278
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Psychological withdrawal and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal study

ORCID Icon, &
Pages 1361-1377 | Received 28 Apr 2021, Accepted 07 Dec 2021, Published online: 26 Dec 2021

References

  • Aguado, J., Campbell, A., Ascaso, C., Navarro, P., Garcia-Esteve, L., & Luciano, J. V. (2012). Examining the factor structure and discriminant validity of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) among Spanish postpartum women. Assessment, 19(4), 517–525. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191110388146
  • Akaike, H. (1973). Information theory as an extension of the maximum likelihood principle. In: B. N. Petrov & F. Csaki (eds.), Proceedings of the second international symposium on information theory (p. 267–281). Akademiai Kiado.
  • Angevaare, M. J., Monnier, A. A., Joling, K. J., Smalbrugge, M., Schellevis, F. G., Hertogh, C. M. P. M., & Huisman, M. (2020). The application of the concept of resilience in aging research and older adult care: A focus group study. Frontiers in Medicine, 7, 365. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.00365
  • Blalock, J. A., & Joiner, T. E. (2000). Interaction of cognitive avoidance coping and stress in predicting depression/anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24(1), 47–65. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005450908245
  • Bonanno, G. A., & Diminich, E. D. (2013). Annual Research Review: Positive adjustment to adversity-trajectories of minimal-impact resilience and emergent resilience. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 54(4), 378–401. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12021
  • Bruine de Bruin, W. (2021). Age differences in COVID-19 risk perceptions and mental health: Evidence from a national US survey conducted in March 2020. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 76(2), e24–e29. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa074
  • Bryant, R. A., Nickerson, A., Creamer, M., O’Donnell, M., Forbes, D., Galatzer-Levy, I., McFarlane, A., & Silove, D. (2015). Trajectory of post-traumatic stress following traumatic injury: 6-year follow-up. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 206(5), 417–423. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.145516
  • Carstensen, L. L. (1995). Evidence for a life-span theory of socioemotional selectivity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4(5), 151–156. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep11512261
  • Carstensen, L. L. (2006). The influence of a sense of time on human development. Science (New York, N.Y.), 312(5782), 1913–1915. doi:10. 1126/science.1127488
  • Charles, S. T. (2010). Strength and vulnerability integration: a model of emotional well-being across adulthood. Psychological Bulletin, 136(6), 1068–1091. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021232
  • Chen, S., & Bonanno, G. A. (2020). Psychological adjustment during the global outbreak of COVID-19: A resilience perspective. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 12(S1), S51–S54. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000685
  • Cooke, J. E., Eirich, R., Racine, N., & Madigan, S. (2020). Prevalence of posttraumatic and general psychological stress during COVID-19: A rapid review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research, 292, 113347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113347
  • Daly, M., & Robinson, E. (2021). Psychological distress and adaptation to the COVID-19 crisis in the United States. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 136, 603–609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.10.035
  • Delbosc, A., & McCarthy, L. (2021). Pushed back, pulled forward: Exploring the impact of COVID-19 on young adults’ life plans and future mobility. Transport Policy, 107, 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.04.018
  • Encuesta Nacional de Salud (Spanish National Health Survey). (2006). . https://www.mscbs.gob.es/estadEstudios/estadisticas/encuestaNacional/encuesta2006.htm.
  • Fancourt, D., Steptoe, A., & Bu, F. (2020a). Trajectories of depression and anxiety during enforced isolation due to COVID-19: longitudinal analyses of 59,318 adults in the UK with and without diagnosed mental illness. medRxiv, (Preprint). https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.03.20120923.
  • Fancourt, D., Steptoe, A., & Bu, F. (2020b). Trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms during enforced isolation due to COVID-19: longitudinal analyses of 36,520 adults in England. medRxiv, (Preprint) (November 3, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.03.20120923.
  • Galatzer-Levy, I. R., Huang, S. H., & Bonanno, G. A. (2018). Trajectories of resilience and dysfunction following potential trauma: A review and statistical evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review, 63, 41–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2018.05.008
  • Garre-Olmo, J., Turró-Garriga, O., Martí-Lluch, R., Zacarías-Pons, L., Alves-Cabratosa, L., Serrano-Sarbosa, D., Vilalta-Franch, J., & Ramos, R. (2021). Changes in lifestyle resulting from confinement due to COVID-19 and depressive symptomatology: A cross-sectional a population-based study. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 104, 152214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152214
  • Goldberg, D. P., & Williams, P. (1988). A users’ guide to the general health questionnaire. GL Assessment.
  • Holahan, C. J., Moos, R. H., Holahan, C. K., Brennan, P. L., & Schutte, K. K. (2005). Stress Generation, Avoidance Coping, and Depressive Symptoms: A 10-Year Model. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(4), 658–666. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.73.4.658
  • Hopko, D. R., Robertson, S. M. C., & Lejuez, C. W. (2006). Behavioral activation for anxiety disorders. The Behavior Analyst Today, 7(2), 212–232. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0100084
  • Heck, R. H., Thomas, S. L., & Tabata, L. N. (2013). Multilevel and longitudinal modeling with IBM SPSS. Routledge.
  • Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Institituo Nacional de Estadística (National Statistics Institute). (2020). https://www.ine.es/jaxi/Datos.htm?path=/t15/p417/covid/l0/&file=01001.px.
  • Jeong, H., Yim, H. W., Song, Y.-J., Ki, M., Min, J.-A., Cho, J., & Chae, J.-H. (2016). Mental health status of people isolated due to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. Epidemiology and Health, 38, e2016048. https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2016048
  • John Hopkins Coronavirus Research Centre. (2021). https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html
  • Knepple, C. A., Graf, A. S., Hudson, G., & Wilson, E. (2021). Age moderates perceived COVID-19 disruption on well-being. The Gerontologist, 61 (1), 30–35. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnaa106
  • Kessler, R. C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M., & Nelson, C. B. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52(12), 1048–1060. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012
  • Larsen, R. J., & Prizmic, Z. (2004). Affect regulation. In R. F. Baumeister & K. D. Vohs (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications (pp. 40–61). Guilford Press.
  • Lobo, A., & Muñoz, P. E. (1996). Versiones en lengua española validadas. In D. Goldberg & P. Williams (Eds.), Cuestionario de Salud General GHQ (General Health Questionnaire). Guia para el usuario de las distintas versions [Guide for the use of the different validated versions in Spanish language] (p. 115). Editorial Masson.
  • Marroquín, B., Vine, V., & Morgan, R. (2020). Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: Effects of stay-at-home policies, social distancing behavior, and social resources. Psychiatry Research, 293, 113419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113419
  • Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar Social (Ministry of Health, Consumer Affairs and Social Well-Being). (2017). https://www.mscbs.gob.es/estadEstudios/estadisticas/encuestaNacional/on.
  • Newby, J. M., O’Moore, K., Tang, S., Christensen, H., & Faasse, K. (2020). Acute mental health responses during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia. PLoS One, 15(7), e0236562. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236562
  • Ottenbreit, N. D., Dobson, K. S., & Quigley, L. (2014). An examination of avoidance in major depression in comparison to social anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 56, 82–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2014.03.005
  • Padrón, A., Galán, I., Durbán, M., Gandarillas, A., & Rodríguez-Artalejo, F. (2012). Confirmatory factor analysis of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) in Spanish adolescents. Quality of Life Research: An International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation, 21(7), 1291–1298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-011-0038-x
  • Park, C. L., Russell, B. S., Fendrich, M., Finkelstein-Fox, L., Hutchison, M., & Becker, J. (2020). Americans’ COVID-19 stress, coping, and adherence to CDC guidelines. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 35(8), 2296–2303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-05898-9
  • Penland, E. A., Masten, W. G., Zelhart, P., Fournet, G. P., & Callahan, T. A. (2000). Possible selves, depression and coping skills in university students. Personality and Individual Differences, 29(5), 963–969. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00247-0
  • Pieh, C., Budimir, S., & Probst, T. (2020). The effect of age, gender, income, work, and physical activity on mental health during coronavirus disease (COVID-19) lockdown in Austria. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 136, 110186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110186
  • Pierce, M., Hope, H., Ford, T., Hatch, S., Hotopf, M., John, A., Kontopantelis, E., Webb, R., Wessely, S., McManus, S., & Abel, K. M. (2020). Mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal probability sample survey of the UK population. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 7(10), 883–892. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30308-4
  • Politi, P. L., Piccinelli, M., & Wilkinson, G. (1994). Reliability, validity and factor structure of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire among young males in Italy . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 90(6), 432–437. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb01620.x
  • Puente-Martínez, A., Páez, D., Ubillos-Landa, S., & Da Costa-Dutra, S. (2018). Examining the structure of negative affect regulation and its association with hedonic and psychological wellbeing. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1592. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01592
  • Puente-Martínez, A., Prizmic-Larsen, Z., Larsen, R. J., Ubillos-Landa, S., & Páez-Rovira, D. (2021). Age differences in emotion regulation during ongoing affective life: A naturalistic experience sampling study. Developmental Psychology, 57(1), 126–138. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001138
  • Risi, E., Pronzato, R., & Di Fraia, G. (2021). Everything is inside the home: the boundaries of home confinement during the Italian lockdown. European Societies, 23(sup1), S464–S477. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2020.1828977
  • Roth, S., & Cohen, L. J. (1986). Approach, avoidance, and coping with stress. American Psychologist, 41(7), 813–819. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.41.7.813
  • Salari, N., Hosseinian-Far, A., Jalali, R., Vaisi-Raygani, A., Rasoulpoor, S., Mohammadi, M., Rasoulpoor, S., & Khaledi-Paveh, B. (2020). Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Globalization and Health, 16(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-020-00589-w
  • Shanahan, L., Steinhoff, A., Bechtiger, L., Murray, A. L., Nivette, A., Hepp, U., Ribeaud, D., & Eisner, M. (2020). Emotional distress in young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence of risk and resilience from a longitudinal cohort study. Psychological Medicine, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329172000241X
  • Simister, J. (2019). Long-term depression following stressful life events: Feeling ‘worthless’ shows the slowest recovery. Archives of Psychology, 3(6), 1-20. https://archivesofpsychology.org/index.php/aop/article/view/118 https://doi.org/10.31296/aop.v3i6.118
  • Wilson, J. M., Lee, J., Fitzgerald, H. N., Oosterhoff, B., Sevi, B., & Shook, N. J. (2020). Job insecurity and financial concern during the COVID-19 pandemic are associated with worse mental health. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 62(9), 686–691. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000001962
  • Wilson, J. M., Lee, J., & Shook, N. J. (2021). COVID-19 worries and mental health: The moderating effect of age. Aging & Mental Health, 25(7), 1289–1296. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2020.1856778
  • Yuan, K., Gong, Y.-M., Liu, L., Sun, Y.-K., Tian, S.-S., Wang, Y.-J., Zhong, Y., Zhang, A.-Y., Su, S.-Z., Liu, X.-X., Zhang, Y.-X., Lin, X., Shi, L., Yan, W., Fazel, S., Vitiello, M. V., Bryant, R. A., Zhou, X.-Y., Ran, M.-S., … Lu, L. (2021). Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder after infectious disease pandemics in the twenty-first century, including COVID-19: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Molecular Psychiatry, 26(9), 4982–4917. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-021-01036-x

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.