Notes
- Saharin to Nihon (Sakhalin and Japan) Newsletter, Japan‐Sakhalin Society, Inc., ed., No. 44., 7 August 1995, Tokyo
- The SR is one of Russia's Far Eastern economic district 8 regions; the Far Eastern district occupies 36.4 percent of the RF territory, while its population amounts to only 5.4 percent of Russia's total
- P.A. , Minakir , ed. 1993 . Dal'niy Vostok Rossii: Ekonomicheskoe Obozrenie (Russian Far East: Economic Survey) 11 16 Moscow
- published by the Russian Academy of Sciences Far Eastern Branch Economic Research Institute with support of Sasakawa Peace Foundation. The SR incorporates the “Kurile Islands” chain which is contested by Japan either as a whole or partly, depending on the “Kuriles” varying definitions. Before the end of the Second World War the “Kuriles” belonged to Japan. The commonly contested islands, often called “Northern Territories”, are those of Kunashiri (“Kunashir” in Russian), Etorofu (Iturup), Shikotan (Shikotan) and the Habomais islet group (Habomai or Ploskie ostrova), all of them located off the coast of Japan's northernmost island of Hokkaido. The total commonly contested area is just short of 5,000 square kilometers
- Berton , Peter . “The Japanese‐Russian Territorial Dilemma: Historical Background, Disputes, Issues, Questions, Solution Scenarios” . White Paper prepared for the Strengthening Democratic Institutions Project . pp. 8 John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University .
- Vysokov , M . 1994 . Istoriya Sakhalina i Kuril v Samom Kratkom Izlozhenii Yuzhno‐Sakhalinsk
- Japan's district of Hokkaido covers over 20 percent of Japan's territory, its population amounting to less than 5 percent of Japan's total. Hokkaido is only 7 km away from the RF‐administered “Kurile Islands” and 17 km away from Japan's main island of Honshu
- Mekler , G. 1986 . Hokkaido , 8 16 Moscow : Nauka Publishers .
- On the SR trade see Minakir, p. 108
- Matsui Satoru . 1988 . “Gunji Kichi Hokkaido” (Hokkaido as a Military Base) ” . In Hokkaido‐de Heiwa‐o Kangaeru , Edited by: Tadakazu , Fukase , Takashi , Mori and Ken'ichi , Nakamura . 34 Sapporo : Hokkaido University Publications .
- Speaking of the contested “Kuriles” alone, in October 1985 the Soviet Union began deploying nuclear‐capable ground‐launched cruise missiles on Etorofu Island
- Clark , Susan . 1986 . “The Soviets and Japan's Defense Efforts” . Soviet Union/Union Sovietique , 13 ( 2 ) : 187 – 216 .
- Having once withdrawn their troops from the “Kuriles” in 1961, the Soviet Union significantly reinforced its military presence on Kunashiri and Etorofu islands in 1978 after the conclusion of Japan's peace treaty with China
- Hiroshi , Kimura . 1985 . “The Conclusion of the Sino‐Japanese Peace Treaty (1978): Soviet Coercive Strategy and Its Limit” . Studies in Comparative Communism , 28 ( 2/3 ) Summer/Autumn : 177
- Addressing the Soviet people on 2 September 1945 on the occasion of victory over Japan, Stalin mentioned that the “Kurile Islands” would from then on serve as the “defense base… against Japanese aggression”
- 1990 . Ogonyok journal , May 13–19 : 17
- As of late, the contested islands have been considerably demilitarized on the RF unilateral accord. For developments up to and including Yeltsin's visit to Japan in October 1993
- Jukes , Geofrey . October 1993 . “Russia's Military and the Northern Territories Issue” . Working Paper No. 277 October , Canberra : Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University .
- Glaubitz , J. 1995 . Between Tokyo and Moscow 255 – 257 . London
- There are five historical stages in the Russo‐Japanese Boundary evolution. The first stage starts when the boundary line was agreed upon in the Russo‐Japanese Treaty of Commerce, Navigation and Delimitation signed in Shimoda, Japan in 1855. The boundary between the two countries runs between the islands of Urup ('Uruppu’ is the Japanese variant) and Iturup (Etorofu), i.e., confirming that currently commonly contested Kunashiri, Etorofu, as well as Shikotan and the Habomais, belonged to Japan, while the island of Sakhalin was left unresolved pending future negotiations. The second stage begins when major changes in the boundary were made following the Russo‐Japanese Exchange Treaty of 1875 signed in St. Petersburg. Essentially Japan traded its claims to the island of Sakhalin in exchange for all the Kurile islands north of Etorofu all the way to the Kamchatka Peninsula. The third stage starts when further territorial changes were forced upon Russia at the conclusion of the Russo‐Japanese War at the Peace Conference held in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, in 1905, which in effect transferred the southern half of Sakhalin (south of the fiftieth parallel) to Japan. The fourth stage begins with the temporary Japanese occupation of the northern half of Sakhalin from 1920 to 1925, following a massacre of Japanese nationals in Nikolaevsk‐on‐the‐Amur River by a “Red partisan” (guerilla) band in 1920. The fifth stage begins with the major Japanese loss of territory on the north, as a result of the occupation by the Red Army of southern Sakhalin and all of the Kurile Archipelago islands, including Shikotan and the Habomais whose “Kurile” status is a matter of dispute, in August and September 1945. For further details see Berton, p. 12. On Russia/USSR and Japan involvement in territorial changes from 1816 to 1980
- Goertz , G. and Diehl , P. 1992 . Territorial Changes and International Conflict 50 Routledge, NY
- See Berton, p. 43
- February 1994 . “Ot Konfrontatsii k Soglasiyu” (From Confrontation to Accord) ” . In Byulleten’ Vseyaponskoy Assotsiatsii Byvshikh Voennoplennykh (All‐Japan Former POWs Association Bulletin) Vol. No. 10 , February , 3 – 6 . Tsuruoka
- Data provided by Hokkaido Administration General Affairs Bureau International Department; as of November 1994, Russia accounted for less than 1 percent of Japan's foreign trade, while Japan accounted for less than 5 percent of Russian trade
- Interfax News Agency . 1994 . Foreign Trade Report, No. 47 , November 25 : 9
- Minakir, pp. 20, 23
- Hasegawa , Tsuyoshi . 1987 . “Japanese Perceptions of the Soviet Union: 1960–1985” . In Acta Slavica Iaponica 54 – 55 . Sapporo Tomus 5
- February 1991 . “ Saharin Yuko Homondan Hokokusho ” . In (Report on Visit of Friendship to Sakhalin) , February , 29 Hokkaido Administration General Affairs Bureau International Department .
- Kulagin , V. 1995 . “Vostochnyi Azimut Rossiiskoi Vneshnei Politiki” (Eastern Azimuth of Russian Foreign Policy) ” . Mezhdunarodnaya Zhizn’, No. 7 1995 , 45
- Interfax News Agency . 1992 . Interfax Business Report, No. 178 , 14 September : 2
- 2 November 1993 . Yomiuri Shinbun Newspaper , (Morning Edition) 2 November , 2 7
- Hasegawa, p. 53
- Paul Diehl and Gary Goertz indicate that a low probability of violence as applies to the post‐1945 territorial changes may be accounted for by the fact that “once almost all international boundaries are established, it is very difficult to alter them by anything but peaceful means”
- Diehl , P. and Goertz , G. 1988 . “Territorial Changes and Militarized Conflict” . The Journal of Conflict Resolution , 32 ( 1 ) March : 115
- Tetsuzo , Fuwa . 1990 . “ Presidium Chairman of the Japanese Communist Party (JCP), “Nisso Koshoshi to Yottsu‐no Teigen” (History of Negotiations Between the Soviet Union and Japan and Four Proposals), Zen'Ei, No.12 (599) ” . 29 – 42 . in English see Bulletin/Information for Abroad, Central Committee/JCP, No. 688, April 1991, p. 2
- H. , Michelmann and Soldatos , Panayotis , eds. 1990 . “Constituent Diplomacy in Federal Polities and the Nation‐state: Conflict and Co‐operation” . In Federalism and International Relations: The Role of Subnational Units , 74 Oxford : Clarendon Press . note 2
- Sovetskii Sahalin . 1990 . (Soviet Sakhalin ‐ referred to further as “SS”) . Newspaper, , 3 January
- Moskovskie Novosti . 1990 . (Moscow News) . Newspaper , 2 December : 5
- in the first half of January 1991 Boris Yeltsin, then the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR) Supreme Council Chairman, related to a delegation of Japanese Diet members his desire to have the RSFSR‐Japan Peace Treaty signed without waiting for the territorial dispute resolution between the USSR and Japan
- 1991 . Glasnost’ Weekly Newspaper , 3 (32) 17 January : 5
- Zinberg , Yakov . 1991 . “Local Factor in Soviet ‘Northern Territories’ Politics” . In Acta Slavica Iaponika 176 – 188 . Sapporo Tomus 9
- Zinberg , Y. and Drifte , R. 1993 . “Chaos in Russia and Territorial Dispute with Japan” . The Pacific Review , 6 : 3 277 – 285 .
- Zinberg , Y. 1992 . “Public Opinion Rejecting Concessions” (interview) . Asahi Shinbun Newspaper, , 27 August : 3 (Evening Edition)
- Fyodorov was appointed as head of administration of the SR on the basis of the No. 139 Decree of the RSFSR President Boris Yeltsin as of 8 October 1991. On 14 October 1991, Fyodorov resolved that “the official name of the post of the head of administration of the oblast” had to be “Governor of the SR”
- 1992 . SUPAR Report , January : 140
- 1990 . SS Newspaper, , 1 May : 1
- see also SS, 25 May 1990, p. 1; SS, 30 May 1990, p.1
- 29 August 1990 . “Preobrazovaniya na Sahaline: Kontseptsiya Professora Fyodorova” (Reforms on Sakhalin: Professor Fyodorov's Conception) ” . 29 August , 282 – 283 . Zinberg, Drifte SS Newspaper
- Zinberg , Y . June 1992 . “Fyodorofu‐no Kokusai Seiji‐ni okeru Hanran to sono Genryu” (Fyodorov's International Politics Revolt and Its Origins) ” . In Byuretin (Bulletin) Journal , Soviet Affairs Research Institute, No. 21 June , 9 – 15 . Tokyo
- SS Newspaper, 21 July 1990, pp. 2–3
- Zinberg , Y. 1991 . “Soren Hopporyodo Seisaku to ‘Saharin Sindoromu'” (Soviet “Northern Territories” Politics and “Sakhalin Syndrome”) . Soren Kenkyu (Soviet Studies) Journal, , April : 137 Tokyo
- Tikhookeanskaya Zvezda (Pacific Star)
- 1990 . Newspaper , 26 August : 1
- 1990 . Svobodnyi Sakhalin (Free Sakhalin) Newspaper, , 30 August : 4 – 5 .
- Zinberg , Y. “Soren Hopporyodo Seisaku” . 136 – 143 .
- Ueki , Yasuhiro . Politics of Issue Linkage and Delinkage: An Analysis of Japanese‐Soviet Negotiations , Columbia University Ph.D. thesis authorized facsimile, UMI Dissertation Information Service . printed in 1989
- Evans , Peter B. , Jacobson , Harold K. and Putnam , Robert D. , eds. 1993 . Double‐Edged Diplomacy: International Bargaining and Domestic Politics, , 29 University of California Press .
- Sweedler , A. 1994 . “Conflict and Cooperation in Border Regions: An Examination of the Russian‐Finnish Border” . Journal of Borderlands Studies , 9 ( 1 ) Spring : 3
- For relevant discussion see Michelmann, ed., pp. 18–25
- 1991 . Hokkaido Shinbun Newspaper, , 11 February : 2 (Morning Edition)
- Saharin Yuko Homondan Hokokusho (Report on the Visit of Friendship to Sakhalin), p. 1
- Ibid, pp. 3–4
- Ibid, p. 11
- Ibid, p. 9
- Ibid, pp. 28–29
- A confidential report issued by Hokkaido District's major think‐tank indicates that this event was a “historically unprecedented epoch‐making discussion by fellow‐localities (of two sovereign states) of a territorial dispute issue pertaining to national sovereignty”. Hoppoyonto Shorai Koso‐ni Kan‐suru Kiso Kenkyu (Fundamental Research on the Future of the Four Northern Islands), Hokkaido Mirai Sogo Kenkyujo (Hokkaido Perspectives Research Institute), March 1993, p. 11, Sapporo
- For original record see Hokkaido‐Saharinshu Taiwa'92 (Dialogue'92 between Hokkaido and the SR), Hokkaido Somubu Hopporyodo Taisaku Honbu (Hokkaido Administration General Affairs Bureau Northern Territories Policy Headquarters), July 1992
- Governor Yokomichi's speech on pp. 36–38
- 1992 . Hokkaido Shinbun Newspaper, , 13 June : 1 (Morning Edition)
- Hokaido‐Saharinshu Taiwa'92, p. 37
- July 1992 . SUPAR Report, No. 13 July , 59
- 1991 . Hokkaido Shinbun Newspaper, , 5 March : 1 (Morning Edition)
- Saharin Yuko Homondan Hokokusho, p. 9
- 1991 . The Japan Times Newspaper, , 5 February : 1
- 1991 . Yomiuri Shinbun Newspaper, , 22 March : 1 (Evening Edition)
- 1991 . SUPAR Report , July : 110
- 1990 . SS Newspaper, , 19 April : 1
- Jiyuminshuto Saharin Hakendan Kaiwa Yoshi (Summary of Talks Conducted by the Liberal‐Democratic Party Delegation to Sakhalin), p. 1. Original record
- Ibid, p. 7
- Ibid, pp. 12–13
- Ibid, p. 19
- Ibid, pp. 26–27
- Ibid, pp. 18–19
- Ibid, p. 27
- Ibid, p. 27
- Ibid, pp. 16, 28
- Ibid, p. 24
- Ibid, p. 24
- Ibid, p. 24. Simultaneously with Sato's Sakhalin mission, a controversial visit of Japan's ruling Liberal‐Democratic Party (LDP) General Secretary Ichiro Ozawa, currently head of the New Frontier Party, to Moscow was taking place. On 25 March 1991 Ozawa met with USSR President Mikhail Gorbachev
- 1991 . Pravda Newspaper, , 26 March : 1 5
- for details of the meeting. In August 1992, anticipating Yeltsin's official visit to Tokyo, Sato as the LDP Chairman headed yet another LDP delegation to Sakhalin where on 22 August he had yet another meeting with Aksyonov
- 1992 . Yomiuri Shinbun Newspaper, , 22 August : 3 (Morning Edition)
- Montville , Joseph . 1991 . “The Arrow and the Olive Branch: A Case for Track Two Diplomacy” . In The Psychodynamics of International Relationships. Volume 2: Unofficial Diplomacy at Work, , Edited by: V. , Volkan , Montville , Joseph V. and Julius , Demetrios A. 162 Lexington, MA : Lexington Books .
- Ibid, pp. 162–163
- Jiyuminshuto Saharin Hakendan Kaiwa Yoshi, p. 31
- Montville, p. 163
- 1993 . Asahi Shinbun Newspaper , 2 February : 10 (Morning Edition)
- Saharin to Nihon . July 1994 . (Sakhalin and Japan) Newsletter , Vol. No. 21 , July , Tokyo : Japan‐Sakhakin Society, Inc. .
- Volkan, V., et al., ed., pp. 12, 163
- Zinberg , Y. 1992 . “Nihon‐Saharin Kankei to Hopporyodo” (Japan‐Sakhalin Relations and ‘Northern Territories'), Shinkokusaku . (The New National Policy) Journal, , 1 September : 13 – 20 .
- Zhao , Quansheng . 1993 . Japanese Policymaking. The Politics Behind Politics: Informal Mechanisms and the Making of China Policy 185 – 188 . Praeger
- Ibid, pp. 170–173
- Tsuchiya , Yoshinori . 1992 . “Ima, Naze ‘Saharin’ Ka? ‘Nihon‐Saharin Kyokai’ Setsuritsu‐no Keii to Nerai” (Why ‘Sakhalin’ Now? How and Why the ‘Japan‐Sakhalin Society’ Was Formed) . Shinkokusaku journal , August : 15
- The “Shinkokusaku” (The New National Policy) bi‐monthly journal has been a printed organ of the RINP since 1933. Yakov Zinberg has been elected one of the JSS's two Advisors
- 1983 . “Kokusaku Kenkyukai Soritsu Gojushunen” (50th Anniversary of the RINP) . Shinkokusaku Journal, , 15 July : 4 – 12 .
- Tsuchiya Y. 15–16
- Ibid, p. 16
- 1993 . Nihon Keizai Shinbun Newspaper, , 4 February : 8 (Morning Edition)
- Saharin to Nihon (Sakhalin and Japan) Newsletter, Japan‐Sakhakin Society, Inc., ed., Tokyo, No. 21, July 1994
- Putnam , R. “Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two‐Level Games” . Edited by: P. , Evans . 431 – 469 .
- See Mekler, Hokkaido, pp. 30–33;
- The Sea of Japan Socialist Party Forum’ Central Executive Committee , ed. 1991 . Kan Nihonkai Shinjidai , 74 Tokyo : (The Sea of Japan New Epoch) .
- 1991 . SS Newspaper, , 20 April
- Zinberg , Y. 1993 . “'Minami Kuriru’ Mondai Kosho‐no Arata‐na Ninaite‐to Shite‐no Saharinshu” (The SR as a New Actor in the “Southern Kuriles” Dispute Negotiations) ” . In Kaosu‐no Toki , 306 – 336 . Tokyo : (Times of Chaos) .
- On 7 December 1995, Thomas Pickering, US ambassador to Russia, while visiting the SR made a statement supporting Japan's “Northern Territories” claims, which invited furious reaction of the RF Foreign Ministry. For a brief analysis see my forthcoming article
- Spring 1996 . “Intra‐National Territorial Claims for the ‘Kurile Islands’ in Russia: The Nazdratenko Disorder” . In Boundary and Security Research Bulletin , Volume 3, Number 5 , Spring , Durham, , England : International Boundaries Research Unit .
- 1995 . Literaturnaya Gazeta Weekly Newspaper, , 9 ( 32 (5563) August : 11
- On Nazdratenko's “intra‐national” territorial claims for transfer of the “Kurile Islands” under the Maritime Province administrative control
- Zinberg , Y. 1996 . “Nichiro Ryodo Mondai‐ni Kainyu‐suru Roshiya Enkai Chiho” (The RF Maritime Province Interference into Russo‐Japanese Territorial Disputes) . Shinkokusaku Journal, , 15 January : 15 – 19 .
- on the same issue see Y. Zinberg's article series in the forthcoming IBRU Boundary and Security Bulletin issues
- Yakov Zinberg is a Lecturer at the Faculty of Politics and Economics, Kokushikan University, Tokyo, Japan. He also serves as the IBRU (International Boundaries Research Unit) Boundary and Security Bulletin Regional Editor for North‐East Asia and as Advisor for the Japan‐Sakhalin Society in Tokyo.