162
Views
43
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Alexithymia and Cardiovascular Risk in Older Adults: Psychosocial, Psychophysiological, and Biomedical Correlates

, , &
Pages 597-610 | Published online: 27 Oct 2010

  • Abramson , L. , McClelland , D.C. , Brown , D. and Keiner , S. 1991 . Alexithymic characteristics and metabolic control in diabetic and healthy adults . Journal of Nervous aid Mental Disease , 179 : 490 – 494 .
  • Allain , C.C. , Poon , L.S. , Chan , C.S. , Richmond , W. and Fu , P.C. 1974 . Enzymatic determination of total serum cholesterol . Clinical Chemistry , 20 : 470 – 475 .
  • Bagby , R.M. , Parker , J.D.A. and Taylor , G.J. 1994 . The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale -I.Item selection and cross validation of the factor structure . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 38 : 23 – 32 .
  • Bagby , R.M. , Taylor , G.J. and Atkinson , L. 1988 . Alexithymia: a comparative study of three self-report measures . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 32 : 107 – 116 .
  • Bagby , R.M. , Taylor , G.J. and Parker , J.D.A. 1994 . The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale-II. Convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 38 : 33 – 40 .
  • Bagby , R.M. , Taylor , G J. , Parker , J.D.A. and Loiselle , C. 1990 . Cross-validation of the factor structure of the Toronto Alenthymia Scale . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 34 : 47 – 51 .
  • Beck , AT. 1987 . Beck Depression Inventory. Manual. , San Antonio, TX : Psychological Corporation .
  • Booth-Kewley , S. and Friedman , H.S. 1987 . Psychological predictors of heart disease: a quantitative review . Psychological Bulletin , 101 : 343 – 362 .
  • Cage , B.C. and Egan , K.J. 1984 . The effect of alexithymis on morbidity in hypertensives . Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic , 41 : 136 – 144 .
  • Cohen , S. , Mermelstein , R.J. , Kamarck , T. and Hoberman , H.M. 1985 . “ Measuring the functional components of social support ” . In Social Support: Theory, Research, and Application , Edited by: Sarason , I.G. and Sarason , B.R. 73 – 94 . The Hague, , The Netherlands : Martinus Nijhoff .
  • Cohen , S. , Kamarck , T. and Mermektein , R. 1983 . A global measure of perceived stress . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 24 : 385 – 396 .
  • Cook , W.W. and Medley , D.M. 1954 . Proposed hostility and pharisaic virtue scales for the MMPI . Journal of Applied Psychology , 38 : 414 – 418 .
  • Costa , P.T. and McCrae , R.R. 1987 . Neuroticism, somatic complaints and disease: is the bark worse than the bite? . Journal of Personality , 55 : 299 – 316 .
  • Crowbe , D.P. and Marlowe , D. 1960 . A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology . Journal of Consulting Psychology , 24 : 349 – 354 .
  • Eysenck , H.J. and Eysenck , B.C. 1974 . Manual of the Eysenck Personality Inventory. , London, , UK : University of London Press .
  • Friedewald , W.T. , Levy , R.I. and Fredrickson , D.S. 1972 . Estimation of the concentration of low density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without UK of the preparative ultracentrifuge . Clinical Chemistry , 18 : 499 – 502 .
  • Friedlander , L. , Lumley , MA. , Farchione , T. and Doyal , G. 1997 . Testing the alexithymia hypothesis: physiological and subjective responses during relaxation and stress . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 185 : 233 – 239 .
  • Haviland , M.G. , Dale , G.S. , Cummings , MA. and MacMurray , J.P. 1988 . Alexithymia: subscales and relationship to depression . Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics , 50 : 164 – 170 .
  • Irvine , M.J. , Gamer , D.M. , Olmsted , M.P. and Logan , A.G. 1989 . Personality differences between hypertensive and normotensive individuals: influence of knowledge of hypertensive status . Psychosomatic Medicine , 51 : 537 – 549 .
  • Jorgensen , R.S. , Johnson , B.T. , Kolodziej , M.E. and Schreer , G.E. 1996 . Elevated blood pressure and personality: a meta-analytic review . Psychological Bulletin , 120 : 293 – 320 .
  • Joukamaa , M. , Saarijarvi , S. , Muuriaimiemi , M.L. and Salokangas , R.K. 1996 . Alexithymia in a normal elderly population . Comprehensive Psychiatry , 37 : 144 – 147 .
  • JuIa , A. , Salminen , J.K. and Saarijarvi , S. 1999 . Alexithymia. A facet of essential hypertension . Hypertension , 33 : 1057 – 1061 .
  • Kamarck , T.W. , Everson , S.A. , Kaplan , GA. , Manuck , S.B. , Joinings , J.R. and Salonen , J.T. 1997 . Exaggerated blood pressure responses during mental stress are associated with enhanced carotid atherosclerosis n middle-aged Finnish men. Findings from the kuopio ischeicheart disease study . Circulation , 916 : 3842 – 3848 .
  • Kauhanen , J. , Kaplan , GA. , Cohen , R.A. , Julkunen , J. and Salonen , J.T. 1996 . Alexithymia and risk of death in middle-aged men . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 41 : 541 – 549 .
  • Kauhanen , J. , Kaplan , GA. , Cohen , R. , Salonen , R. and Salonen , J.T. 1994 . Alexithymia may influence the diagnosis of coronary heart disease . Psychosomatic Medicine , 56 : 237 – 244 .
  • Kauhanen , J. , Kaplan , G.A. , Julkunen , J. , Wilson , T.W. and Salonen , J.T. 1993 . Social factors in alexithymia . Comprehensive Psychiatry , 34 : 330 – 335 .
  • Lane , R.D. , Sechrest , L. and Riedel , R. 1998 . Sociodemographic correlates of alexithymia . Comprehensive Psychiatry , 39 : 377 – 385 .
  • Linden , W. , Lenz , J.W. and Stossel , C. 1996 . Alexithymia, defensiveness and cardiovascular reactivity to stress . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 41 : 575 – 583 .
  • Lumley , M.A. , Ovies , T. , Stettner , L. , Wehmer , F. and Lakey , B. 1996a . Alexithymia, social support and health problems . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 41 : 519 – 530 .
  • Lumley , MA. , Stettner , L. and Wehmer , F. 1996b . How are alexithymia and physical illness linked? A review and critique of pathways . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 41 : 505 – 518 .
  • Manuck , S.B. 1994 . Cardiovascular reactivity in cardiovascular disease: once more unto the breach . International Journal of Behavioral Medicine , 1 : 4 – 31 .
  • Martin , J.B. and Pihl , R. 1985 . The stress-alexithymia hypothesis: theoretical and empirical considerations . Psychotherapy ana Psychosomaties , 43 : 169 – 176 .
  • Martin , J.B. and Pihl , R. 1986 . Influence of alexithymic characteristics on physiological and subjective stress responses in normal individuals . Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics , 45 : 66 – 77 .
  • Myers , L.B. 1995 . Alexithymia and repression: the role of defensiveness and trait anxiety . Personality and Individual Differences , 19 : 489 – 492 .
  • Newton , L.T. and Contrada , R.J. 1994 . Alexithymia and repression: contrasting emotion-specific coping styles . Psychosomatic Medicine , 56 : 457 – 462 .
  • Papciak , A.S. , Feuerstein , M. and Spiegel , J.A. 1985 . Stress reactivity in alexithymia: decoupling of physiological and cognitive responses . Journal of Human Stress , 11 : 135 – 142 .
  • Parker , D.A. , Bagby , M. and Taylor , G.J. 1991 . Alexithymia and depression: distinct or overlapping construct? . Comprehensive Psychiatry , 32 : 387 – 394 .
  • Pasini , A. , Chiaie , R.D. , Seripa , S. and Ciani , N. 1992 . Alexithymia as related to sex, age, and educational level: results of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale in 417 normal subjects . Comprehensive Psychiatry , 33 : 42 – 46 .
  • Roedema , T.M. and Simons , R.F. 1999 . Emotion-processing deficit in alexithymia . Psychophysiology , 36 : 379 – 387 .
  • Rozanski , A. , Blumenthal , J.A. and Kaplan , J. 1999 . Impact of psychological factors on the pathogenous of cardiovascular disease and implications for therapy . Circulation , 99 : 2192 – 2217 .
  • Salminen , J.K. , Saarijärvi , S. , Äärelä , E. , Toikka , T. and Kauhanen , J. 1998 . Prevalence of alexithymia and its association with sociodemograpnic variables in the general population of Finland . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 46 : 75 – 82 .
  • Sifneos , P.E. 1973 . The prevalence of 'alexithymic' characteristics in psychosomatic patients . Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics , 22 : 255 – 262 .
  • Simpson , E.J. , de Mers , P.M. and Krieg , A.F. 1975 . Faster enzymatic procedure for serum triglyceride. Clinical . Chemistry , 21 : 1983 – 1985 .
  • Spielberger , C.D. 1979 . Preliminary Manual for the State-Trait Personality Inventory. , Tampa, FL : University of South Florida .
  • Spielberger , CD. , Johnson , E.H. , Russell , S.F. , Crane , R.J. , Jacobs , O.A. and Worden , T.J. 1985 . “ The experience and expression of anger: construction and validation of an anger expression scale ” . In Anger and Hostility in Cardiovascular and Behavioral Disorders , Edited by: Chesney , M.A. and Rosenman , R.H. 5 – 30 . Washington DC. : Hemisphere .
  • Taylor , G.M. , Bagby , R.M. , Ryan , D.P. , Parker , J.D.A. , Doody , K.F. and Keefe , P. 1988 . Criterion validity of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale . Psychosomatic Medicine , 50 : 500 – 509 .
  • Taylor , G.M. , Doody , K. and Newman , A. 1981 . Alexithymic characteristics in patients with inflammatory bowel disease . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 26 : 470 – 474 .
  • Taylor , G.J. , Ryan , D. and Bagby , R.M. 1985 . Toward the development of a new self-report alexithymia scale . Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics , 44 : 191 – 199 .
  • Waldstein , S.R. , Burns , H.O. , Toth , M.J. and Poehlman , E.T. 1999 . Cardiovascular reactivity and central adiposity in older African-Americans . Health Psychology , 18 : 221 – 228 .
  • Waldstein , S.R. , Kop , W.J. , Schmidt , L.A. , Haufler , A.J. , Krantz , D.S. and Fox , N.A. 2000 . Frontal electrocortical and cardiovascular reactivity during happiness and anger . Biological Psychology , 55 : 3 – 23 .
  • Warnick , R. , Benderson , J.M. and Albers , J.J. 1982 . Quantitation of high density lipoprotein subclasses after separation by dextran sulfate Mg2++ precipitation . Clinical Chemistry , 28 : 1379 – 1388 .
  • Watson , D. and Pennebaker , J.W. 1989 . Health complaints, stress, and distress: exploring the central role of negative affectivity . Psychological Review , 96 : 234 – 254 .
  • Wehmer , F. , Brejnak , C. , Lumley , M. and Stettner , L. 1995 . Alexithymia and physiological reactivity to emotion-provoking visual scenes . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 183 : 351 – 357 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.