Young men of color in privately-owned public spaces: unexpected findings

References

• Beckett, K., and S. Herbert. 2009. Banished: The New Social Control in Urban America. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Berg, N. 2009. Improving on the Ambiguity of Privately Owned Public Spaces [Online]. Accessed June 6, 2019. https://grist.org/article/whose-plaza-is-it-anyway/.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, B., and J. Larson. 2009. “Peer Relationships in Adolescence.” In Handbook of Adolescent Psychology, edited by R. M. Lerner and L. Steinberg, 74–103. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Byrne, J., and J. Wolch. 2009. “Nature, Race, and Parks: Past Research and Future Directions for Geographic Research.” Progress in Human Geography 33: 743–765. doi: 10.1177/0309132509103156
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmona, M. 2015. “Re-theorising Contemporary Public Space: A New Narrative and A New Normative.” Journal of Urbanism 8: 373–405.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, D. C. A., and R. A. Kearns. 2001. “Under Curfew and Under Siege? Legal Geographies of Young People.” Geoforum; Journal of Physical, Human, and Regional Geosciences 32: 389–403.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, M. 1990. City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles. New York: Vintage Books.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, M. 1992. “Fortress Los Angeles: The Militarization of Urban Space.” In Variations on a Theme Park: The New American City and the End of Public Space, edited by M. Sorkin, 287–314. New York: Hill and Wang.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, T.-S. 2014a. “Is the Public Invited? Design, Management and Use of Privately Owned Public Spaces in New York City.” Doctoral Dissertation, New Jersey Institute of Technology.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, T.-S. 2014b. “Not ‘Fortress Los Angeles’: Design, and Management of Privately Owned Public Spaces in New York City.” In Positive Criminology: Reflections on Care, Belonging and Security, edited by M. Schuilenburg, R. V. Steden, and B. O. Breuil, 499–517. The Hague, The Netherlands: Eleven International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, T.-S., and A. Frank. 2018. “Let’s Meet at Citicorp: Can Privately Owned Public Spaces be Inclusive?” Journal of Urban Design 23: 499–517. doi: 10.1080/13574809.2018.1429214
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kayden, J. S., Department of City Planning & Municipal Art Society. 2000. Privately Owned Public Space: The New York City Experience. New York: John Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Kayden, J. S. 2005. “Using and Misusing Law to Design the Public Realm.” In Regulating Place: Standards and the Shaping of Urban America, edited by E. Ben-Joseph and T. S. Szold, 115–140. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kohn, M. 2004. Brave New Neighborhoods: The Privatization of Public Space. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Loukaitou-Sideris, A. 1993. “Privatisation of Public Open Space: The Los Angeles Experience.” Town Planning Review 64: 139–167. doi: 10.3828/tpr.64.2.6h26535771454436
   Google Scholar
• Loukaitou-Sideris, A., and T. Banerjee. 1998. Urban Design Downtown: Poetics and Politics of Form. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Madden, D. J. 2010. “Revisiting the End of Public Space: Assembling the Public in an Urban Park.” City & Community 9: 187–207. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6040.2010.01321.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malone, K. 2002. “Street Life: Youth, Culture and Competing Uses of Public Space.” Environment & Urbanization 14: 157–168. doi: 10.1177/095624780201400213
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcus, C. C., C. Francis, and R. Russell. 1990. “Urban Plazas.” In People Places: Design Guidelines for Urban Open Space, edited by C. Cooper-Marcus and C. Francis, 13–81. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, K. F. 2007. Designs on the Public: The Private Lives of New York’s Public Spaces. Minneapolis, USA: University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, D. 1995. “The End of Public Space? People’s Park, Definitions of the Public, and Democracy.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 85: 108–133.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, D. 2003. The Right to the City: Social Justice and the Fight for Public Space. New York City: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, D. 2017. “People’s Park Again: On the end and Ends of Public Space.” Environment and Planning A 49: 503–518. doi: 10.1177/0308518X15611557
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Németh, J. 2006. “Conflict, Exclusion, Relocation: Skateboarding and Public Space.” Journal of Urban Design 11: 297–318. doi: 10.1080/13574800600888343
   Google Scholar
• Németh, J. 2007. “Security and the Production of Privately Owned Public Space.” Ph.D. Dissertation, Rutgers-New Brunswick.
   Google Scholar
• Németh, J. 2009. “Defining a Public: The Management of Privately Owned Public Space.” Urban Studies 46: 2463–2490. doi: 10.1177/0042098009342903
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Németh, J., and S. Schmidt. 2011. “The Privatization of Public Space: Modeling and Measuring Publicness.” Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 38: 5–23. doi: 10.1068/b36057
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• New York Department of City Planning. 2019. New York City’s Privately Owned Public Spaces [Online]. Accessed June 2, 2019. https://www1.nyc.gov/site/planning/plans/pops/pops.page.
   Google Scholar
• Oldenburg, R. 1989. The Great Good Place: Cafes, Coffee Shops, Bookstores, Bars, Hair Salons and Other Hangouts at the Heart of a Community. New York: Paragon House.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt, S., J. Németh, and E. Botsford. 2011. “The Evolution of Privately Owned Public Spaces in New York City.” Urban Design International 16: 270–284. doi: 10.1057/udi.2011.12
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiffman, R., R. Bell, L. J. Brown, L. Elizabeth, A. Fisyak, and A. Venkataraman, eds. 2012. Beyond Zuccotti Park: Freedom of Assembly and the Occupation of Public Space. Oakland, CA: New Village Press.
   Google Scholar
• Smithsimon, G. 2006. “The Shared City: Using and Controlling Public Space in New York City.” PhD Dissertation, Columbia University.
   Google Scholar
• Smithsimon, G. 2008. “Dispersing the Crowd: Bonus Plazas and the Creation of Public Space.” Urban Affairs Review 43: 325–351. doi: 10.1177/1078087407306325
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorkin, M. 1992. Variations on a Theme Park: The New American City and the end of Public Space. New York: Hill and Wang.
   Google Scholar
• Staeheli, L. A., and D. Mitchell. 2008. The People’s Property? Power, Politics, and the Public. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Tierney, J. 2000. The Big City; Public Spaces Uncluttered by People [Online]. Accessed June 3, 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/19/nyregion/the-big-city-public-spaces-uncluttered-by-people.html.
   Google Scholar
• Tower, S. 2014. “Not in my Front Yard: Freedom of Speech and State Action in New York City’s Privately Owned Public Spaces.” Journal of Law and Policy 22: 433–481.
   Google Scholar
• White, R. 1996. “Sanitary Cities: How Designers Banish the Young and the Poor from the Public Realm.” Architecture Australia 85: 82–85.
   Google Scholar
• Whyte, W. H. 1980. The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces. Washington, DC: Conservation Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Wolch, J. R., J. Byrne, and J. P. Newell. 2014. “Urban Green Space, Public Health, and Environmental Justice: The Challenge of Making Cities ‘Just Green Enough’.” Landscape and Urban Planning 125: 234–244. doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.01.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zukin, S. 2009. Naked City: The Death and Life of Authentic Urban Places. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar