A qualitative analysis of people’s experiences with weight-based discrimination

References

• Bombak, A. E., McPhail, D., & Ward, P., (2016). Reproducing stigma: Interpreting "overweight" and "obese" women’s experiences of weight-based discrimination in reproductive healthcare. Social Science & Medicine, 166, 94–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.08.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowleg, L. (2012). The problem with the phrase women and minorities: Intersectionality-an important theoretical framework for public health. American Journal of Public Health, 102(7), 1267–1273. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, I., Thompson, J., Tod, A., & Jones, G., (2006). Primary care support for tackling obesity: A qualitative study of the perceptions of obese patients. British Journal of General Practice, 56, 666–672. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16953998
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buunk, B. P., & Mussweiler, T., (2001). New directions in social comparison research. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31(5), 467–475. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.77
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crocker, J., Major, B., & Steele, C., (1998). Social stigma. In S. Fiske, D. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 504–553). McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Dutton, G. R., Lewis, T. T., Durant, N., Halanych, J., Kiefe, C. I., Sidney, S., Kim, Y., & Lewis, C. E., (2014). Perceived weight discrimination in the CARDIA study: Differences by race, sex, and weight status. Obesity, 22(2), 530–536. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gailey, J. A., & Harjunen, H., (2019). A cross-cultural examination of fat women’s experiences: Stigma and gender in North American and Finnish culture. Feminism & Psychology, 29(3), 374–390. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353518819582
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerend, M. A., Sutin, A. R., Terracciano, A., & Maner, J. K., (2020). The role of psychological attribution in responses to weight stigma. Obesity Science & Practice, 6(5), 473–483. https://doi.org/10.1002/osp4.437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goffman, E., (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of a spoiled identity. Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Grollman, E. A., (2014). Multiple disadvantaged statuses and health: The role of multiple forms of discrimination. Journal of Health & Social Behavior, 55(1), 3–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146514521215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2009). How does sexual minority stigma "get under the skin"? A psychological mediation framework. Psychological Bulletin, 135(5), 707–730. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Keyes, K. M., & Hasin, D. S. (2009). Associations between perceived weight discrimination and the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in the general population. Obesity, 17(11), 2033–2039. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2009.131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Himmelstein, M. S., Puhl, R. M., & Quinn, D. M., (2017). Intersectionality: An understudied framework for addressing weight stigma. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 53(4), 421–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2017.04.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunger, J. M., & Major, B., (2015). Weight stigma mediates the association between BMI and self-reported health. Health Psychology, 34(2), 172–175. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, S. E., & Steptoe, A., (2017). Association between perceived weight discrimination and physical activity: A population-based study among English middle-aged and older adults. BMJ Open, 7(3), e014592. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014592
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krems, J. A., & Neuberg, S. L., (2021). Updating long-held assumptions about fat stigma: For women, body shape plays a critical role. Social Psychological & Personality Science. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550621991381
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, S., Thomas, S. L., Blood, R. W., Castle, D. J., Hyde, J., & Komesaroff, P. A., (2011). How do obese individuals perceive and respond to the different types of obesity stigma that they encounter in their daily lives? A qualitative study. Social Science & Medicine, 73(9), 1349–1356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.08.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, T. T., Cogburn, C. D., & Williams, D. R., (2015). Self-reported experiences of discrimination and health: scientific advances, ongoing controversies, and emerging issues. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 11, 407–440. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112728
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27(1), 363–385. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Major, B., & O’Brien, L. T., (2005). The social psychology of stigma. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 393–421. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Major, B., Rathbone, J. A., Blodorn, A., & Hunger, J. M., (2020). The countervailing effects of weight stigma on weight-loss motivation and perceived capacity for weight control. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 46(9), 1331–1343. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167220903184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Major, B., Tomiyama, A. J., & Hunger, J., (2018). The negative and bidirectional effects of weight stigma on health. In B. Major, J. F. Dovidio, & B. G. Link (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of stigma, discrimination, and health (pp. 499–520). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Myers, A., & Rosen, J. C., (1999). Obesity stigmatization and coping: relation to mental health symptoms, body image, and self-esteem. International Journal of Obesity & Related Metabolic Disorders, 23(3), 221–230. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0800765
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pascoe, E. A., & Richman, L. S., (2009). Perceived discrimination and health: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 135(4), 531–554. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patton, M. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Pearl, R. L. (2018). Weight bias and stigma: Public health implications and structural solutions. Social Issues & Policy Review, 12(1), 146–182. https://doi.org/10.1111/sipr.12043
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phelan, S. M., Burgess, D. J., Yeazel, M. W., Hellerstedt, W. L., Griffin, J. M., & van Ryn, M. (2015). Impact of weight bias and stigma on quality of care and outcomes for patients with obesity. Obesity Reviews, 16(4), 319–326. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puhl, R. M., & Brownell, K. D. (2006). Confronting and coping with weight stigma: An investigation of overweight and obese adults. Obesity, 14(10), 1802–1815. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2006.208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puhl, R. M., & Heuer, C. A. (2009). The stigma of obesity: A review and update. Obesity, 17(5), 941–964. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2008.636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puhl, R. M., & Heuer, C. A. (2010). Obesity stigma: Important considerations for public health. American Journal of Public Health, 100(6), 1019–1028. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.159491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raves, D. M., Brewis, A., Trainer, S., Han, S. Y., & Wutich, A., (2016). Bariatric surgery patients’ perceptions of weight-related stigma in healthcare settings impair post-surgery dietary adherence. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1497. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seacat, J. D., Dougal, S. C., & Roy, D. (2016). A daily diary assessment of female weight stigmatization. Journal of Health Psychology, 21, 228–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spahlholz, J., Baer, N., Konig, H. H., Riedel-Heller, S. G., & Luck-Sikorski, C. (2016). Obesity and discrimination: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Obesity Reviews, 17(1), 43–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutin, A. R., Stephan, Y., & Terracciano, A. (2015). Weight discrimination and risk of mortality. Psychological Science, 26(11), 1803–1811. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797615601103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutin, A. R., & Terracciano, A., (2013). Perceived weight discrimination and obesity. PLoS One, 8(7). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070048
   Google Scholar
• Tomiyama, A. J., (2014). Weight stigma is stressful. A review of evidence for the cyclic obesity/weight-based stigma model. Appetite, 82, 8–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.06.108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Udo, T., Purcell, K., & Grilo, C. M., (2016). Perceived weight discrimination and chronic medical conditions in adults with overweight and obesity. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 70(12), 1003–1011. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.12902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vartanian, L. R., Pinkus, R. T., & Smyth, J. (2018). Experiences of weight stigma in everyday life: Implications for health motivation. Stigma & Health, 3, 85–92.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, D. R., & Mohammed, S. A. (2009). Discrimination and racial disparities in health: Evidence and needed research. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 32(1), 20–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-008-9185-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, D. R., Yan, Y., Jackson, J. S., & Anderson, N. B. (1997). Racial differences in physical and mental health: Socio-economic status, stress and discrimination. Journal of Health Psychology, 2(3), 335–351. https://doi.org/10.1177/135910539700200305
   PubMedGoogle Scholar