Graded exposure and orthopedic manual physical therapy for kinesiophobia and function in chronic temporomandibular dysfunction: A case report

References

• Facial Pain. [ Internet] Feb [cited 2018 May 2]. Available from: https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/research/data-statistics/facial-pain
   Google Scholar
• De Kanter RJ, Truin GJ, Burgersdijk RC, et al. Prevalence in the Dutch adult population and a meta-analysis of signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorder. J Dent Res. [ Internet] 1993 Nov [cited 2018 Mar 15];72(11):1509–1518. DOI:10.1177/00220345930720110901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Progiante PS, Pattussi MP, Lawrence HP, et al. Prevalence of temporomandibular disorders in an adult Brazilian community population using the Research Criteria (axes I and II) for Temporomandibular Disorders (the Maringá study). Int J Prosthodont. [ Internet] 2015 Nov-Dec [cited 2018 Mar 23];28(6):600–609. DOI:10.11607/ijp.4026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gauer RL, Semidey MJ. Diagnosis and treatment of temporomandibular disorders. Am Fam Physician. [ Internet] 2015 Mar 15 [cited 2018 Mar 28];91(6):378–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White BA, Williams LA, Leben JR. Health care utilization and cost among health maintenance organization members with temporomandibular disorders. J Orofac Pain. [ Internet] 2001 [cited 2018 Mar 28];15(2):158–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarlani E, Greenspan JD. Why look in the brain for answers to temporomandibular disorder pain? Cells Tissues Organs. [ Internet] 2005 [cited 2018 Mar 13];180(1):69–75. DOI:10.1159/000086200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boggero IA, Rojas-Ramirez MV, de Leeuw R, et al. Satisfaction with life in orofacial pain disorders: associations and theoretical implications. J Oral Facial Pain Headache. [ Internet] 2016 [cited 2018 Mar 15];30(2):99–106. DOI:10.11607/ofph.1526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cioffi I, Perrotta S, Ammendola L, et al. Social impairment of individuals suffering from different types of chronic orofacial pain. Prog Orthod. [ Internet] 2014 Apr 16 [cited 2018 Mar 23];15(1):27. DOI:10.1186/s40510-014-0027-z.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dahlström L, Carlsson GE. Temporomandibular disorders and oral health-related quality of life. A systematic review. Acta Odontol Scand. [ Internet] 2010 Mar [cited 2018 Mar 15];68(2):80–85. DOI:10.3109/00016350903431118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahan H, Shir Y, Nicolau B, et al. Self-reported migraine and chronic fatigue syndrome are more prevalent in people with myofascial vs nonmyofascial temporomandibular disorders. J Oral Facial Pain Headache. [ Internet] 2016 [cited 2018 Mar 23];30(1):7–13. DOI:10.11607/ofph.1550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furquim BD, Flamengui L, Pinto MS, et al. TMD and chronic pain: a current view. Dental Press J Orthod. [ Internet] 2015 Jan-Feb [cited 2018 Mar 23];20(1):127–133. DOI:10.1590/2176-9451.20.1.127-133.sar.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gil-Martínez A, Grande-Alonso M, López-de-Uralde-Villanueva I, et al. Chronic temporomandibular disorders: disability, pain intensity and fear of movement. J Headache Pain. [ Internet] 2016 Dec [cited 2018 Mar 15];17(1):103. DOI:10.1186/s10194-016-0690-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reissmann DR, John MT, Seedorf H, et al. Temporomandibular disorder pain is related to the general disposition to be anxious. J Oral Facial Pain Headache. [ Internet] 2014 [cited 2018 Mar 23];28(4):322–330. DOI:10.11607/ofph.1277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiter S, Emodi-Perlman A, Goldsmith C, et al. Comorbidity between depression and anxiety in patients with temporomandibular disorders according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders. J Oral Facial Pain Headache. [ Internet] 2015 [cited 2018 Mar 23];29(2):135–143. DOI:10.11607/ofph.1297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mingarelli A, Casagrande M, Di Pirchio R, et al. Alexithymia partly predicts pain, poor health and social difficulties in patients with temporomandibular disorders. J Oral Rehabil. [ Internet] 2013 Oct [cited 2018 Mar 23];40(10):723–730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plesh O, Adams SH, Gansky SA. Temporomandibular joint and muscle disorder-type pain and comorbid pains in a national US sample. J Orofac Pain. [ Internet] 2011 [cited 2018 Mar 13];25(3):190–198.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fernández-de-las-Penas C, Svensson P. Myofascial temporomandibular disorder. Curr Rheumatol Rev. [ Internet] 2016 [cited 2018 Mar 23];12(1):40–54. DOI:10.2174/1573397112666151231110947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marini I, Paduano S, Bartolucci ML, et al. The prevalence of temporomandibular disorders in patients with late whiplash syndrome who experience orofacial pain: a case-control series study. J Am Dent Assoc. [ Internet] 2013 May [cited 2018 Mar 23];144(5):486–490. DOI:10.14219/jada.archive.2013.0150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manfredini D, Castroflorio T, Perinetti G, et al. Dental occlusion, body posture and temporomandibular disorders: where we are now and where we are heading for. J Oral Rehabil. [ Internet] 2012 Jun [cited 2018 Mar 13];39(6):463–471. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2842.2012.02291.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manfredini D, Perinetti G, Guarda-Nardini L. Dental malocclusion is not related to temporomandibular joint clicking: a logistic regression analysis in a patient population. Angle Orthod. [ Internet] 2014 Mar [cited 2018 Mar 28];84(2):310–315. DOI:10.2319/041613-295.1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manfredini D, Perinetti G, Stellini E, et al. Prevalence of static and dynamic dental malocclusion features in subgroups of temporomandibular disorder patients: implications for the epidemiology of the TMD-occlusion association. Quintessence Int. [ Internet] 2015 Apr [cited 2018 Mar 13];46(4):341–349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manfredini D, Vano M, Peretta R, et al. Jaw clenching effects in relation to two extreme occlusal features: patterns of diagnoses in a TMD patient population. CRANIO®. [ Internet] 2014 Jan [cited 2018 Mar 13];32(1):45–50. DOI:10.1179/0886963413Z.0000000009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa YM, Porporatti AL, Stuginski-Barbosa J, et al. Headache attributed to masticatory myofascial pain: clinical features and management outcomes. J Oral Facial Pain Headache. [ Internet] 2015 [cited 2018 Mar 23];29(4):323–330. DOI:10.11607/ofph.1394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison AL, Thorp JN, Ritzline PD. A proposed diagnostic classification of patients with temporomandibular disorders: implications for physical therapists. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. [ Internet] 2014 Mar [cited 2018 Mar 28];44(3):182–197. DOI:10.2519/jospt.2014.4847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manfredini D, Lobbezoo F. Relationship between bruxism and temporomandibular disorders: a systematic review of literature from 1998 to 2008. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. [ Internet] 2010 Jun [cited 2018 Mar 13];109(6):26. DOI:10.1016/j.tripleo.2010.02.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaffer SM, Brismée J, Sizer PS, et al. Temporomandibular disorders. part 1: anatomy and examination/diagnosis. J Man Manip Ther. [ Internet] 2014 Feb;22(1):2–12. DOI:10.1179/2042618613Y.0000000060.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stern I, Greenberg MS. Clinical assessment of patients with orofacial pain and temporomandibular disorders. Dent Clin North Am. [ Internet] 2013 Jul [cited 2018 Mar 12];57(3):393–404. DOI:10.1016/j.cden.2013.04.002.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alstergren P, Fredriksson L, Kopp S. Temporomandibular joint pressure pain threshold is systemically modulated in rheumatoid arthritis. J Orofac Pain. [ Internet] 2008 [cited 2018 Mar 15];22(3):231–238.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cunha CO, Pinto-Fiamengui LMS, Castro ACPC, et al. Determination of a pressure pain threshold cut-off value for the diagnosis of temporomandibular joint arthralgia. J Oral Rehabil. [ Internet] 2014 May [cited 2018 Mar 23];41(5):323–329. DOI:10.1111/joor.12158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenspan JD, Slade GD, Bair E, et al. Pain sensitivity risk factors for chronic TMD: descriptive data and empirically identified domains from the OPPERA case control study. J Pain. [ Internet] 2011 Nov [cited 2018 Mar 15];12(11 Suppl):61. DOI:10.1016/j.jpain.2011.08.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kothari S, Baad-Hansen L, Hansen L, et al. Pain profiling of patients with temporomandibular joint arthralgia and osteoarthritis diagnosed with different imaging techniques. J Headache Pain. [ Internet] 2016 Dec;17(1):1–20. DOI:10.1186/s10194-016-0653-6.
   Google Scholar
• La Touche R, Fernández-de-las-Peñas C, Fernández-Carnero J, et al. Bilateral mechanical-pain sensitivity over the trigeminal region in patients with chronic mechanical neck pain. J Pain. [ Internet] 2010 March 1 [cited 2018 Mar 23];11(3):256–263. DOI:10.1016/j.jpain.2009.07.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maixner W, Fillingim R, Sigurdsson A, et al. Sensitivity of patients with painful temporomandibular disorders to experimentally evoked pain: evidence for altered temporal summation of pain. Pain. [ Internet] 1998 May [cited 2018 Apr 26];76(1–2):71–81. DOI:10.1016/S0304-3959(98)00028-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muñoz-García D, López-de-Uralde-Villanueva I, Beltrán-Alacreu H, et al. Patients with concomitant chronic neck pain and myofascial pain in masticatory muscles have more widespread pain and distal hyperalgesia than patients with only chronic neck pain. Pain Med. [ Internet] 2017 Mar 01 [cited 2018 Mar 15];18(3):526–537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarlani E, Grace EG, Reynolds MA, et al. Evidence for up-regulated central nociceptive processing in patients with masticatory myofascial pain. J Orofac Pain [ Internet] 2004 [cited 2018 Apr 26];18(1):41–55.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Michelotti A, Cioffi I, Festa P, et al. Oral parafunctions as risk factors for diagnostic TMD subgroups. J Oral Rehabil. [ Internet] 2010 Mar [cited 2018 Mar 13];37(3):157–162. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2842.2009.02033.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahan H, Shir Y, Velly A, et al. Specific and number of comorbidities are associated with increased levels of temporomandibular pain intensity and duration. J Headache Pain. [ Internet] 2015 [cited 2018 Mar 23];16:528. DOI:10.1186/s10194-015-0528-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiménez-Silva A, Peña-Durán C, Tobar-Reyes J, et al. Sleep and awake bruxism in adults and its relationship with temporomandibular disorders: a systematic review from 2003 to 2014. Acta Odontol Scand. [ Internet] 2017 Jan [cited 2018 Mar 15];75(1):36–58. DOI:10.1080/00016357.2016.1247465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pullinger AG, Monteiro AA. History factors associated with symptoms of temporomandibular disorders. J Oral Rehabil. [ Internet] 1988 Mar [cited 2018 Mar 13];15(2):117–124. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2842.1988.tb00760.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beddis HP, Davies SJ, Budenberg A, et al. Temporomandibular disorders, trismus and malignancy: development of a checklist to improve patient safety. Br Dent J. [ Internet] 2014 Oct [cited 2018 Mar 15];217(7):351–355. DOI:10.1038/sj.bdj.2014.862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klasser GD, Manfredini D, Goulet J, et al. Oro-facial pain and temporomandibular disorders classification systems: a critical appraisal and future directions. J Oral Rehabil. [ Internet] 2018 Mar [cited 2018 Mar 13];45(3):258–268. DOI:10.1111/joor.12590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiffman E, Ohrbach R, Truelove E, et al. Diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (DC/TMD) for clinical and research applications: recommendations of the International RDC/TMD Consortium Network and Orofacial Pain Special Interest Group. J Oral Facial Pain Headache. [ Internet] 2014 [cited 2018 Mar 23];28(1):6–27. DOI:10.11607/jop.1151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bae Y, Park Y. The effect of relaxation exercises for the masticator muscles on temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD). J Phys Ther Sci. [ Internet] 2013 May [cited 2018 Mar 15];25(5):583–586. DOI:10.1589/jpts.25.583.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brantingham JW, Cassa TK, Bonnefin D, et al. Manipulative and multimodal therapy for upper extremity and temporomandibular disorders: a systematic review. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. [ Internet] 2013 Mar-Apr [cited 2018 Mar 15];36(3):143–201. DOI:10.1016/j.jmpt.2013.04.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Freitas RFCP, Ferreira MÂF, Barbosa G, et al. Counselling and self-management therapies for temporomandibular disorders: a systematic review. J Oral Rehabil. [ Internet] 2013 Nov [cited 2018 Mar 23];40(11):864–874. DOI:10.1111/joor.12098.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández-Carnero J, La Touche R, Ortega-Santiago R, et al. Short-term effects of dry needling of active myofascial trigger points in the masseter muscle in patients with temporomandibular disorders. J Orofac Pain [ Internet] 2010 [cited 2018 Mar 15];24(1):106–112.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gonzalez-Perez L, Infante-Cossio P, Granados-Nunez M, et al. Deep dry needling of trigger points located in the lateral pterygoid muscle: efficacy and safety of treatment for management of myofascial pain and temporomandibular dysfunction. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. [ Internet] 2015 May 01 [cited 2018 Mar 15];20(3):326. DOI:10.4317/medoral.20384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Perez L, Infante-Cossio P, Granados-Nuñez M, et al. Treatment of temporomandibular myofascial pain with deep dry needling. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. [ Internet] 2012 Sep 01 [cited 2018 Mar 15];17(5):781. DOI:10.4317/medoral.17822.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González-Iglesias J, Cleland JA, Neto F, et al. Mobilization with movement, thoracic spine manipulation, and dry needling for the management of temporomandibular disorder: a prospective case series. Physiother Theory Pract. [ Internet] 2013 Nov [cited 2018 Mar 15];29(8):586–595. DOI:10.3109/09593985.2013.783895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ismail F, Demling A, Hessling K, et al. Short-term efficacy of physical therapy compared to splint therapy in treatment of arthrogenous TMD. J Oral Rehabil. [ Internet] 2007 Nov [cited 2018 Mar 15];34(11):807–813. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2842.2007.01748.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jayaseelan DJ, Tow NS. Cervicothoracic junction thrust manipulation in the multimodal management of a patient with temporomandibular disorder. J Man Manip Ther. [ Internet] 2016 May [cited 2018 Mar 15];24(2):90–97. DOI:10.1179/2042618614Y.0000000080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraaijenga S, van der Molen L, van Tinteren H, et al. Treatment of myogenic temporomandibular disorder: a prospective randomized clinical trial, comparing a mechanical stretching device (TheraBite®) with standard physical therapy exercise. CRANIO®. [ Internet] 2014 Jul [cited 2018 Mar 15];32(3):208–216. DOI:10.1179/0886963413Z.00000000016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Touche R, Fernández-de-las-Peñas C, Fernández-Carnero J, et al. The effects of manual therapy and exercise directed at the cervical spine on pain and pressure pain sensitivity in patients with myofascial temporomandibular disorders. J Oral Rehabil. [ Internet] 2009 Sep [cited 2018 Mar 15];36(9):644–652. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2842.2009.01980.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Touche R, París-Alemany A, Mannheimer JS, et al. Does mobilization of the upper cervical spine affect pain sensitivity and autonomic nervous system function in patients with cervico-craniofacial pain?: a randomized-controlled trial. Clin J Pain. [ Internet] 2013 Mar [cited 2018 Mar 15];29(3):205–215. DOI:10.1097/AJP.0b013e318250f3cd.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• List T, Axelsson S. Management of TMD: evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses. J Oral Rehabil. [ Internet] 2010 May [cited 2018 Mar 13];37(6):430–451. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2842.2010.02089.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martins WR, Blasczyk JC, de Oliveira MAF, et al. Efficacy of musculoskeletal manual approach in the treatment of temporomandibular joint disorder: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Man Ther. [ Internet] 2016 Feb [cited 2018 Mar 28];21:10–17. DOI:10.1016/j.math.2015.06.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeely ML, Armijo Olivo S, Magee DJ. A systematic review of the effectiveness of physical therapy interventions for temporomandibular disorders. Phys Ther. [ Internet] 2006 May [cited 2018 Mar 13];86(5):710–725. DOI:10.1093/ptj/86.5.710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medlicott MS, Harris SR. A systematic review of the effectiveness of exercise, manual therapy, electrotherapy, relaxation training, and biofeedback in the management of temporomandibular disorder. Phys Ther. [ Internet] 2006 Jul [cited 2018 Mar 13];86(7):955–973. DOI:10.1093/ptj/86.7.955.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moraes A, Sanches ML, Ribeiro EC, et al. Therapeutic exercises for the control of temporomandibular disorders. Dental Press J Orthod. [ Internet] 2013 Sep-Oct [cited 2018 Mar 23];18(5):134–139. DOI:10.1590/S2176-94512013000500022.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Packer AC, Pires PF, Dibai-Filho AV, et al. Effects of upper thoracic manipulation on pressure pain sensitivity in women with temporomandibular disorder: a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. [ Internet] 2014 Feb [cited 2018 Mar 13];93(2):160–168. DOI:10.1097/PHM.0000000000000031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sault JD, Emerson Kavchak AJ, Tow N, et al. Regional effects of orthopedic manual physical therapy in the successful management of chronic jaw pain. CRANIO®. [ Internet] 2016 Mar [cited 2018 Mar 13];34(2):124–132. DOI:10.1179/2151090314Y.0000000039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaffer SM, Brismée J, Sizer PS, et al. Temporomandibular disorders. Part 2: conservative management. J Man Manip Ther. [ Internet] 2014 Feb;22(1):13–23. DOI:10.1179/2042618613Y.0000000061.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stuhr SH, Earnshaw DH, Duncombe AM. Use of orthopedic manual physical therapy to manage chronic orofacial pain and tension-type headache in an adolescent. J Man Manip Ther. [ Internet] 2014 Feb [cited 2018 Mar 12];22(1):51–58. DOI:10.1179/2042618613Y.0000000054.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tuncer AB, Ergun N, Tuncer AH, et al. Effectiveness of manual therapy and home physical therapy in patients with temporomandibular disorders: a randomized controlled trial. J Bodyw Mov Ther. [ Internet] 2013 Jul [cited 2018 Mar 12];17(3):302–308. DOI:10.1016/j.jbmt.2012.10.006.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW. The patient health questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression screener. Med Care. [ Internet] 2003 Nov [cited 2018 May 4];41(11):1284–1292. DOI:10.1097/01.MLR.0000093487.78664.3C.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khare N, Patil SB, Kale SM, et al. Normal mouth opening in an adult Indian population. J Maxillofac Oral Surg. [ Internet] 2012 Sep [cited 2018 Mar 15];11(3):309–313. DOI:10.1007/s12663-012-0334-1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kropmans T, Dijkstra P, Stegenga B, et al. Smallest detectable difference of maximal mouth opening in patients with painfully restricted temporomandibular joint function. Eur J Oral Sci. [ Internet] 2000 Feb [cited 2018 Mar 15];108(1):9–13. DOI:10.1034/j.1600-0722.2000.00747.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rolke R, Baron R, Maier C, et al. Quantitative sensory testing in the German Research Network on Neuropathic Pain (DFNS): standardized protocol and reference values. Pain. [ Internet] 2006 Aug [cited 2018 Mar 28];123(3):231–243. DOI:10.1016/j.pain.2006.01.041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walton DM, Macdermid JC, Nielson W, et al. Reliability, standard error, and minimum detectable change of clinical pressure pain threshold testing in people with and without acute neck pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. [ Internet] 2011 Sep;41(9):644–650. DOI:10.2519/jospt.2011.3666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohrbach R, Larsson P, List T. The Jaw Functional Limitation Scale: development, reliability, and validity of 8-item and 20-item versions. J Orofac Pain. [ Internet] 2008 [cited 2018 Mar 28];22(3):219–230.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ohrbach R, Granger C, List T, et al. Preliminary development and validation of the Jaw Functional Limitation Scale. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. [ Internet] 2008 Jun [cited 2018 Mar 28];36(3):228–236. DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0528.2007.00397.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visscher CM, Ohrbach R, van Wijk AJ, et al. The Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia for Temporomandibular Disorders (TSK-TMD). Pain. [ Internet] 2010 Sep [cited 2018 Mar 12];150(3):492–500. DOI:10.1016/j.pain.2010.06.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aguiar AS, Bataglion C, Visscher CM, et al. Cross-cultural adaptation, reliability and construct validity of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia For Temporomandibular Disorders (TSK/TMD-br) into Brazilian Portuguese. J Oral Rehabil. [ Internet] 2017 Jul [cited 2018 Mar 12];44(7):500–510. DOI:10.1111/joor.12515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He S, Wang J, Ji P. Validation of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia for Temporomandibular Disorders (TSK-TMD) in patients with painful TMD. J Headache Pain. [ Internet] 2016 Dec [cited 2018 Mar 12];17(1):109. DOI:10.1186/s10194-016-0706-x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jaeschke R, Singer J, Guyatt GH. Measurement of health status. Ascertaining the minimal clinically important difference. Control Clin Trials. [ Internet] 1989 Dec [cited 2018 May 9];10(4):407–415. DOI:10.1016/0197-2456(89)90005-6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Macedo LG, Smeets RJEM, Maher CG, et al. Graded activity and graded exposure for persistent nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review. Phys Ther. [ Internet] 2010 Jun 01 [cited 2018 May 6];90(6):860–879. DOI:10.2522/ptj.20090303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlaeyen JWS, de Jong J, Geilen M, et al. Graded exposure in vivo in the treatment of pain-related fear: a replicated single-case experimental design in four patients with chronic low back pain. Behav Res Ther. [ Internet] 2001;39(2):151–166. DOI:10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00174-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlaeyen J, de Jong J, Geilen M, et al. The treatment of fear of movement/(re)injury in chronic low back pain: further evidence on the effectiveness of exposure in vivo. Clin J Pain. [ Internet] 2002 Jul;18(4):251–261. DOI:10.1097/00002508-200207000-00006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Grootel RJ, Buchner R, Wismeijer D, et al. Towards an optimal therapy strategy for myogenous TMD, physiotherapy compared with occlusal splint therapy in an RCT with therapy-and-patient-specific treatment durations. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. [ Internet] 2017 Feb 10 [cited 2018 Apr 26];18(1):76. DOI:10.1186/s12891-017-1404-9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ebrahim S, Montoya L, Busse JW, et al. The effectiveness of splint therapy in patients with temporomandibular disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Dent Assoc. [ Internet] 2012 Aug [cited 2018 Mar 15];143(8):847–857. DOI:10.14219/jada.archive.2012.0289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomes C, Politti F, Andrade DV, et al. Effects of massage therapy and occlusal splint therapy on mandibular range of motion in individuals with temporomandibular disorder: a randomized clinical trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. [ Internet] 2014 Mar-Apr [cited 2018 Mar 15];37(3):164–169. DOI:10.1016/j.jmpt.2013.12.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michelotti A, Iodice G, Vollaro S, et al. Evaluation of the short-term effectiveness of education versus an occlusal splint for the treatment of myofascial pain of the jaw muscles. J Am Dent Assoc. [ Internet] 2012 Jan [cited 2018 Mar 23];143(1):47–53. DOI:10.14219/jada.archive.2012.0018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagata K, Maruyama H, Mizuhashi R, et al. Efficacy of stabilisation splint therapy combined with non-splint multimodal therapy for treating RDC/TMD axis I patients: a randomised controlled trial. J Oral Rehabil. [ Internet] 2015 Dec [cited 2018 Apr 26];42(12):890–899. DOI:10.1111/joor.12332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qvintus V, Suominen AL, Huttunen J, et al. Efficacy of stabilisation splint treatment on facial pain - 1-year follow-up. J Oral Rehabil. [ Internet] 2015 Jun [cited 2018 Mar 23];42(6):439–446. DOI:10.1111/joor.12275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nitecka-Buchta A, Marek B, Baron S. CGRP plasma level changes in patients with temporomandibular disorders treated with occlusal splints - a randomised clinical trial. Endokrynol Pol. [ Internet] 2014 [cited 2018 Mar 23];65(3):217–223. DOI:10.5603/EP.2014.0030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latremoliere A, Woolf CJ. Central sensitization: a generator of pain hypersensitivity by central neural plasticity. J Pain. [ Internet] 2009 Sep [cited 2017 Oct 25];10(9):895–926. DOI:10.1016/j.jpain.2009.06.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Courtney CA, Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Bond S. Mechanisms of chronic pain - key considerations for appropriate physical therapy management. J Man Manip Ther. [ Internet] 2017 Jul [cited 2018 Apr 28];25(3):118–127. DOI:10.1080/10669817.2017.1300397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolf CJ. Central sensitization: implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain. Pain. [ Internet] 2011 Mar [cited 2018 Apr 28];152(3 Suppl):2. DOI:10.1016/j.pain.2010.09.030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández-de-las-Peñas C, Mesa-Jiménez J. Temporomandibular disorders: manual therapy, exercise, and needling. United Kingdom: Handspring Publishing Limited; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Williams SH, McNulty AL, et al. Temporomandibular joint pain: a critical role for TRPV4 in the trigeminal ganglion. Pain. [ Internet] 2013 Aug [cited 2018 Mar 23];154(8):1295–1304. DOI:10.1016/j.pain.2013.04.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson A, Stensson N, Ghafouri B, et al. Dopamine in plasma - a biomarker for myofascial TMD pain? J Headache Pain. [ Internet] 2016 Dec [cited 2018 Mar 15];17(1):65. DOI:10.1186/s10194-016-0656-3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kurose M, Imbe H, Nakatani Y, et al. Bilateral increases in ERK activation at the spinomedullary junction region by acute masseter muscle injury during temporomandibular joint inflammation in the rats. Exp Brain Res. [ Internet] 2017 Mar [cited 2018 Mar 15];235(3):913–921. DOI:10.1007/s00221-016-4852-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park JW, Chung JW. Inflammatory cytokines and sleep disturbance in patients with temporomandibular disorders. J Oral Facial Pain Headache. [ Internet] 2016 [cited 2018 Mar 23];30(1):27–33. DOI:10.11607/ofph.1367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang K, Sessle BJ, Svensson P, et al. Glutamate evoked neck and jaw muscle pain facilitate the human jaw stretch reflex. Clin Neurophysiol. [ Internet] 2004 Jun [cited 2018 Mar 12];115(6):1288–1295. DOI:10.1016/j.clinph.2004.01.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiesinger B, Häggman-Henrikson B, Hellström F, et al. Experimental masseter muscle pain alters jaw-neck motor strategy. Eur J Pain. [ Internet] 2013 Aug [cited 2018 Mar 12];17(7):995–1004. DOI:10.1002/j.1532-2149.2012.00263.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castrillon EE, Ernberg M, Cairns BE, et al. Interstitial glutamate concentration is elevated in the masseter muscle of myofascial temporomandibular disorder patients. J Orofac Pain [ Internet] 2010 [cited 2018 Apr 26];24(4):350–360.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gerdle B, Ghafouri B, Ernberg M, et al. Chronic musculoskeletal pain: review of mechanisms and biochemical biomarkers as assessed by the microdialysis technique. J Pain Res. [ Internet] 2014;7:313–326. DOI:10.2147/JPR.S59144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke NN, Finn DP, Roche M. Neuroinflammatory mechanisms linking pain and depression. Mod Trends Pharmacopsychiatry. [ Internet] 2015 [cited 2018 Apr 30];30:36–50.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burke ALJ, Mathias JL, Denson LA. Psychological functioning of people living with chronic pain: a meta-analytic review. Br J Clin Psychol. [ Internet] 2015 Sep [cited 2018 Apr 30];54(3):345–360. DOI:10.1111/bjc.12078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar