The use of illustrations and narrative text style to improve readability of a health education brochure

References

• Greenwald , P and Sondik , EJ , eds. 1986 . Cancer Control Objectives for the Nation: 1985‐2000. , National Cancer Institute Monograph 2. NIH Publication No. 86‐2880 Washington, DC : Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Syme , SL and Berkman , LF . 1989 . “ Social class, susceptibility, and sickness ” . In Dominant Issues in Medical Sociology. , Edited by: Schwartz , HD and Kart , CS . 398 – 405 . Reading, MA : Addison‐Wesley Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• Warnecke , RW . 1981 . “ Intervention in black populations ” . In Cancer Among Black Populations. , Edited by: Mettlin , C and Murphy , GP . 167 – 184 . New York : Alan R. Liss .
   Google Scholar
• Kitagawa , EM and Hauser , PM . 1973 . Differential Mortality in the United States: A Study in Socioeconomic Epidemiology. , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Linden , G . 1969 . The Influence of social class in the survival of cancer patients . Am J Public Health , 59 : 267 – 274 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipworth , L , Abelin , T and Connelly , RR . 1970 . Socioeconomic factors in the prognosis of cancer patients . J Chronic Dis , 23 : 105 – 115 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berg , JW , Ross , R and Latourette , HB . 1977 . Economic status and survival of cancer patients . Cancer , 39 : 467 – 477 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , RR and Horn , JW . 1977 . Association of cancer sites with tobacco and alcohol consumption and socioeconomic status of patients: Interview study from the Third National Cancer Survey . J Natl Cancer Inst , 58 : 525 – 547 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman , HP . 1989 . Cancer in the socioeconomically disad‐vantaged . CA , 39 : 266 – 288 .
   Google Scholar
• Lerner , M . 1989 . Access to the American health care system: Consequences for cancer control . CA , 39 : 289 – 295 .
   Google Scholar
• Vivian , AS and Robertson , EJ II . 1980 . Readability of patient education materials . Clin Ther , 3 : 129 – 136 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spadaro , DC , Robinson , LA and Smith , LT . 1980 . Assessing readability of patient information materials . Am J Hosp Pharm , 37 : 215 – 221 .
   Google Scholar
• Merki , D and Morris , ED . 1972 . A study of readability of drug education materials . School Health Review , 3 : 6 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Glanz , K and Rudd , J . 1990 . Readability and content analysis of printed cholesterol education materials . Patient Education and Counseling , 16 : 109 – 118 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , TC , Crouch , MA Wills , G . 1990 . The gap between patient reading comprehension and the readability of patient education materials . J Fam Pract , 31 : 533 – 538 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson , J . 1989‐90 . AIDS and you: A brochure for the at‐risk/poor reader . National Forum of Special Education Journal , 1 : 52 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Grundner , GM . 1980 . On the readability of surgical consent forms . The N Engl J Med , 302 : 900 – 902 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrow , GR . 1980 . How readable are subject consent forms? . JAMA , 244 : 56 – 58 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meade , CD and Byrd , JC . 1989 . Patient literacy and the readability of smoking education literature . Am J Public Health , 79 : 204 – 206 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michielutte , R , Bahnson , J and Beal , P . 1990 . Readability of the public education literature on cancer prevention and detection . J Cancer Educ , 5 : 55 – 61 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Monteith , MK . 1980 . How well does the average American read? . J of Reading , 23 : 460 – 464 .
   Google Scholar
• Bureau of the Census . 1988 . Educational Attainment in the United States: March, 1987 and 1986 , Current Population Reports Series p‐20, No. 428 Washington, DC : Bureau of the Census .
   Google Scholar
• United States Department of Education . April 1986 . The 1982 English Language Proficiency Survey , April , Washington, DC : United States Department of Education .
   Google Scholar
• McNeal , B , Salisbury , Z , Baum Gardner , P and Wheeler , FC . 1984 . Comprehension assessment of diabetes education program participants . Diabetes Care , 7 : 232 – 235 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powers , RD . 1988 . Emergency department patient literacy and the readability of patient‐directed materials . Ann Emerg Med , 17 : 124 – 126 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doak , LG and Doak , CC . 1980 . Patient comprehension profiles: Recent findings and strategies . Patient Counseling and Health Education , 2 : 101 – 106 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ley , P , Jain , VK and Skilbeck , CE . 1976 . A method for decreasing patients’ medication errors . Psychol Med , 6 : 599 – 601 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eaton , ML and Holloway , RL . 1980 . Patient comprehension of written drug information . Am J Hosp Pharm , 37 : 240 – 243 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meade , CD , Byrd , JC and Lee , M . 1989 . Improving patient comprehension of literature on smoking . Am J Public Health , 79 : 1411 – 1412 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosey , GM , Freeman , WL , Stracqualursi , FS and Gohdes , D . 1990 . Designing and evaluating diabetes education material for American Indians . Diabetes Educator , 16 : 407 – 414 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robinson , J III . 1988 . Criteria for the selection and use of health education reading materials . Health Education , 19 : 31 – 34 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Manning , D . 1981 . Writing readable health messages . Public Health Reports , 96 : 464 – 465 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose , TL . 1986 . Effects of illustrations on reading comprehension of learning disabled students . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 19 : 542 – 544 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Concannon , SJ . 1975 . Illustrations in books for children: Review of research . Reading Teacher , 29 : 254 – 256 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes , BC . 1987 . Children's inferences with print and pictures . Journal of Educational Psychology , 79 : 14 – 18 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peeck , J . 1974 . Retention of pictorial and verbal content of a text with illustrations . Journal of Educational Psychology , 66 : 880 – 888 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waddil , PJ , McDaniel , MA and Einstein , GO . 1988 . Illustrations as adjuncts to prose: A text appropriate processing approach . Journal of Educational Psychology , 80 : 457 – 464 .
   Google Scholar
• Stone , DE and Glock , MD . 1981 . How do young adults read directions with and without pictures? . Journal of Educational Psychology , 73 : 419 – 426 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes , DA and Readence , JE . 1983 . Transfer of learning from illustration‐dependent text . Journal of Education Research , 76 : 245 – 248 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Au , K . 1977 . Analyzing oral reading errors to improve instruction . Reading Teacher , 31 : 46 – 49 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman , K and Goodman , Y . 1977 . Learning about psycho‐linguistic processes by analyzing oral reading . Harvard Educational Review , 47 : 317 – 333 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leslie , L . 1980 . The use of graphic and contextual information by average and below‐average readers . Journal of Reading Behavior , 12 : 139 – 149 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michielutte , R , Dignan , MB , Wells , HB , Young , LD , Jackson , DS and Sharp , PS . 1989 . Development of a community cancer education program: The Forsyth County, North Carolina Cervical Cancer Prevention Project . Public Health Report , 104 : 542 – 551 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaughlin , GH . 1969 . SMOG Grading—a new readability formula . J of Reading , 12 : 639 – 646 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1984 . Wide Range Achievement Test‐Revised (WRAT‐R) , Wilmington, DE : Jastak Associates, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• All authors are with the Department of Family and Community Medicine, Bowman Gray School of Medicine of Wake Forest University, Winston‐Salem, NC.
   Google Scholar