Remnant cholesterol, preinflammatory state and chronic kidney disease: association and mediation analyses

References

• GBD Chronic Kidney Disease Collaboration. Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017. Lancet. 2020;395(10225):1–10. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30045-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitrofanova A, Merscher S, Fornoni A. Kidney lipid dysmetabolism and lipid droplet accumulation in chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2023;19(10):629–645. doi: 10.1038/s41581-023-00741-w.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noels H, Lehrke M, Vanholder R, et al. Lipoproteins and fatty acids in chronic kidney disease: molecular and metabolic alterations. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2021;17(8):528–542. doi: 10.1038/s41581-021-00423-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bajaj A, Xie D, Cedillo-Couvert E, et al. Lipids, apolipoproteins, and risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in persons with CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2019;73(6):827–836. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.11.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman M, Yang W, Akkina S, et al. Relation of serum lipids and lipoproteins with progression of CKD: the CRIC study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;9(7):1190–1198. doi: 10.2215/CJN.09320913.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miao L, Min Y, Qi B, et al. Causal effect between total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol as risk factors for chronic kidney disease: a mendelian randomization study. BMC Nephrol. 2021;22(1):35. doi: 10.1186/s12882-020-02228-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang YB, Sheng LT, Wei W, et al. Association of blood lipid profile with incident chronic kidney disease: a mendelian randomization study. Atherosclerosis. 2020;300:19–25. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.03.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang Z, Wang Y, Zhao X, et al. Obesity and chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2023;324(1):E24–E41. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00179.2022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jao TM, Nangaku M, Wu CH, et al. ATF6α downregulation of PPARα promotes lipotoxicity-induced tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Kidney Int. 2019;95(3):577–589. doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.09.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emanuelsson F, Nordestgaard BG, Benn M. Familial hypercholesterolemia and risk of peripheral arterial disease and chronic kidney disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103(12):4491–4500. doi: 10.1210/jc.2018-01058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varbo A, Nordestgaard BG. Remnant lipoproteins. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2017;28(4):300–307. doi: 10.1097/MOL.0000000000000429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan P, Xu Y, Miao Y, et al. Association of remnant cholesterol with chronic kidney disease in Middle-aged and elderly Chinese: a population-based study. Acta Diabetol. 2021;58(12):1615–1625. doi: 10.1007/s00592-021-01765-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li B, Wang A, Wang Y, et al. A study on the correlation between remnant cholesterol and urinary albumin to creatinine ratio in Chinese community adults: a report from the REACTION study. J Diabetes. 2020;12(12):870–880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayashi T, Hirano T, Taira T, et al. Remarkable increase of apolipoprotein B48 level in diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease. Atherosclerosis. 2008;197(1):154–158. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.03.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bermudez-Lopez M, Forne C, Amigo N, et al. An in-depth analysis shows a hidden atherogenic lipoprotein profile in non-diabetic chronic kidney disease patients. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2019;23(7):619–630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhai Q, Dou J, Wen J, et al. Association between changes in lipid indexes and early progression of kidney dysfunction in participants with normal estimated glomerular filtration rate: a prospective cohort study. Endocrine. 2022;76(2):312–323. doi: 10.1007/s12020-022-03012-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan Y, Zhou X, Ji L. Association between remnant cholesterol level and severity of chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications. 2023;37(9):108585. doi: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2023.108585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan T, Ding C, Xie Y, et al. Association between remnant cholesterol and chronic kidney disease in chinese hypertensive patients. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1189574. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1189574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He X, Zou R, Du X, et al. Association of remnant cholesterol with decreased kidney function or albuminuria: a population-based study in the U.S. Lipids Health Dis. 2024;23(1):2. doi: 10.1186/s12944-023-01995-w.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu W, Liu Q, Liu F, et al. High remnant cholesterol as a risk factor for developing chronic kidney disease in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study of a US population. Acta Diabetol. 2024;61(6):745. Published online March 4, doi: 10.1007/s00592-024-02249-6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jang SY, Kang M, Song E, et al. Remnant cholesterol is an independent risk factor for the incidence of chronic kidney disease in newly-diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a nationwide population-based study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2024;210:111639. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto T, Takabatake Y, Takahashi A, et al. High-Fat Diet-Induced lysosomal dysfunction and impaired autophagic flux contribute to lipotoxicity in the kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;28(5):1534–1551. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2016070731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun Y, Ge X, Li X, et al. High-fat diet promotes renal injury by inducing oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Cell Death Dis. 2020;11(10):914. doi: 10.1038/s41419-020-03122-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornfeldt KE, Linton MF, Fisher EA, et al. JCL roundtable: lipids and inflammation in atherosclerosis. J Clin Lipidol. 2021;15(1):3–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varbo A, Benn M, Tybjærg-Hansen A, et al. Elevated remnant cholesterol causes both low-grade inflammation and ischemic heart disease, whereas elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol causes ischemic heart disease without inflammation. Circulation. 2013;128(12):1298–1309. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.003008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang B, Zhai FY, Du SF, et al. The China health and nutrition survey, 1989-2011. Obes Rev. 2014;15 Suppl 1(0 1):2–7. doi: 10.1111/obr.12119.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hu X, Appleton AA, Ou Y, et al. Abdominal volume index trajectories and risk of diabetes mellitus: results from the China health and nutrition survey. J Diabetes Investig. 2022;13(5):868–877. doi: 10.1111/jdi.13733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian S, You S, Sun Y, et al. Remnant cholesterol and common carotid artery Intima-Media thickness in patients with ischemic stroke. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2021;14(4):e010953.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horio M, Imai E, Yasuda Y, et al. Modification of the CKD epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation for Japanese: accuracy and use for population estimates. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010;56(1):32–38. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2010.02.344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical care in diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care. 2022;45(Suppl 1):S17–S38. doi: 10.2337/dc22-S002.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ion RM, Sibianu M, Hutanu A, et al. A comprehensive summary of the current understanding of the relationship between severe obesity, metabolic syndrome, and inflammatory status. J Clin Med. 2023;12(11):3818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hotoura E, Giapros V, Kostoula A, et al. Pre-inflammatory mediators and lymphocyte subpopulations in preterm neonates with sepsis. Inflammation. 2012;35(3):1094–1101. doi: 10.1007/s10753-011-9416-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rysz-Gorzynska M, Gluba-Brzozka A, Banach M. High-Density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein subfractions in patients with chronic kidney disease. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2017;15(2):144–151. doi: 10.2174/1570161114666161003093032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanktree MB, Thériault S, Walsh M, et al. HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides as risk factors for CKD: a mendelian randomization study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2018;71(2):166–172. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2017.06.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doi T, Langsted A, Nordestgaard BG. Dual elevated remnant cholesterol and C-reactive protein in myocardial infarction, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and mortality. Atherosclerosis. 2023;379:117141. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.05.010.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barter P. Lipoprotein metabolism and CKD: overview. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2014;18(2):243–246. doi: 10.1007/s10157-013-0866-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang C, Wang L, Liang K, et al. Poor control of plasma triglycerides is associated with early decline of estimated glomerular filtration rates in New-Onset type 2 diabetes in China: results from a 3-Year Follow-Up study. J Diabetes Res. 2020;2020:3613041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang L, Yuan Z, Chen W, et al. Serum lipid profiles, lipid ratios and chronic kidney disease in a chinese population. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014;11(8):7622–7635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang R, Fu P, Ma L. Kidney fibrosis: from mechanisms to therapeutic medicines. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2023;8(1):129. doi: 10.1038/s41392-023-01379-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang JK, Lee HC. Emerging evidence of pathological roles of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(8):4300. doi: 10.3390/ijms23084300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding WY, Protty MB, Davies IG, et al. Relationship between lipoproteins, thrombosis, and atrial fibrillation. Cardiovasc Res. 2022;118(3):716–731. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvab017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ducasa GM, Mitrofanova A, Mallela SK, et al. ATP-binding cassette A1 deficiency causes cardiolipin-driven mitochondrial dysfunction in podocytes. J Clin Invest. 2019;129(8):3387–3400. doi: 10.1172/JCI125316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honzumi S, Takeuchi M, Kurihara M, et al. The effect of cholesterol overload on mouse kidney and kidney-derived cells. Ren Fail. 2018;40(1):43–50. doi: 10.1080/0886022X.2017.1419974.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alyaydin E, Pogoda C, Dell Aquila A, et al. Cardiac allograft vasculopathy in a long-term follow-up after heart transplantation: role of remnant cholesterol in residual inflammation. Cardiol J. 2022;29(5):782–790. doi: 10.5603/CJ.a2022.0013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varbo A, Nordestgaard BG. Remnant cholesterol and Triglyceride-Rich lipoproteins in atherosclerosis progression and cardiovascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2016;36(11):2133–2135. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.116.308305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan Q, Tang B, Zhang C. Signaling pathways of chronic kidney diseases, implications for therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2022;7(1):182. doi: 10.1038/s41392-022-01036-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong S, Zhao L, Li Q, et al. Inflammatory stress exacerbated mesangial foam cell formation and renal injury via disrupting cellular cholesterol homeostasis. Inflammation. 2015;38(3):959–971. doi: 10.1007/s10753-014-0058-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song Y, Liu J, Zhao K, et al. Cholesterol-induced toxicity: an integrated view of the role of cholesterol in multiple diseases. Cell Metab. 2021;33(10):1911–1925. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.09.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar