Two-dimensional upper airway normative values in children aged 7 to 17 years

References

• Pliska B, Lowe AA, Almeida FR. The orthodontist and the obstructive sleep apnea patient. Int J Orthod Milwaukee. 2012;23(3):19–22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Massicotte C, Al-Saleh S, Witmans M, et al. The utility of a portable sleep monitor to diagnose sleep-disordered breathing in a pediatric population. Can Respir J. 2014;21(1):31–35. DOI:10.1155/2014/271061.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alwadei AH, Galang-Boquiren MTS, Kusnoto B, et al. Computerized measurement of the location and value of the minimum sagittal linear dimension of the upper airway on reconstructed lateral cephalograms compared with 3-dimensional values. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2018;154(6):780–787. DOI:10.1016/j.ajodo.2018.01.022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Major MP, Flores-Mir C, Major PW. Assessment of lateral cephalometric diagnosis of adenoid hypertrophy and posterior upper airway obstruction: a systematic review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;130(6):700–708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar V, Ludlow J, Soares Cevidanes LH, et al. In vivo comparison of conventional and cone beam CT synthesized cephalograms. Angle Orthod. 2008;78(5):873–879. DOI:10.2319/082907-399.1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vizzotto MB, Liedke GS, Delamare EL, et al. A comparative study of lateral cephalograms and cone-beam computed tomographic images in upper airway assessment. Eur J Orthod. 2012;34(3):390–393. DOI:10.1093/ejo/cjr012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masoud AI, Jackson GW, Carley DW. Sleep and airway assessment: a review for dentists. CRANIO®. 2017;35(4):206–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvold EP, Vargervik K, Chierici G. Primate experiments on oral sensation and dental malocclusions. Am J Orthod. 1973;63(5):494–508.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pirilä-Parkkinen K, Lopponen H, Nieminen P, et al. Cephalometric evaluation of children with nocturnal sleep-disordered breathing. Eur J Orthod. 2010;32(6):662–671. DOI:10.1093/ejo/cjp162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcus CL, Brooks LJ, Draper KA, et al. Diagnosis and management of childhood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Pediatrics. 2012;130(3):e714–755. DOI:10.1542/peds.2012-1672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athanasiou AE. Orthodontic cephalometry. London, UK: Mosby-Wolfe; 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Masoud AI, Alwadei FH, Alwadei AH, et al. Developing pediatric three-dimensional upper airway normative values using fixed and interactive thresholds. Oral Radiol. 2020;36(1):89–99. DOI:10.1007/s11282-019-00384-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludlow JB, Walker C. Assessment of phantom dosimetry and image quality of i-CAT FLX cone-beam computed tomography. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013;144(6):802–817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linder-Aronson S, Leighton BC. A longitudinal study of the development of the posterior nasopharyngeal wall between 3 and 16 years of age. Eur J Orthod. 1983;5(1):47–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe AA, Ono T, Ferguson KA, et al. Cephalometric comparisons of craniofacial and upper airway structure by skeletal subtype and gender in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1996;110(6):653–664. DOI:10.1016/S0889-5406(96)80043-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proffit WR, Fields HW, Sarver DM. Contemporary Orthodontics. Fourth ed. St. Louis (MO): Mosby Elsevier; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Susarla SM, Abramson ZR, Dodson TB, et al. Cephalometric measurement of upper airway length correlates with the presence and severity of obstructive sleep apnea. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;68(11):2846–2855. DOI:10.1016/j.joms.2010.06.196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu M, McGrath CP, Wong RW, et al. Cephalometric norms for the upper airway of 12-year-old Chinese children. Head Face Med. 2014;10:38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mislik B, Hanggi MP, Signorelli L, et al. Pharyngeal airway dimensions: a cephalometric, growth-study-based analysis of physiological variations in children aged 6-17. Eur J Orthod. 2014;36(3):331–339. DOI:10.1093/ejo/cjt068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shprintzen RJ. The origin of speech ease: evolution of the human upper airway and its functional implications for obstructive sleep apnea. Editorial commentary: the great leap forward: the anatomic basis for the acquisition of speech and obstructive sleep apnea by Terence M. Davidson. Sleep Med. 2003;4(3):171–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor M, Hans MG, Strohl KP, et al. Soft tissue growth of the oropharynx. Angle Orthod. 1996;66(5):393–400. DOI:10.1043/0003-3219(1996)066<0393:STGOTO>2.3.CO;2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linder-Aronson S. Adenoids. Their effect on mode of breathing and nasal airflow and their relationship to characteristics of the facial skeleton and the denition. A biometric, rhino-manometric and cephalometro-radiographic study on children with and without adenoids. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1970;265:1–132.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Caylakli F, Hizal E, Yilmaz I, et al. Correlation between adenoid-nasopharynx ratio and endoscopic examination of adenoid hypertrophy: a blind, prospective clinical study. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2009;73(11):1532–1535. DOI:10.1016/j.ijporl.2009.07.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adedeji TO, Amusa YB, Aremu AA. Correlation between adenoidal nasopharyngeal ratio and symptoms of enlarged adenoids in children with adenoidal hypertrophy. Afr J Paediatr Surg. 2016;13(1):14–19.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elwany S. The adenoidal-nasopharyngeal ratio (AN ratio). Its validity in selecting children for adenoidectomy. J Laryngol Otol. 1987;101(6):569–573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egeli E, Oghan F, Ozturk O, et al. Measuring the correlation between adenoidal-nasopharyngeal ratio (AN ratio) and tympanogram in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2005;69(2):229–233. DOI:10.1016/j.ijporl.2004.09.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozdemir H, Altin R, Sogut A, et al. Craniofacial differences according to AHI scores of children with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome: cephalometric study in 39 patients. Pediatr Radiol. 2004;34(5):393–399. DOI:10.1007/s00247-004-1168-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chi L, Comyn FL, Mitra N, et al. Identification of craniofacial risk factors for obstructive sleep apnoea using three-dimensional MRI. Eur Respir J. 2011;38(2):348–358. DOI:10.1183/09031936.00119210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bibby RE, Preston CB. The hyoid triangle. Am J Orthod. 1981;80(1):92–97.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McNamara JA Jr. A method of cephalometric evaluation. Am J Orthod. 1984;86(6):449–469.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Currie K, Sawchuk D, Saltaji H, et al. Posterior cranial base natural growth and development: a systematic review. Angle Orthod. 2017;87(6):897–910. DOI:10.2319/032717-218.1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alsufyani NA, Flores-Mir C, Major PW. Three-dimensional segmentation of the upper airway using cone beam CT: a systematic review. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2012;41(4):276–284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masoud AI, Patwari PP, Adavadkar PA, et al. Validation of the MediByte portable monitor for the diagnosis of sleep apnea in pediatric patients. J Clin Sleep Med. 2019;15(5):733–742. DOI:10.5664/jcsm.7764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar