Formal or Informal, Legal or Illegal: The Ambiguous Nature of Cross-border Livestock Trade in the Horn of Africa

References

• Ali, M., A. Shifa, A. Shimeles, and F. Woldeyes. 2015. Information Technology and Fiscal Capacity in a Developing Country: Evidence from Ethiopia. ICTD Working Paper 31. Sussex, UK: Institute of Development Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Behnke, R. 2011. Livestock's Contribution to Kenya's Economy: 150% Higher than Previously Thought. In Livestock Brief. IGAD Livestock Policy Initiative. Addis Ababa: Livestock Policy Initiative Program.
   Google Scholar
• Catley, A., J. Lind, and I. Scoones. 2012. Development at the Margins: Pathways of Change in the Horn of Africa. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, M. A. 2007. Rethinking the Informal Economy: Linkages with the Formal Economy and the Formal Regulatory Environment. DESA Working Paper No. 46. New York: United Nations.
   Google Scholar
• Daily Nation. 2012. Somali Livestock Trade Booming Despite Ravages of War. November 22. http://www.nation.co.ke/News/africa/Somali-livestock-trade-booming-despite-ravages-of-war/-/1066/1625622/-/view/printVersion/-/grctes/-/index.html (accessed August 5, 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Desta, S., W. Berhanu, A. Sebsibe, and E. Guerne-Bleich. 2011. Assessment of Cross Border Informal Livestock Trade in Somali Region. Addis Ababa: Food and Agriculture Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Desta, S., G. Gebru, S. Tezera, and D. L. Coppock. 2006. Linking Pastoralists and Exporters in a Livestock Marketing Chain: Recent Experiences from Ethiopia. In Pastoral Livestock Marketing in Eastern Africa: Research and Policy Challenges, ed. J. McPeak and P. Little, 109–127. Warwickshire, UK: Intermediate Technology Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Devereux, S. 2010. Better Marginalised than Incorporated? Pastoralist Livelihoods in Somali Region, Ethiopia. European Journal of Development Research 22: 678–95. doi: 10.1057/ejdr.2010.29
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eid, A. 2014. Jostling for Trade: The Politics of Livestock Marketing on the Ethiopia-Somaliland Border. Working Paper 075. Future Agricultures Project, Institute of Development Studies, Sussex.
   Google Scholar
• FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). 2012a. Food Outlook. May 2012. Rome: FAO.
   Google Scholar
• FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). 2012b. Informal Cross-border Livestock Trade in Somali Region. Policy Brief. Addis Ababa: FAO.
   Google Scholar
• Farmer, E., and J. Mbwika. 2012. End Market Analysis of Livestock and Meat: A Desk Study. MicroReport No. 84. Washington, DC: USAID.
   Google Scholar
• Galemba, R. 2012. “Corn is Food, not Contraband”: The Right to “Free Trade” at the Mexico–Guatemala Border. American Ethnologist 39, no. 4: 716–734. doi: 10.1111/j.1548-1425.2012.01391.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gebre-Mariam, S., S. Amare, D. Baker, A. Solomon, and R. Davies. 2013. Study of the Ethiopian Live Cattle and Beef Value Chain. ILRI Discussion Paper 23. Nairobi: International Livestock Research Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Hagmann, T. 2005. Review Article. “From State Collapse to Duty Free Shop: Somalia's Path to modernity”. African Affairs 104, no. 416: 525–535. doi: 10.1093/afraf/adi049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, K. and M. Vaa, eds. 2004. Reconsidering Informality: Perspectives from Urban Africa. Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Hart, K. 2008. Between Bureaucracy and the People: A Political History of Informality. DIIS Working Paper 2008/27. Copenhagen: Danish Institute for Inter-national Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Hart, K. 2010. Informal Economy. In The Human Economy, ed. K. Hart, J-L. Laville, and A. D. Cattani, 142–154. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hibou, B. 2004. Privatizing the State (English translation). New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kebaso, G. 2013. Ethiopia Takes Lion's Share Of Cross-border Camel Trade. The People, March 2. http://www.thepeople.co.ke/story.php?com=5&item=2605 (accessed July 3, 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Little, P. D. 2003. Somalia: Economy Without State. Oxford, UK: James Currey Publishers; Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Little, P. D. 2006. Working Across Borders: Methodological and Policy Challenges of Cross-Border Livestock Trade in the Horn of Africa. In Pastoral Livestock Marketing in Eastern Africa: Research and Policy Challenges, ed. J. McPeak and P. D. Little, 169–185. Warwickshire, UK: ITDG Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Little, P. D. 2013. Unofficial Trade When States are Weak: The Case of Cross-border Livestock Trade in the Horn of Africa. In African Pastoralism: Past, Present and Future—The Emergence, History and Contemporary Political Ecology of African Pastoralism, ed. M. Bollig, J. Pauli, and Hans-Peter Wotzka, 387–410. New York, NY: Berghahn Books.
   Google Scholar
• Little, P. D. 2014. Economic and Political Reform in Africa: Anthropological Perspectives. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Little, P. D., R. Behnke, J. McPeak, and G. Gebru. 2010. Retrospective Assessment of Pastoral Policies in Ethiopia, 1991–2008. Report Number 1. Pastoral Economic Growth and Development Policy Assessment, Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Department for International Development (DfID).
   Google Scholar
• Llanes, M., and A. Barbour. 2007. Self-employed and Micro-entrepreneurs: Informal Trading and the Journey Towards Formalization. Sheffield, UK: Community Links Books.
   Google Scholar
• Mahmoud, H. A. 2003. The Dynamics of Cattle Trading in Northern Kenya and Southern Ethiopia: The Role of Trust and Social Relations in Market Networks. Ph.D. Dissertation. Dept. of Anthropology. University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
   Google Scholar
• Mahmoud, H. A. 2006. Innovations in Pastoral Livestock Marketing: The Emergence and the Role of ‘Somali Cattle Traders-cum-ranchers’ in Kenya. In Pastoral Livestock Marketing in Eastern Africa: Research and Policy Challenges, ed. J. McPeak and P. Little, 129–44. Warwickshire, UK: ITDG Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Mahmoud, H. A. 2010. Livestock Trade in the Kenyan, Somali and Ethiopian borderlands. Chatham House Briefing Paper, AFP BP 2010/02. London: Chatham House.
   Google Scholar
• Mahmoud, H. A. 2013. Summary of Field Report of Livestock Market Work in Nairobi and Garissa, 2012/13. Atlanta, GA: Drought-Induced vulnerability and livestock marketing chains in northern Kenya and southern Ethiopia Project, Development Studies Program, Emory University.
   Google Scholar
• Majid, N. 2010. Livestock Trade in the Djibouti, Somali and Ethiopian Borderlands. Chatham House Briefing Paper, AFP BP 2010/01. London: Chatham House.
   Google Scholar
• Meagher, K. 2003. A Back Door to Globalisation? Structural Adjustment, Globalisation and Transborder Trade in West Africa. Review of African Political Economy 30: 57–75. doi: 10.1080/03056240308374
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of National Planning and Development [Somaliland]. 2012. Bulletin of Statistics 4, no. 4: 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Pavanello, S. 2010. Working Across Borders: Harnessing the Potential of Cross-border Activities to Improve Livelihood Security in the Drylands of the Horn of Africa. HPG Policy Brief 41. London, UK: Overseas Development Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Raeymaekers, T., and L. Jourdan. 2009. Economic Opportunities and Local Governance on an African Frontier: The Case of the Semliki Basin (Congo-Uganda). Journal of Eastern African Studies 3, no. 2: 317–32. doi: 10.1080/17531050902972964
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roitman, J. 2005. Fiscal Disobedience: An Anthropology of Economic Regulation in Central Africa. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Roitman, J. 2007. The Right to Tax: Economic Citizenship in the Chad Basin. Citizenship Studies 11, no. 2: 187–209. doi: 10.1080/13621020701262636
   Google Scholar
• Scott, J. 1998. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sobania, N. 1979. Background History of the Mt. Kulal Region of Kenya. Nairobi: UNESCO.
   Google Scholar
• Straight, B. 2009. Making Sense of Violence in the “Badlands” of Kenya. Anthropology and Humanism 34, no. 1: 21–30. doi: 10.1111/j.1548-1409.2009.01020.x
   Google Scholar
• Titeca, K., and T. de Herdt. 2010. Regulation, Crossborder Trade and Practical Norms in West Nile, Northwestern Uganda. Africa 80, no. 4: 573–94. doi: 10.3366/afr.2010.0403
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umar, A., with B. Baluch. 2007. Risk Taking for a Living: Trade and Marketing in the Somali Region, Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: UN-OCHA/Pastoral Communication Initiative Project.
   Google Scholar
• Walther, O. 2014. Trade Networks in West Africa: A Social Network Approach. The Journal of Modern African Studies 52, no. 2: 179–203. doi: 10.1017/S0022278X14000032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wario, H. T. 2006. Historical and Current Perspectives on Inter-Ethnic Conflicts in Northern Kenya. Research Paper. Norwegian University of Life Sciences, As, Norway.
   Google Scholar