Medical Consequences of Drug Abuse and Co-Occurring Infections: Research at the National Institute on Drug Abuse

REFERENCES

• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime . http://www.unodc.org World drug report 2006. Vols. 1 and 2. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime; 2006, ISBN 92-1-148217-8, New York
   Google Scholar
• United Nations AIDS . http://www.unaids.org 2006 Report on the global epidemic of AIDS: executive summary. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS/WHO; 2006, UNAIDS, Geneva, Switzerland; ISBN 92-9-173511-6
   Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration . 2006 . Overview of findings from the 2005 National Survey on Drug Abuse and Health , Rockville, MD : Office of Applied Studies . http://oas.samhsa.gov NSDUH Series H-24
   Google Scholar
• Gayle , H . 2000 . An overview of the global HIV/AIDS epidemic, with a focus on the United States . AIDS , 14 ( Suppl 2 ) : S8 – S17 .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , D . 2002 . Hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus infection . Hepatology , 36 : S201 – S209 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Contoreggi , C , Rexroad , V E and Lange , W R . 1998 . Current management of infectious complications in the injecting drug user . J Subst Abuse Treat , 15 ( 2 ) : 95 – 106 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Office of National Drug Policy . 2004 . The economic costs of drug abuse in the United States: 1992–2002 , Washington, DC : Executive Office of the President . Publication No. 207303
   Google Scholar
• American Diabetes Association . 2003 . Economic costs of diabetes in the US in 2002 . Diabetes Care , 26 : 917 – 932 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Cancer Society . Cancer costs, Cancer facts and Figures 2008 Atlanta, GA http://www.cancer.org
   Google Scholar
• Gold , M S . 1997 . Clinical aspects of substance abuse: a comprehensive text book. , 3rd ed , Baltimore : Wilkinson .
   Google Scholar
• Ren , S , Tong , W , Lai , H , Osman , N F , Pannu , H and Lai , S . 2006 . Effect of long-term cocaine use on regional left ventricular function as determined by magnetic resonance imaging . Am J Cardiol , 97 : 1085 – 1088 .
   Google Scholar
• Lai , S , Lima , J A , Lai , H , Vlahov , D , Celentano , D , Tong , W , Bartlett , J G , Margolick , J and Fishman , E K . 2005 . Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection, cocaine, and coronary calcification . Arch Intern Med , 165 : 690 – 695 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nair , M P , Schwartz , S A , Mahajan , S D , Tsiao , C , Chawda , R P , Whitney , R , Don Sykes , B B and Hewitt , R . 2004 . Drug abuse and neuropathogenesis of HIV infection: role of DC-SIGN and IDO . J Neuroimmunol , 157 : 56 – 60 .
   Google Scholar
• do Samiero Fania , M , Sampaio , S , Fania , V and Carvalho , E . 2003 . Nephropathy associated with heroin abuse in Caucasian patients . Nephron Dial Transplant , 113 : 2308 – 2313 .
   Google Scholar
• Khalsa , J H , Genser , S , Francis , H and Martin , B . 2002 . Clinical consequences of marijuana . J Clin Pharmacol , 42 ( 11 ) : 7s – 11s .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao , Y , Qin , L , Zhang , L , Safrit , J and Ho , D D . 1995 . Virologic and immunologic characterization of long-term survivors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection . New Engl J Med , 332 : 201 – 208 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunn , R A , Murray , P J , Ackers , M L , Hardison , W G and Margolis , H S . 2001 . Screening for chronic hepatitis B and C virus infections in an urban sexually transmitted disease clinic: rationale for integrating services . Sex Transm Dis , 8 ( 3 ) : 166 – 170 .
   Google Scholar
• Garfein , R S , Doherty , M C , Monterroso , E R , Thomas , D L , Nelson , K E and Vlahov , D . 1998 . Prevalence and incidence of hepatitis C virus infection among young adult injection drug users . J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol , 18 ( Suppl 1 ) : 11 – 19 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Law , M G . 1999 . Modelling the hepatitis C virus epidemic in Australia. Hepatitis C Virus Projections Working Group . J Gastroenterol Hepatol , 14 : 1100 – 1107 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MacDonald , M A , Wodak , A D , Dolan , K A , van Beek , I , Cunningham , P H and Kaldor , J M . 2000 . Hepatitis C virus antibody prevalence among injecting drug users at selected needle and syringe programs in Australia, 1995–1997. Collaboration of Australian NSPs . Med J Aust , 172 : 57 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quaglio , G , Lugoboni , F and Pajusco , B . 2003 . Factors associated with hepatitis C virus infection in injection and noninjection drug users in Italy . Clin Infect Dis , 37 : 33 – 40 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thomas , D L , Vlahov , D and Solomon , L . 1995 . Correlates of hepatitis C virus infections among injection drug users . Medicine (Baltimore) , 4 : 212 – 220 .
   Google Scholar
• United Nations AIDS . 2006 Report on the global epidemic of AIDS: executive summary , Geneva, , Switzerland : Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS/WHO. UNAIDS . http://www.unaids.org ISBN 92-9-173511-6
   Google Scholar
• Dore , G J , Law , M , MacDonald , M and Kaldor , J M . 2003 . Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection in Australia . J Clin Virol , 26 : 171 – 184 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan , L E and Fiellin , D A . 2004 . Hepatitis C and HIV infections: implications for clinical care in injection drug users . Am J Addict , 13 : 1 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard , A A , Klein , R S and Schoenbaum , E E . 2003 . Association of hepatitis C infection and antiretroviral use with diabetes mellitus in drug users . Clin Infect Dis , 36 : 1318 – 1323 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balasubramanian , A , Koziel , M , Groopman , J E and Ganju , R K . 2005 . Molecular mechanisms of hepatic injury in co-infection with hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus . Clin Infect Dis , 41 ( Suppl 1 ) : S32 – S37 .
   Google Scholar
• Baum , M K . 2000 . Role of micronutrients in HIV-infected intravenous drug users . J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr , 25 ( Suppl 1 ) : S49 – S52 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hurwitz , B E , Klaus , J R , Llabre , M M , Gonzalez , A , Lawrence , P J , Maher , K J , Greeson , J M , Baum , M K , Shor-Posner , G , Skyler , J S and Schneiderman , N . 2007 . Suppression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral load with selenium supplementation: a randomized controlled trial . Arch Intern Med , 167 : 148 – 154 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institutes of Health . 2002 . Consensus development conference statement. Management of hepatitis C , Bethesda, MD : National Institutes of Health .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg , S , Goodman , L , Osher , F , Swartz , M S , Butterfield , M I , Constantine , N T , Wolford , G L and Salyers , M P . 2001 . Prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C in people with severe mental illness . Am J Public Health , 91 : 31 – 37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angelino , A F and Treisman , G J . 2005 . Evidence-informed assessment and treatment of depression in HCV and interferon-treated patients . Int Rev Psychiatry , 17 : 471 – 476 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• el-Serag , H B , Kunik , M , Richardson , P and Rabeneck , L . 2002 . Psychiatric disorders among veterans with hepatitis C infection . Gastroenterology , 123 : 476 – 482 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loftis , J M , Matthews , A M and Hauser , P . 2006 . Psychiatric and substance use disorders in individuals with hepatitis C: epidemiology and management . Drugs , 66 : 155 – 174 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patrick , D M , Buxton , J A , Bigham , M and Mathias , R G . 2000 . Public health and hepatitis C . Can J Public Health , 91 ( Suppl 1 ) : S18 – S23 .
   Google Scholar
• Salloum , I M and Thase , M E . 2000 . Impact of substance abuse on the course and treatment of bipolar disorder . Bipolar Disord , 2 : 269 – 280 . (3 Pt 2)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safdar , K and Schiff , E R . 2004 . Alcohol and hepatitis C . Semin Liver Dis , 24 : 305 – 315 .
   Google Scholar
• Huckans , M S , Loftis , J M , Blackwell , A D , Linke , A and Hauser , P . 2007 . Interferon alpha therapy for hepatitis C: treatment completion and response rates among patients with substance use disorders . Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy , 12 : 2 – 4 .
   Google Scholar
• Sylvestre , D L . 2005 . Treating hepatitis C virus infection in substance users . Clin Infect Dis , 40 ( Suppl 5 ) : S321 – S324 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Himelhock , S , Moore , R D , Treisman , G J and Gebo , K A . 2004 . Does the presence of a current psychiatric disorder in AIDS patients affect the initiation of antiretroviral treatment and duration of therapy? . J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr , 37 : 1457 – 1463 .
   Google Scholar
• Treisman , G J , Angelino , A F and Hutton , H H . 2001 . Psychiatric issues in the management of patients with HIV infection . JAMA , 286 : 2857 – 2864 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angelino , A F and Treisman , G J . 2005 . Evidence-informed assessment and treatment of depression in HCV and interferon-treated patients . Int Rev Psychiatry , 17 : 471 – 476 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Himelhoch , S and Medoff , D R . 2005 . Efficacy of antidepressant medication among HIV-positive individuals with depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis . AIDS Patient Care STDS , 19 : 813 – 822 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puzantian , T . 2002 . Central nervous system adverse effects with efavirenz: case report and review . Pharmacotherapy , 22 : 930 – 933 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treisman , G J and Kaplin , A I . 2002 . Neurologic and psychiatric complications of antiretroviral agents . AIDS , 16 : 1201 – 1215 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control . HIV and AIDS in the United States: a picture of today's epidemic http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources accessed December 3, 2006
   Google Scholar
• Celentano , D D , Galai , N , Sethi , A K , Shah , N G , Strathdee , S A , Vlahov , D and Gallant , J E . 2001 . Time to initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected drug users . AIDS , 15 : 1707 – 1715 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strathdee , S A , Palepu , A , Cornelisse , P G , Yip , B , O'Shaughnessy , M V , Montaner , J S , Schecter , M T and Hogg , R S . 1998 . Barriers to use of free antiretroviral therapy in injection drug users . JAMA , 280 : 547 – 549 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas , G M , Cheever , L W , Chaisson , R E and Moore , R D . 2001 . Detrimental effects of continued illicit drug use on the treatment of HIV infections . J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr , 27 : 251 – 259 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gifford , A L , Bormann , J E , Shively , M J , Wright , B C , Richman , D D and Bozette , S A . 2000 . Predictors of self-reported adherence and plasma HIV concentrations in patients on multidrug antiretroviral regimens . J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr , 23 : 386 – 395 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCance-Katz , E F . 2005 . Treatment of opioid dependence and HIV/HCV co-infection in opioid dependent patients: the importance of drug interactions between opioids and antiretroviral medications . Clin Infect Dis , 41 : S89 – S95 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnsten , J H , Demas , P A , Grant , R W , Gourevitch , M N , Farzadegan , H , Howard , A A and Schoenbaum , E E . 2002 . Impact of active drug use on antiretroviral therapy adherence and viral suppression in HIV-infected drug users . J Gen Intern Med , 17 : 377 – 381 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCance-Katz , E F , Jatlow , P , Rainey , P and Friedland , G . 1998 . Methadone effects on zidovudine (AZT) disposition (ACTG 262) . J Acquir Immune Defic Syn Hum Retrovirol , 18 : 435 – 443 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCance-Katz , E F , Rainey , P M , Friedland , G , Kosten , T R and Jatlow , P . 2001 . Effect of opioid dependence pharmacotherapies on zidovudine disposition . Am J Addict , 10 : 296 – 307 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCance-Katz , E F , Moody , D E , Morse , G , Pade , P , Friedland , G , Baker , J , Alvanzo , A , Smith , P , Abayomi , O , Jatlow , P and Rainey , P M . 2006 . Interactions between buprenorphine and antiretrovirals I: non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors I: efavirenz and delavirdine . Clin Infect Dis , 43 ( Suppl 4 ) : S224 – S234 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCance-Katz , E F , Moody , D E , Morse , G , Pade , P , Friedland , G , Baker , J , Alvanzo , A , Smith , P , Jatlow , P and Rainey , P M . 2006 . Interactions between buprenorphine and antiretrovirals II: protease inhibitors, nelfinavir, lopinavir/ritonavir, or ritonavir . Clin Infect Dis , 43 ( Suppl 4 ) : S235 – S246 .
   Google Scholar
• McCance-Katz , E F , Rainey , P , Friedland , G and Jatlow , P . 2003 . The protease inhibitor lopinavir/ritonavir may produce opiate withdrawal in methadone-maintained patients . Clin Infect Dis , 37 : 476 – 482 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCance-Katz , E F , Rainey , P , Smith , P , Morse , G , Friedland , G , Gourevitch , M and Jatlow , P . 2004 . Drug interactions between opioid and antiretroviral medications: interaction between methadone, LAAM, and nelfinavir . Am J Addict , 13 : 163 – 180 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCance-Katz , E F , Gourevitch , M N , Arnsten , J , Sarlo , J , Rainey , P and Jatlow , P . 2002 . Modified directly observed therapy (MDOT) for injection drug users with HIV disease . Am J Addict , 11 : 271 – 278 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCance-Katz , E F , Rainey , P , Smith , P , Morse , G D , Friedland , G , Boyarsky , B , Gourevitch , M and Jatlow , P . 2006 . Drug interactions between opioids and antiretroviral medications: interaction between methadone, LAAM, and delavirdine . Am J Addict , 15 : 23 – 34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCance-Katz , E F , Pade , P , Morse , G D , Moody , D E and Rainey , P M . 2006 . Interaction of atazanavir and atazanavir/ritonavir with buprenorphine , Scottsdale, AZ : College on Problems of Drug Dependence .
   Google Scholar
• Manns , M P , McHutchison , J G , Gordon , S C , Rustgi , V K , Schiffman , M , Reindollar , R , Goodman , Z D , Kouri , K , Ling , M and Albrecht , J K . 2001 . Peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin compared with interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin for initial treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a randomized trial . Lancet , 358 : 958 – 965 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fried , M W , Shiffman , M L , Reddy , K R , Smith , C , Marinos , G , Gancoles , F L Jr. , Hanssinger , D , Diago , M , Carosi , G , Dhumeaux , D , Craxi , A , Lin , A , Hoffman , J and Yu , J . 2002 . Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection . N Engl J Med , 347 : 975 – 982 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung , R T , Andersen , J , Volberding , P , Robbins , G K , Lin , T , Sherman , K E , Peters , M G , Koziel , M J , Bhan , A K , Alston , B , Colognham , D , Nevin , T , Harb , G , van der Horst , C and AIDS Clinical Trials Group . 2004 . A5071, Study section: Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin versus interferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C in HIV-co-infected persons . N Engl J Med , 351 : 451 – 459 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrat , F , Bani-Sadr , F , Pol , S , Rosenthal , E , Lunel-Fabiani , F , Benzekri , A , Morand , P , Goujard , C , Pialoux , G , Piroth , L , Salmon-Ceron , D , Degott , C , Cacoub , P , Perrone , C and ANRS HCO2 Ribavic Study Team . 2004 . Pegylated interferon alfa-2b vs standard interferon alfa-2b, plus ribavirin, for chronic hepatitis C in HIV-infected patients: a randomized controlled trial . JAMA , 292 : 2839 – 2848 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torriani , F J , Rodriguez-Torres , M , Rockstroh , J K , Lissen , E , Gonzalez-Garcia , J , Lazzarin , A , Carosi , G , Sesadeusz , J , Katlama , C , Moantaner , J , Sette , H Jr. , Passe , G , DaPamphillo , J , Duff , F , Shrenk , U M , Dietrich , D T and APRICOT Study Group . 2004 . Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection in HIV-infected patients . N Engl J Med , 351 : 438 – 450 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Wagner , M , Huber , M , Berg , T , Hinrichsen , H , Rasenack , J , Heintges , T , Bergk , A , Bernsmeier , C , Haussinger , D , Herrmann , E and Zeuzem , S . 2005 . Peginterferon-alpha-2a (40KD) and ribavirin for 16 or 24 weeks in patients with genotype 2 or 3 chronic hepatitis C . Gastroenterology , 129 : 522 – 527 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conjeevaram , H S , Fried , M W , Jeffers , L J , Terrault , N A , Wiley-Lucas , T E , Afdhal , N , Brown , R S , Belle , S H , Hoofnagle , J H , Kleiner , D E , Howell , C D and the Virahep-C Study Group . 2006 . Peginterferon and ribavirin treatment in African American and Caucasian American patients with hepatitis C genotype 1 . Gastroenterology , 131 : 470 – 477 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung , R T . 2006 . Assessment of efficacy of treatment in hepatitis C: infection and disease . J Hepatol , 44 ( Suppl 1 ) : S56 – S59 .
   Google Scholar
• Mehta , S H , Lucas , G M , Mirel , L B , Torbenson , M , Higgins , Y , Moore , R D , Thomas , D L and Sulkowski , M S . 2006 . Limited effectiveness of antiviral treatment for hepatitis C in an urban HIV clinic . AIDS , 20 : 2361 – 2369 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braitstein , P , Li , K , Kerr , T , Montaner , J S , Hogg , R S and Wood , E . 2006 . Differences in access to care among injection drug users infected either with HIV and hepatitis C or hepatitis C alone . AIDS Care , 18 : 690 – 693 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohmann , V , Korner , F , Koch , J , Herian , U , Theilmann , L and Bartenschlager , R . 1999 . Replication of subgenomic hepatitis C virus RNAs in a hepatoma cell line . Science , 285 : 110 – 113 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindenbach , B D , Evans , M J , Syder , A J , Wolk , B , Tellinghuisen , T L , Liu , C C , Maruyama , T , Hynes , R O , Burton , D R , McKeating , J A and Rice , C M . 2005 . Complete replication of hepatitis C virus in cell culture . Science , 309 : 623 – 626 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lázaro , C A , Chang , M , Tang , W , Campbell , J , Sullivan , D G , Gretch , D R , Corey , L , Coombs , R W and Fausto , N . 2007 . Hepatitis C virus replication in transfected and serum-infected cultured human fetal hepatocytes . Am J Pathol , 170 : 478 – 489 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pawlotsky , J M and Gish , R G . 2006 . Future therapies for hepatitis C . Antivir Ther , 11 : 397 – 408 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson , D , Rustgi , V , Balan , V , McHutchison , J , Davis , G , Lambiase , L , Sulkowski , M , Dickson , R , Fiscella , M , Yu , R , Davidson , H , Caronin , P , Freimuth , W and Subramanian , M . 2005 . A phase 2 study of albuferon in combination with ribavirin in non-responders to prior interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis C . Program and abstracts of the 56th Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases . November 11–15 2005 , San Francisco, California. Abstract 204
   Google Scholar