Framing Entangled Borders in the Baltic States

References

• Aalto, Pami, and Eiki Berg. 2002. Spatial Practices and Time in Estonia: From Post-Soviet Geopolitics to European Governance. Space and Polity 6, no. 3: 253–70. doi:10.1080/1356257022000031968.
   Google Scholar
• Akaliyski, Plamen, and Christian Welzel. 2020. Clashing Values: Supranational Identities, Geopolitical Rivalry and Europe’s Growing Cultural Divide. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 51, no. 9: 740–62. doi:10.1177/0022022120956716.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akkerman, Mark. 2019. “The Business of Building Walls.” Transnational Institute; Stop Wapenhandel; Centre Delàs. https://www.tni.org/en/businessbuildingwalls.
   Google Scholar
• Amnesty International. 2022a. “Latvia: Return Home or Never Leave the Woods - Refugees and Migrants Arbitrarily Detained, Beaten and Coerced Into ‘Voluntary’ Returns.” EUR 52/5913/2022. https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/EUR5259132022ENGLISH.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Amnesty International. 2022b. “Lithuania: Forced out or Locked up - Refugees and Migrants Abused and Abandoned.” EUR 53/5735/2022. https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur53/5735/2022/en/.
   Google Scholar
• Avdan, Nazli. 2019. Visas and Walls: Border Security in the Age of Terrorism. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
   Google Scholar
• Avdan, Nazli, and Christopher F. Gelpi. 2016. Do Good Fences Make Good Neighbors? Border Barriers and the Transnational Flow of Terrorist Violence. International Studies Quarterly 61, no. 1: 14–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakker, Jordi. 2022. “Weaponizing Migration and Reinforcing Border Protection: Development of Belarus-Lithuania Border Dynamics Between the 2020 Belarusian Presidential Election and the Start of the 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine.” Application/pdf. Vol. 16. UniGR-CBS Working Paper. UniGR-Center for Border Studies. https://ubt.opus.hbz-nrw.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1920.
   Google Scholar
• Berg, Eiki, and Piret Ehin, eds. 2009. Identity and Foreign Policy: Baltic-Russian Relations and European Integration. Farnham: Taylor & Francis Group.
   Google Scholar
• Cadier, David. 2019. The Geopoliticisation of the EU’s Eastern Partnership. Geopolitics 24, no. 1: 71–99. doi:10.1080/14650045.2018.1477754.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter, David B., and Paul Poast. 2017. Why Do States Build Walls? Political Economy, Security, and Border Stability. Journal of Conflict Resolution 61, no. 2: 239–70. doi:10.1177/0022002715596776.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chun, Allen. 2009. On the Geopolitics of Identity. Anthropological Theory 9, no. 3: 331–49. doi:10.1177/1463499609348245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalby, S. 1991. Critical Geopolitics: Discourse, Difference, and Dissent. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 9, no. 3: 261–83. doi:10.1068/d090261.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dumbrava, Costica. 2022. “Walls and Fences at EU Borders.” Briefing PE 733.692. Members’ Research Service. EPRS European Parliamentary Research Service. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2022/733692/EPRS_BRI(2022)733692_EN.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Ekengren, Magnus. 2018. A Return to Geopolitics? The Future of the Security Community in the Baltic Sea Region. Global Affairs 4, no. 4–5: 503–19. doi:10.1080/23340460.2018.1535250.
   Google Scholar
• Entman, Robert M. 1993. Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm. Journal of Communication 43, no. 4: 51–8. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Entman, Robert M. 2007. Framing Bias: Media in the Distribution of Power. Journal of Communication 57, no. 1: 163–73. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00336.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Council on Refugees and Exiles. 2021a. “Joint Statement: Call on the EU: Restore Rights and Values at Europe’s Borders | European Council on Refugees and Exiles (ECRE).” European Council on Refugees and Exiles (ECRE). 2021. https://ecre.org/joint-statement-call-on-the-eu-restore-rights-and-values-at-europes-borders/.
   Google Scholar
• European Council on Refugees and Exiles. 2021b. “EU Eastern Borders: Poland Ignores Commission Pressure for Frontex Deployment, Eastern States Move to ‘Legalise’ Pushbacks, Belarus Suspends Return Agreement.” ECRE. August 10, 2021. https://ecre.org/eu-eastern-borders-poland-ignores-commission-pressure-for-frontex-deployment-eastern-states-move-to-legalise-pushbacks-belarus-suspends-return-agreement/.
   Google Scholar
• Fassin, Didier. 2011. Policing Borders, Producing Boundaries. The Governmentality of Immigration in Dark Times. Annual Review of Anthropology 40, no. 1: 213–26. doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-081309-145847.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson, Catherine. 2022. Geographies of Nationhood: Cartography, Science, and Society in the Russian Imperial Baltic. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Green, Sarah. 2013. Borders and the Relocation of Europe. Annual Review of Anthropology 42, no. 1: 345–61. doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-092412-155457.
   Google Scholar
• Green, Sarah. 2015. “Making Grey Zones at the European Peripheries.” In Ethnographies of Grey Zones in Eastern Europe, eds. Ida Harboe Knudsen and Martin Demant Frederiksen, 173–86. London: Anthem Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gülzau, Fabian, and Steffen Mau. 2021. Walls, Barriers, Checkpoints, Landmarks, and ‘No-Man’s-Land.’ A Quantitative Typology of Border Control Infrastructure. Historical Social Research / Historische Sozialforschung 46, no. 3: 23–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guzzini, Stefano, ed. 2013. The Return of Geopolitics in Europe? Social Mechanisms and Foreign Policy Identity Crisis. Cambridge Studies in International Relations. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hajer, Maarten A. 1993. Discourse Coalitions and the Institutionalization of Practice: The Case of Acid Rain in Britain. In The Argumentative Turn in Policy Analysis and Planning, eds. Frank Fischer and John Forester, 43–76. Duke and London: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Halemba, Agnieszka. 2022. Europe in the Woods: Reflections on the Situation at the Polish-Belarusian Border. Ethnologia Europaea 52, no. 1. doi:10.16995/ee.8525.
   Google Scholar
• Jansen, Stef. 2009. After the Red Passport: Towards an Anthropology of the Everyday Geopolitics of Entrapment in the EU’s ‘Immediate Outside.’. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 15, no. 4: 815–32. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9655.2009.01586.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joenniemi, Pertti. 2000. Bridging the Iron Curtain? Cooperation Around the Baltic Rim. Journal of Borderlands Studies 15, no. 1: 169–85. doi:10.1080/08865655.2000.9695546.
   Google Scholar
• Jørgensen, Marianne, and Louise Phillips. 2002. Discourse Analysis as Theory and Method. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Jurkynas, Mindaugas. 2021. Regional Identities in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania: Being Baltic, Looking North. Problems of Post-Communism 68, no. 4: 327–38. doi:10.1080/10758216.2020.1752254.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch, Katharina. 2015. Region-Building and Security: The Multiple Borders of the Baltic Sea Region After EU Enlargement. Geopolitics 20, no. 3: 535–58. doi:10.1080/14650045.2015.1026964.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolossov, Vladimir. 2005. Border Studies: Changing Perspectives and Theoretical Approaches. Geopolitics 10, no. 4: 606–32. doi:10.1080/14650040500318415.
   Google Scholar
• Kolossov, Vladimir, and John O’Loughlin. 1998. New Borders for New World Orders: Territorialities at the Fin-de-Siecle. GeoJournal 44, no. 3: 259–73. doi:10.1023/A:1006846322508.
   Google Scholar
• Kolossov, Vladimir, and James Scott. 2013. Selected Conceptual Issues in Border Studies. Belgeo. Revue Belge de Géographie no. 1 (November), doi:10.4000/belgeo.10532.
   Google Scholar
• Kononenko, Vadim. 2005. New Departures on the EU-Russian Border? Assessing Discourses and Policy Practices. Journal of Borderlands Studies 20, no. 2: 13–29. doi:10.1080/08865655.2005.9695641.
   Google Scholar
• Kuus, Merje. 2007. Geopolitics Reframed: Security and Identity in Europe’s Eastern Enlargement. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan US.
   Google Scholar
• Kuus, Merje. 2013. Banal Huntingtonianism: Civilisational Geopolitics in Estonia. In In The Return of Geopolitics in Europe: Social Mechanisms and Foreign Policy Identity Crises, ed. S. Guzzini, 174–91. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Laclau, Ernesto, and Chantal Mouffe. 2001. Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics, 2nd edition. London, NY: Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Laine, Jussi P. 2016. The Multiscalar Production of Borders. Geopolitics 21, no. 3: 465–82. doi:10.1080/14650045.2016.1195132.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laine, Jussi P. 2020. Ambiguous Bordering Practices at the EU’s Edges. In The Ethics of Bordering: A Critical Reading of the Refugee ‘Crisis, eds. Andréanne Bissonnette and Élisabeth Vallet, 69–87. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lamoreaux, Jeremy W., and David J. Galbreath. 2008. The Baltic States As ‘Small States’: Negotiating The ‘East’ By Engaging The ‘West.’. Journal of Baltic Studies 39, no. 1: 1–14. doi:10.1080/01629770801908697.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehti, Marko, and David J. Smith, eds. 2003. Post-Cold War Identity Politics: Northern and Baltic Experiences. London, OR: Frank Cass Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Léonard, Sarah. 2010. EU Border Security and Migration Into the European Union: FRONTEX and Securitisation Through Practices. European Security 19, no. 2: 231–54. doi:10.1080/09662839.2010.526937.
   Google Scholar
• Leutloff-Grandits, Carolin. 2023. “We Are Not Just the Border of Croatia; This Is the Border of the European Union … ‘ The Croatian Borderland as ‘Double Periphery. Journal of Borderlands Studies 38, no. 2: 265–82. doi:10.1080/08865655.2022.2104340.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levinsson, Claes. 2006. The Long Shadow of History: Post-Soviet Border Disputes—The Case of Estonia, Latvia, and Russia. Connections: The Quarterly Journal 5, no. 2: 98–109. doi:10.11610/Connections.05.2.04.
   Google Scholar
• Linebarger, Christopher, and Alex Braithwaite. 2020. Do Walls Work? The Effectiveness of Border Barriers in Containing the Cross-Border Spread of Violent Militancy. International Studies Quarterly 64, no. 3: 487–98. doi:10.1093/isq/sqaa035.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makarychev, Andrey, and Alexander Sergunin. 2017. Russia’s Role in Regional Cooperation and the EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region (EUSBSR). Journal of Baltic Studies 48, no. 4: 465–79. doi:10.1080/01629778.2017.1305186.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mälksoo, Maria. 2009a. Liminality and Contested Europeanness: Conflicting Memory Politics in the Baltic Space. In In Identity and Foreign Policy: Baltic-Russian Relations and European Integration, eds. Eiki Berg and Piret Ehin, 65–84. Farnham: Taylor & Francis Group.
   Google Scholar
• Mälksoo, Maria. 2009b. The Memory Politics of Becoming European: The East European Subalterns and the Collective Memory of Europe. European Journal of International Relations 15, no. 4: 653–80. doi:10.1177/1354066109345049.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFadyen, Gillian. 2021. Refugees, Migration, and Propaganda. In In Research Handbook on Political Propaganda, eds. Gary D. Rawnsley, Yiben Ma, and Kruakae Pothong, 197–210. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Mezzadra, Sandro, and Brett Neilson. 2013. Border as Method, or, the Multiplication of Labor. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Micko, Branislav, and Martin Riegl. 2022. Towards a Schmittian Theory of Border Hardening: Nomos, Sovereignty, Political Unity and Barriers in the Middle East. Geopolitics 27, no. 1: 206–37. doi:10.1080/14650045.2020.1749840.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitzen, Jennifer. 2018. Feeling at Home in Europe: Migration, Ontological Security, and the Political Psychology of EU Bordering. Political Psychology 39, no. 6: 1373–87. doi:10.1111/pops.12553.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller, Martin. 2010. Doing Discourse Analysis in Critical Geopolitics. L’Espace Politique. [online] 12, no. 3. doi:10.4000/espacepolitique.1743.
   Google Scholar
• Palang, Hannes, Kadri Semm, and Lies Verstraete. 2009. Time Borders: Change of Practice and Experience Through Time Layers. Journal of Borderlands Studies 24, no. no. 2: 92–105. doi:10.1080/08865655.2009.9695730.
   Google Scholar
• Pan, Zhongdang, and Gerald Kosicki. 1993. Framing Analysis: An Approach to News Discourse. Political Communication 10, no. 1: 55–75. doi:10.1080/10584609.1993.9962963.
   Google Scholar
• Parker, Noel, and Rebecca Adler-Nissen. 2012. Picking and Choosing the ‘Sovereign’ Border: A Theory of Changing State Bordering Practices. Geopolitics 17, no. 4: 773–96. doi:10.1080/14650045.2012.660582.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfoser, Alena. 2014. Between Russia and Estonia: Narratives of Place in a New Borderland. Nationalities Papers 42, no. 2: 269–85. doi:10.1080/00905992.2013.774341.
   Google Scholar
• Piirimäe, Pärtel. 2017. The Baltic (2017). In In European Regions and Boundaries: A Conceptual History, eds. Diana Mishkova, and Balázs Trencsényi, 57–78. New York: Berghahn Books.
   Google Scholar
• Põhjarannik. 2022. “Narva sai endale uue tunnuslause,” June 9, 2022, sec. Uudised. https://pohjarannik.postimees.ee/7540763/narva-sai-endale-uue-tunnuslause (accessed June 5, 2023).
   Google Scholar
• Rosière, Stéphane, and Reece Jones. 2012. Teichopolitics: Re-Considering Globalisation Through the Role of Walls and Fences. Geopolitics 17, no. 1: 217–34. doi:10.1080/14650045.2011.574653.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutland, Peter. 2021. Introduction: Nation-Building in the Baltic States: Thirty Years of Independence. Journal of Baltic Studies 52, no. 3: 419–24. doi:10.1080/01629778.2021.1944551.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruutsoo, Rein. 2002. “Discursive Conflict and Estonian Post-Communist Nation-Building. In The Challenge of the Russian Minority: Emerging Multicultural Democracy in Estonia, eds. Marju Lauristin and Mati Heidmets, 31–54. Tartu: Tartu University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schimmelfennig, Frank. 2019. The Choice for Differentiated Europe: An Intergovernmentalist Theoretical Framework. Comparative European Politics 17, no. 2: 176–91. doi:10.1057/s41295-019-00166-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoemaker, Pamela, and Timothy Vos. 2009. Gatekeeping Theory. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Simmons, Beth A., and Michael R. Kenwick. 2022. Border Orientation in a Globalizing World. American Journal of Political Science 66, no. 4: 853–70. doi:10.1111/ajps.12687.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Washington Post. 2021. “Why Are so Many Migrants Coming to One of Europe’s Smallest Countries? Blame Belarus, Officials Say.” Washington Post, August 2, 2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/08/01/lithuania-belarus-migrants/.
   Google Scholar
• The Washington Post. 2023. “The ‘Barbed-Wire Curtain’ Dividing Europe from Russia and Belarus, Visualized.” Washington Post, March 15, 2023, sec. Europe. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/03/15/europe-russia-belarus-fence/.
   Google Scholar
• Tocci, Nathalie. 2018. Towards a European Security and Defence Union: Was 2017 a Watershed? JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 56, no. S1: 131–41. doi:10.1111/jcms.12752.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2021. “Refworld | UNHCR Observations on the Order of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia on the Declaration of Emergency Situation (No 518).” Refworld. 2021. https://www.refworld.org/docid/61767bea4.html.
   Google Scholar
• Vaughan-Williams, Nick. 2015. Europe’s Border Crisis: Biopolitical Security and Beyond. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wagner, Paul, and Diane Payne. 2017. Trends, Frames and Discourse Networks: Analysing the Coverage of Climate Change in Irish Newspapers. Irish Journal of Sociology 25, no. 1: 5–28. doi:10.7227/IJS.0011.
   Google Scholar
• Wills, Emily Regan. 2016. Constructing a ‘Wall’: Discursive Fields, Social Movements, and the Politics of the [Wall/Barrier/Fence]. Journal of Borderlands Studies 31, no. 3: 305–18. doi:10.1080/08865655.2016.1174596.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, Tracie L. 2023. Untangling Invasive Narratives: Boundaries, Belonging, and Narrative Agency. Journal of Borderlands Studies: 1–23. doi:10.1080/08865655.2023.2168291.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yantseva, Victoria. 2020. Migration Discourse in Sweden: Frames and Sentiments in Mainstream and Social Media. Social Media + Society 6, no. 4: 2056305120981059.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar