptWarp Systems. Laredo, TX, 141.
   Google Scholar
• Kock, Ned, and Gary Lynn. 2012. “Lateral Collinearity and Misleading Results in Variance-Based SEM: An Illustration and Recommendations.” Journal of the Association for Information Systems 13 (7):546–580. doi:10.17705/1jais.00302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause, Jillene Ann. 2013. “Motivating Language Theory: A Cross-Cultural Comparison.” Unpublished Dissertation, The State University of New York at Buffalo.
   Google Scholar
• Le Bon, Gustave. 1897. The Crowd. London: Unwin.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, Heeseok, and Byounggu Choi. 2003. “Knowledge Management Enablers, Processes, and Organizational Performance: An Integrative View and Empirical Examination.” Journal of Management Information Systems 20 (1):179–228.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madlock, Paul E. 2013. “The Influence of Motivational Language in the Technologically Mediated Realm of Telecommuters.” Human Resource Management Journal 23 (2):196–210. doi:10.1111/j.1748-8583.2012.00191.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madlock, Paul E., and B. Hildebrand Clubbs. 2019. “The Influence of Supervisors’ Use of Motivating Language in Organizations Located in India.” International Journal of Business Communication. doi:10.1177/2329488419835599.
   Google Scholar
• Madlock, Paul E., and Shaun C. W. Sexton. 2015. “An Application of Motivating Language Theory in Mexican Organizations.” International Journal of Business Communication 52 (3):255–272.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markus, Hazel R., and Shinobu Kitayama. 1998. “The Cultural Psychology of Personality.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 29 (1):63–87. doi:10.1177/0022022198291004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayfield, Jacqueline. 1993. “The Role of Motivating Language in Leader-Member Exchange.” Unpublished Dissertation, University of Alabama.
   Google Scholar
• Mayfield, Jacqueline, and Milton Mayfield. 2006. “The Benefits of Leader Communication on Part-Time Worker Outcomes: A Comparison between Part-Time and Full-Time Employees Using Motivating Language.” Journal of Business Strategies 23 (2):131–153.
   Google Scholar
• Mayfield, Jacqueline, and Milton Mayfield. 2007. “The Effects of Leader Communication on a Worker’s Intent to Stay: An Investigation Using Structural Equation Modeling.” Human Performance 20 (2):85–102. doi:10.1080/08959280701332018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayfield, Jacqueline, and Milton Mayfield. 2009. “The Role of Leader Motivating Language in Employee Absenteeism.” The Journal of Business Communication (1973) 46 (4):455–479. doi:10.1177/0021943609338665.
   Google Scholar
• Mayfield, Jacqueline, and Milton Mayfield. 2018. Motivating Language Theory: Effective Leader Talk in the Workplace. New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Mayfield, Jacqueline, and Milton Mayfield. 2019. “The Diffusion Process of Strategic Motivating Language: An Examination of the Internal Organizational Environment and Emergent Properties.” International Journal of Business Communication 56 (3):368–392. doi:10.1177/2329488416629093.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayfield, Jacqueline, Milton Mayfield, and Jerry Kopf. 1995. “Motivating Language: Exploring Theory with Scale Development.” The Journal of Business Communication 32 (4):329–344. doi:10.1177/002194369503200402.
   Google Scholar
• Mayfield, Jacqueline, Milton Mayfield, and Jerry Kopf. 1998. “The Effects of Leader Motivating Language on Subordinate Performance and Satisfaction.” Human Resource Management 37 (3–4):235–248. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-050X(199823/24)37:3/4<235::AID-HRM6>3.0.CO;2-X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meindl, James R., Sanford B. Ehrlich, and Janet M. Dukerich. 1985. “The Romance of Leadership.” Administrative Science Quarterly 30 (1):78–102. doi:10.2307/2392813.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mott, Paul E. 1972. The Characteristics of Effective Organizations. New York: Harper & Row.
   Google Scholar
• Mowday, Richard T., Richard M. Steers, and Lyman W. Porter. 1979. “The Measurement of Organizational Commitment.” Journal of Vocational Behavior 14 (2):224–247. doi:10.1016/0001-8791(79)90072-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunnally, Jum C., and Ira H. Bernstein. 1994. Psychometric Theory. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Podsakoff, Philip M., Brian P. Niehoff, Scott B. MacKenzie, and Margaret L. Williams. 1993. “Do Substitutes for Leadership Really Substitute for Leadership? An Empirical Examination of Kerr and Jermier′s Situational Leadership Model.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 54 (1):1–44. doi:10.1006/obhd.1993.1001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sexton, Shaun C. W. 2013. “Cultural Intelligence and Job Performance in International Transportation Business Settings.” Unpublished dissertation, Texas A&M International University.
   Google Scholar
• Sharbrough, William C., Susan A. Simmons, and David A. Cantrill. 2006. “Motivating Language in Industry: Its Impact on Job Satisfaction and Perceived Supervisor Effectiveness.” The Journal of Business Communication 43 (4):322–343.
   Google Scholar
• SHRM/Globoforce. 2018. “Using Recognition and Other Workplace Efforts to Engage Employees.” SHRM, January. https://www.shrm.org/hr-today/trends-and-forecasting/research-and-surveys/Documents/SHRM-GloboforceEmployeeRecognition%202018.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Simmons, Susan A., and William C. Sharbrough. 2013. “An Analysis of Leader and Subordinate Perception of Motivating Language.” Journal of Leadership, Accountability and Ethics 10 (3):11–27.
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan, Jeremiah J. 1988. “Three Roles of Language in Motivation Theory.” Academy of Management Review 13 (1):104–115. doi:10.5465/amr.1988.4306798.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, Edmund R., and Florence T. Phua. 2012. “A Brief Index of Affective Job Satisfaction.” Group & Organization Management 37 (3):275–307. doi:10.1177/1059601111434201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TINYpulse. 2013. “2013 TINYpulse Employee Engagement Survey | TINYpulse.” TINYpulse. https://www.tinypulse.com/resources/employee-engagement-survey-2013.
   Google Scholar
• Zheng, Xiaoming, Weichun Zhu, Haixia Zhao, and Chi Zhang. 2015. “Employee Well-Being in Organizations: Theoretical Model, Scale Development, and Cross-Cultural Validation.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 36 (5):621–644. doi:10.1002/job.1990.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar