Empirical Awakening: The New Science on Mutual Help and Implications for Cost Containment Under Health Care Reform

REFERENCES

• Room , R , Babor , T and Rehm , J . 2005 . Alcohol and public health . Lancet. , 365 : 519 – 530 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization . 2011 . Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health , Geneva , , Switzerland : World Health Organization .
   Google Scholar
• Babor , T , Caetano , R Casswell , S . 2010 . Alcohol: No Ordinary Commodity-Research and Public Policy. , 2 ed2 ed , Oxford , , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mokdad , A H , Marks , J S , Stroup , D F and Gerberding , J L . 2000 . Actual causes of death in the United States . JAMA. , 291 : 1238 – 1245 . 2004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harwood , H. 2000 . Updating Estimates of the Economic Costs of Alcohol Abuse in the United States: Estimates, Update Methods and Data , Edited by: Harwood , H . Rockville, MD : National Institutes of Health .
   Google Scholar
• US Department of Justice . 2011 . “ The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society ” . Washington, DC : United States Department of Justice .
   Google Scholar
• Humphreys , K , Wing , S McCarty , D . 2004 . Self-help organizations for alcohol and drug problems: toward evidence-based practice and policy . J Subst Abuse Treat. , 26 : 151 – 158 . discussion 159–165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , J F and Yeterian , J D . 2008 . “ Mutual-help groups ” . In Evidence-Based Adjunctive Treatments , Edited by: O’Donohue , W and Cunningham , J A . 61 – 106 . New York : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• White , WL. 2009 . Peer-Based Addiction Recovery Support: History, Theory, Practice, and Scientific Evaluation , Chicago : Great Lakes Addiction Technology Transfer Center .
   Google Scholar
• Emrick , C D , Tonigan , J S , Montgomery , H and Little , L . 1993 . “ Alcoholics Anonymous: what is currently known? ” . In Research on Alcoholics Anonymous: Opportunities and Alternatives , Edited by: McCrady , B S and Miller , W R . 41 – 76 . Piscataway, NJ : Rutgers Center of Alcohol Studies .
   Google Scholar
• Kownacki , R J and Shadish , W R . 1999 . Does Alcoholics Anonymous work? The results from a meta-analysis of controlled experiments . Subst Use Misuse. , 34 : 1897 – 1916 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonigan , J S , Toscova , R and Miller , W R . 1996 . Meta-analysis of the literature on Alcoholics Anonymous: sample and study characteristics moderate findings . J Stud Alcohol. , 57 : 65 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferri , M , Amato , L and Davoli , M . 2006 . Alcoholics Anonymous and other 12-step programmes for alcohol dependence . Cochrane Database Syst Rev. , : CD005032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moos , R H and Moos , B S . 2006 . Participation in treatment and Alcoholics Anonymous: a 16-year follow-up of initially untreated individuals . J Clin Psychol. , 62 : 735 – 750 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timko , C , Moos , R H , Finney , J W and Lesar , M D . 2000 . Long-term outcomes of alcohol use disorders: comparing untreated individuals with those in alcoholics anonymous and formal treatment . J Stud Alcohol. , 61 : 529 – 540 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , J F and Yeterian , J D . 2008 . Mutual-help groups for dually diagnosed individuals: rationale, description, and review of the evidence . J Groups Addict Recov , 3 : 217 – 242 .
   Google Scholar
• Kelly , J F , Magill , M and Stout , R L . 2009 . How do people recover from alcohol dependence? A systematic review of the research on mechanisms of behavior change in Alcoholics Anonymous . Addict Res Theory , 17 : 236 – 259 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaskutas , L A . 2009 . Alcoholics anonymous effectiveness: faith meets science . J Addict Dis. , 28 : 145 – 157 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , J F and Yeterian , J D . 2011 . The role of mutual-help groups in extending the framework of treatment . Alcohol Res Health. , 33 : 350 – 355 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kelly , J F and White , W L . 2011 . Addiction Recovery Management: Theory, Research, and Practice , New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Bufe , C and Ellis , A . 1991 . Alcoholics Anonymous: Cult or Cure? , Tuscon : See Sharp Press .
   Google Scholar
• Peele , S . 1990 . Research issues in assessing addiction treatment efficacy: how cost effective are Alcoholics Anonymous and private treatment centers? . Drug Alcohol Depend. , 25 : 179 – 182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trimpey , J and Ellis , A . 1995 . The Small Book: A Revolutionary Approach To Overcoming Drug And Alcohol Dependence , New York : Random House Publishing Group .
   Google Scholar
• Alcoholics Anonymous . 2001 . Alcoholics Anonymous: The Story of How Thousands of Men and Women Have Recovered From Alcoholism , 4th ed , New York : Alcoholics Anonymous World Services .
   Google Scholar
• Galanter , M and Kaskutas , L A . 2008 . Research on Alcoholics Anonymous and Spirituality in Addiction Recovery , Totowa, NJ : The American Society of Addiction Medicine and the Research Society on Alcoholism .
   Google Scholar
• Kelly , J F , Stout , R L , Magill and Pagano , M . 2011 . Spirituality in recovery: a lagged mediational analysis of Alcoholics Anonymous’ principal theoretical mechanism of behavior change . Alcohol Clin Exp Res. , 35 : 454 – 463 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zemore , S . 2007 . A role for spiritual change in the benefits of 12-step involvement . Alcohol Clin Exp Res , 31 ( Suppl 3 ) : 76S – 79S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odgaard-Jensen , J , Vist , G E Timmer , A . 2011 . Randomisation to protect against selection bias in healthcare trials . Cochrane Database Syst Rev. , : MR000012
   Google Scholar
• McCrady , B S and Miller , W R . 1993 . Research on Alcoholics Anonymous: Opportunities and Alternatives , New Brunswick, NJ : Rutgers Center of Alcohol Studies .
   Google Scholar
• Rychtarik , R G , Connors , G J , Dermen , K H and Stasiewicz , P R . 2000 . Alcoholics Anonymous and the use of medications to prevent relapse: an anonymous survey of member attitudes . J Stud Alcohol. , 61 : 134 – 138 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonigan , J S and Kelly , J F . 2004 . Beliefs about AA and the use of medications: a comparison of three groups of AA-exposed alcohol dependent persons . Alcohol Treat Q , 22 : 67 – 78 .
   Google Scholar
• Kelly , J F , Myers , M G and Brown , S A . 2005 . The effects of age composition of 12-step groups on adolescent 12-step participation and substance use outcome . J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse. , 15 : 63 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine . 1990 . Broadening the Base of Treatment for Alcohol Problems , Washington, DC : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kelly , J , Stout , R , Magill , M , Tonigan , J and Pagano , M . 2010 . Mechanisms of behavior change in alcoholics anonymous: does Alcoholics Anonymous lead to better alcohol use outcomes by reducing depression symptoms? . Addiction , 105 : 626 – 636 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , J F , Stout , R L , Magill , M and Tonigan , J S . 2011 . The role of Alcoholics Anonymous in mobilizing adaptive social network changes: a prospective lagged mediational analysis . Drug Alcohol Depend. , 114 : 119 – 126 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennis , M L , Scott , C K , Funk , R and Foss , M A . 2005 . The duration and correlates of addiction and treatment careers . J Subst Abuse Treat. , 28 ( Suppl 1 ) : S51 – S62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hser , Y I , Grella , C E Hubbard , R L . 2001 . An evaluation of drug treatments for adolescents in 4 US cities . Arch Gen Psychiatry. , 58 : 689 – 695 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLellan , A T , Lewis , D C , O’Brien , C P and Kleber , H D . 2000 . Drug dependence, a chronic medical illness: implications for treatment, insurance, and outcomes evaluation . JAMA. , 284 : 1689 – 1695 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphreys , K and Moos , R H . 1996 . Reduced substance-abuse-related health care costs among voluntary participants in Alcoholics Anonymous . Psychiatr Serv. , 47 : 709 – 713 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphreys , K and Moos , R . 2001 . Can encouraging substance abuse patients to participate in self-help groups reduce demand for health care? A quasi-experimental study . Alcohol Clin Exp Res. , 25 : 711 – 716 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphreys , K and Moos , R H . 2007 . Encouraging posttreatment self-help group involvement to reduce demand for continuing care services: two-year clinical and utilization outcomes . Alcohol Clin Exp Res. , 31 : 64 – 68 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphreys , K . 1997 . Self-help/mutual aid organizations: the view from Mars . Subst Use Misuse. , 32 : 2105 – 2109 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , J F , Yeterian , J D and Myers , M G . 2008 . Treatment staff referrals, participation expectations, and perceived benefits and barriers to adolescent involvement in 12-step groups . Alcohol Treat Q , 26 : 427 – 449 .
   Google Scholar
• Litt , M D , Kadden , R M , Kabela-Cormier , E and Petry , N M . 2009 . Changing network support for drinking: network support project 2-year follow-up . J Consult Clin Psychol. , 77 : 229 – 242 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Project MATCH Research Group . 1997 . Matching alcoholism treatments to client heterogeneity: Project MATCH posttreatment drinking outcomes . J Stud Alcohol. , 58 : 7 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahler , C W , Read , J P , Stuart , G L , Ramsey , S E , McCrady , B S and Brown , R A . 2004 . Motivational enhancement for 12-step involvement among patients undergoing alcohol detoxification . J Consult Clin Psychol. , 72 : 736 – 741 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaskutas , L A , Subbaraman , M S , Witbrodt , J and Zemore , S E . 2009 . Effectiveness of Making Alcoholics Anonymous Easier: a group format 12-step facilitation approach . J Subst Abuse Treat. , 37 : 228 – 239 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walitzer , K S , Derman , K H and Barrick , C . 2009 . Facilitating involvement in Alcoholics Anonymous during out-patient treatment: a randomized clinical trial . Addiction. , 104 : 391 – 401 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sisson , R W and Mallams , J H . 1981 . The use of systematic encouragement and community access procedures to increase attendance at Alcoholic Anonymous and Al-Anon meetings . Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. , 8 : 371 – 376 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonigan , J S , Connors , G J and Miller , W R . 2003 . “ Participation and involvement in Alcoholics Anonymous ” . In Treatment Matching in Alcoholism , Edited by: Babor , T and DelBoca , F . 184 – 204 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Timko , C , Debenedetti , A and Billow , R . 2006 . Intensive referral to 12-Step self-help groups and 6-month substance use disorder outcomes . Addiction. , 101 : 678 – 688 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooney , N , Babor , T , DiClemente , C and Del Boca , F . 2003 . “ Clinical and scientific implications of Project MATCH. In: Babor TF, DelBoca FK, eds ” . In Treatment Matching in Alcoholism , 222 – 237 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar