Should Menopausal Women at Increased Risk for Breast Cancer Use Tamoxifen, Raloxifene, or Hormone Therapy?: A Framework for Personalized Risk Assessment and CounselingFootnote*

*Supported by a grant from the Susan G. Komen Foundation.

References

• Daly , M , Lerman , C Ross , E . 1996 . Gail model breast cancer risk components are poor predictors of risk perception and screening behavior . Breast Cancer Res Treat. , 41 : 59 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claus , E , Schildkraut , J Thompson , W . 1996 . The genetic attributable risks of breast and ovarian cancer . Cancer. , 77 : 2318 – 2324 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Couch , F , DeShano , M Blackwood , M . 1997 . BRCA1 mutations in women attending clinics that evaluate the risk of breast cancer . New Engl J Med. , 336 : 1409 – 1415 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartmann , L , Schaid , D and Woods , J. 1999 . Efficacy of bilateral prophylactic mastectomy in women with a family history of breast cancer . New Engl J Med. , 340 : 77 – 84 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerlikowske , K. 2000 . Performance of screening mammography among women with and without a first degree relative with breast cancer . Ann Intern Med. , 133 : 855 – 863 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chlebowski , R , Collyar , D and Somerfield , M. 1999 . American Society of Clinical Oncology technology assessment of breast cancer risk reduction strategies: Tamoxifen and raloxifene . J Clin Oncol. , 17 : 1939 – 1955 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fisher , B , Constantino , J and Wickerman , D. 1998 . Tamoxifen for the prevention of breast cancer: report of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 Study . J Natl Cancer Inst. , 90 : 1371 – 1388 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergman , L. 2000 . Risk and prognosis of endometrial cancer after Tamoxifen for breast cancer . Lancet. , 356 : 881 – 887 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decensi , A. 2005 . Effect of Tamoxifen on venous thromboembolic events in a breast cancer prevention trial . Circulation. , 111 : 650 – 656 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morales , L. 2004 . Acute effects of Tamoxifen and third-generation aromatase inhibitors on menopausal symptoms of breast cancer patients . Anticancer Drugs , 15 : 753 – 760 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogel , V , Constantino , J Wickerman , D . 2006 . Effects of tamoxifen vs. raloxifene on the risk of developing invasive breast cancer and other disease outcomes; the NSABP study of tamoxifen and raloxifene (STAR) P-2 Trial . JAMA. , 295 ( 23 )
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuzick , J. 2005 . Aromatase inhibitors for breast cancer prevention . J Clin Oncol. , 23 : 1636 – 1643 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrissey , D and Kirchner , J. 2000 . Management of the climacteric. Options abound to relieve women's midlife symptoms . Postgrad Med. , 108 : 85 – 100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Women's Health Initiative (WHI) . 2002 . Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women, principal results from the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial . JAMA. , 288 : 321 – 333 .
   Google Scholar
• Haas , J , Kaplan , C Gerstenberger , E . 2004 . Changes in the use of postmenopausal hormone therapy after the publication of clinical trial results . Ann Intern Med. , 140 : 184 – 188 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matloff , E. 2005 . “ Genetic counseling ” . In Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology , 7th , Edited by: DeVita , V , Hellman , S and Rosenberg , S . Philadelphia : Lippincott-Raven .
   Google Scholar
• Schoelle , S , Chang , J Harman , J . 2002 . Trends in women's health services by type of physician seen: data from the 1985 and 1997-98 NAMCS . Womens Health Issues. , 12 : 165 – 177 .
   Google Scholar
• Theroux , R and Taylor , K. 2003 . Women's decision making about the use of hormonal and nonhormonal remedies for the menopausal transition . J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. , 32 : 712 – 723 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burg , M , Fraser , K Gui , S . 2006 . Treatment of menopausal symptoms in family medicine settings following the Women's Health Initiative findings . J Am Board Fam Med. , 19 : 122 – 131 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matloff , E , Moyer , A Shannon , K . 2006 . Healthy women with a family history of breast cancer: Impact of a tailored genetic counseling intervention on risk perception, knowledge, and menopausal therapy decision-making . J Womens Health. , 15 ( 7 ) : 843 – 856 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santen , R , Borwhat , M and Gleason , S. 1997 . Menopause: What Every Woman Should Know . The Endocrine Society ,
   Google Scholar
• Col , N , Eckman , M Karas , R . 1997 . Patient-specific decisions about hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women . JAMA. , 277 : 1140 – 1147 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Col , N , Pauker , S Goldberg , R . 1999 . Individualizing therapy to prevent long-term consequences of estrogen deficiency in postmenopausal women . Arch Intern Med. , 159 : 1458 – 1466 .
   Google Scholar
• Col , N , Weber , G Stiggelbout , A . 2004 . Short-term menopausal hormone therapy for symptom relief: an updated decision model . Arch Intern Med. , 164 : 1634 – 1640 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein , R , Alper , B and Quill , T. 2004 . Communicating evidence for participatory decision making . JAMA. , 291 : 2359 – 2366 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson , H. 2002 . Alcohol and other factors affecting osteoporosis risk in women . Alcohol Res Health. , 26 : 292 – 298 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clamp , A , Danson , S and Clemons , M. 2002 . Hormonal risk factors for breast cancer: identification, chemoprevention, and other intervention strategies . Lancet Oncol. , 3 : 611 – 619 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Travis , L , Hill , D and Dores , G. 2003 . Breast cancer following radiotherapy and chemotherapy among young women with Hodgkin disease . JAMA. , 290 : 465 – 475 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Women's Health Initiative (WHI) . 2004 . Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: The Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial . JAMA. , 291 : 1701 – 1712 .
   Google Scholar
• American College of Physicians (ACP) . 1999 . Guidelines for counseling postmenopausal women about preventative hormone therapy . Ann Intern Med. , 117 : 1038 – 1041 .
   Google Scholar
• Connelly , M , Ferrari , N and Hagen , N. 1999 . Patient-identified needs for hormone replacement therapy counseling: A qualitative study . Ann Intern Med. , 131 : 265 – 268 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greendale , K and Pyeritz , R. 2001 . Empowering primary care health professionals in medical genetics: how soon? how fast? how far? . Am J Med Genet. , 106 : 223 – 232 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fry , A , Campbell , H Gudmundsdottir , H . 1999 . GP's views on their role in cancer genetics services and current practice . Fam Pract. , 16 : 468 – 474 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkins-Haug , L , Erickson , K Hill , L . 2000 . Obstetrician-Gynecologist's opinions and attitudes on the role of genetics in women's health . J Women Health Gen-B. , 9 ( 8 )
   Google Scholar