666
Views
20
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Commentaries

Pharmacy: Addressing substance use in the 21st century

, PharmD, FAPhAORCID Icon

References

  • Manolakis PG, Skelton JB. Pharmacists’ contributions to primary care in the United States collaborating to address unmet patient care needs: the emerging role for pharmacists to address the shortage of primary care providers. Am J Pharm Educ. 2010;74(10):S7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3058447/.
  • Brenan M. Nurses again outpace other professions for honesty, ethics. Gallup.com.https://news.gallup.com/poll/245597/nurses-again-outpace-professions-honesty-ethics.aspx. Published December 20, 2018.
  • Anderson SL, Marrs JC. A Review of the role of the pharmacist in heart failure transition of care. Adv Ther. 2018;35(3):311–323.
  • Fazel MT, Bagalagel A, Lee JK, Martin JR, Slack MK. Impact of diabetes care by pharmacists as part of health care team in ambulatory settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Pharmacother. 2017;51(10):890–907.
  • Kennelty KA, Polgreen LA, Carter BL. Team-based care with pharmacists to improve blood pressure: A review of recent literature. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2018;20(1):1.
  • Han B, Compton WM, Blanco C, Crane E, Lee J, Jones CM. Prescription opioid use, misuse, and use disorders in U.S. adults: 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Ann Intern Med. 2017;167(5):293.
  • Jones CM. The paradox of decreasing nonmedical opioid analgesic use and increasing abuse or dependence - An assessment of demographic and substance use trends, United States, 2003–2014. Addict Behav. 2017;65:229–235.
  • Jones CM, McAninch JK. Emergency department visits and overdose deaths from combined use of opioids and benzodiazepines. Am J Prev Med. 2015;49(4):493–501.
  • Garg RK, Fulton-Kehoe D, Franklin GM. Patterns of opioid use and risk of opioid overdose death among medicaid patients. Med Care. 2017;55(7):661–668.
  • Paulozzi LJ, Strickler GK, Kreiner PW, Koris CM, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Controlled substance prescribing patterns–Prescription Behavior Surveillance System, Eight States, 2013. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2015;64(No. SS-9):1–14.
  • Guy GP, Pasalic E, Zhang K. Emergency department visits involving opioid overdoses, U.S., 2010–2014. Am J Prev Med. 2018;54(1):e37–e39.
  • Vivolo-Kantor AM, Seth P, Gladden RM. Vital signs: trends in emergency department visits for suspected opioid overdoses – United States, July 2016–September 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67(9):279–285.
  • Vivolo-Kantor AM, Hoots B, David F, Gladden RM. Suspected heroin overdoses in U.S. emergency departments, 2017–2018. Am J Public Health. 2019;109:1022–1024.
  • Weiss AJ. (Truven Health Analytic), Elixhauser A (AHRQ), Barrett ML (M.L. Barrett, Inc.), Steiner CA (AHRQ), Bailey MK (Truven Health Analytics), O’Malley L (Truven Health Analytics). Opioid-Related Inpatient Stays and Emergency Department Visits by State, 2009–2014. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2016. HCUP Statistical Brief #219. http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb219-Opioid-Hospital-Stays-ED-Visits-by-State.pdf. Accessed August 24, 2019.
  • Scholl L, Seth P, Kariisa M, Wilson N, Baldwin G. Drug and opioid-involved overdose deaths – United States, 2013-2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67(5152):1419–1427.
  • Rudd RA, Seth P, David F, Scholl L. Increases in drug and opioid-involved overdose deaths – United States, 2010-2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65(5051):1445–1452.
  • Lindley B, Cox N, Cochran G. Screening tools for detecting problematic opioid use and potential application to community pharmacy practice: a review. IPRP. 2019;8:85–96.
  • Skoy E, Eukel H, Werremeyer A, Strand M, Frenzel O, Steig J. Implementation of a statewide program within community pharmacies to prevent opioid misuse and accidental overdose. J Am Pharm Assoc 2003. 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.japh.2019.09.003.
  • Cochran G, Chen Q, Field C, et al. A community pharmacy-led intervention for opioid medication misuse: a small-scale randomized clinical trial. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019;205:107570.
  • Kurian S, Baloy B, Baird J, et al. Attitudes and perceptions of naloxone dispensing among a sample of Massachusetts community pharmacy technicians. J Am Pharm Assoc 2003. 2019;59(6):824–831.
  • Laliberté M-C, Perreault S, Damestoy N, Lalonde L. Ideal and actual involvement of community pharmacists in health promotion and prevention: a cross-sectional study in Quebec, Canada. BMC Public Health. 2012;12(1):192.
  • Morrill AM, Abel CA, Januszweski M, Chamberlain B. Community education by advanced pharmacy practice experience students: increasing electronic cigarette awareness amongst teens. Curr Pharm Teach Learn. 2017;9(6):1147–1150.
  • McBane SE, Corelli RL, Albano CB, et al. The role of academic pharmacy in tobacco cessation and control. Am J Pharm Educ. 2013;77(5):93.
  • Cochran G, Field C, Lawson K. Pharmacists who screen and discuss opioid misuse with patients: future directions for research and practice. J Pharm Pract. 2015;28(4):404–412.
  • Cochran G, Gordon AJ, Field C, et al. Developing a framework of care for opioid medication misuse in community pharmacy. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2016;12(2):293–301.
  • Cochran G, Hruschak V, DeFosse B, Hohmeier KC. Prescription opioid abuse: pharmacists’ perspective and response. IPRP. 2016;5:65–73.
  • Fitzgerald N, Watson H, McCaig D, Stewart D. Developing and evaluating training for community pharmacists to deliver interventions on alcohol issues. Pharm World Sci. 2009;31(2):149–153.
  • McCaig D, Fitzgerald N, Stewart D. Provision of advice on alcohol use in community pharmacy: a cross-sectional survey of pharmacists’ practice, knowledge, views and confidence. Int J Pharm Pract. 2011;19(3):171–178.
  • Adhikari SB. Screening, Intervention and Referral Practices among Prescribers and Pharmacists Treating Patients with Substance Abuse Disorder in Ohio. Columbus, OH: Ohio Mental Health and Addiction Services; 2014.
  • Hattingh HL, Hallett J, Tait RJ. Making the invisible visible” through alcohol screening and brief intervention in community pharmacies: an Australian feasibility study. BMC Publ Health. 2016;16(1):1141.
  • Hwang J, Arneson T, St Peter W. Minnesota pharmacists and medical vannabis: a survey of knowledge, concerns, and interest prior to program launch. P T 2016;41(11):716–722. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5083080/. Accessed August 24, 2019.
  • Isaac S, Saini B, Chaar BB. The role of medicinal cannabis in clinical therapy: pharmacists’ perspectives. PLoS One. 2016;11(5):e0155113.
  • Seamon MJ, Fass JA, Maniscalco-Feichtl M, Abu-Shraie NA. Medical marijuana and the developing role of the pharmacist. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2007;64(10):1037–1044.
  • Pharmacists take on medical cannabis dispensing role in three states | American Pharmacists Association. http://www.pharmacist.com/article/pharmacists-take-medical-cannabis-dispensing-role-three-states. Accessed August 24, 2019.
  • Bachyrycz A, Shrestha S, Bleske BE, Tinker D, Bakhireva LN. Opioid overdose prevention through pharmacy-based naloxone prescription program: innovations in health care delivery. Subst Abuse. 2017;38(1):55–60.
  • Bailey AM, Wermeling DP. Naloxone for opioid overdose prevention: pharmacists’ role in community-based practice settings. Ann Pharmacother. 2014;48(5):601–606.
  • Muzyk A, Smothers ZPW, Collins K, MacEachern M, Wu L-T. Pharmacists’ attitudes toward dispensing naloxone and medications for opioid use disorder: a scoping review of the literature. Subst Abuse. 2019;1–8. doi: 10.1080/08897077.2019.1616349.
  • Thornton JD, Lyvers E, Scott VGG, Dwibedi N. Pharmacists’ readiness to provide naloxone in community pharmacies in West Virginia. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2017;57(2):S12–S18.e4.
  • Freeman PR, Goodin A, Troske S, Strahl A, Fallin A, Green TC. Pharmacists’ role in opioid overdose: Kentucky pharmacists’ willingness to participate in naloxone dispensing. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2017;57(2):S28–S33.
  • Green TC, Dauria EF, Bratberg J, Davis CS, Walley AY. Orienting patients to greater opioid safety: models of community pharmacy-based naloxone. Harm Reduct J. 2015;12(1):25.
  • Winstanley EL, Mashni R, Schnee S, Miller N, Mashni SM. The development and feasibility of a pharmacy-delivered opioid intervention in the emergency department. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2017;57(2):S87–S91.
  • Meyerson BE, Davis A, Agley JD, et al. Predicting pharmacy syringe sales to people who inject drugs: policy, practice and perceptions. Int J Drug Pol. 2018;56:46–53.
  • Pollini RA. Self-reported participation in voluntary nonprescription syringe sales in California’s Central Valley. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2017;57(6):677–685.
  • Goodin A, Fallin-Bennett A, Green T, Freeman PR. Pharmacists’ role in harm reduction: a survey assessment of Kentucky community pharmacists’ willingness to participate in syringe/needle exchange. Harm Reduct J. 2018;15(1):4. doi: 10.1186/s12954-018-0211-4.
  • Ghaddar A, Nassar K, Elsoury G. Barriers to access to sterile syringes as perceived by pharmacists and injecting dDrug users: Implications for harm reduction in Lebanon. Subst Use Misuse. 2017;52(11):1420–1428.
  • Stopka TJ, Donahue A, Hutcheson M, Green TC. Nonprescription naloxone and syringe sales in the midst of opioid overdose and hepatitis C virus epidemics: Massachusetts, 2015. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2017;57(2):S34.
  • Chiarello E. Nonprescription syringe sales: resistant pharmacists’ attitudes and practices. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;166:45–50.
  • Stopka TJ, Geraghty EM, Azari R, Gold EB, Deriemer K. Factors associated with presence of pharmacies and pharmacies that sell syringes over-the-counter in Los Angeles County. J Urban Health. 2013;90(6):1079–1090.
  • Paquette CE, Pollini RA. Injection drug use, HIV/HCV, and related services in nonurban areas of the United States: a systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;188:239–250.
  • Pollini RA, Rudolph AE, Case P. Nonprescription syringe sales: a missed opportunity for HIV prevention in California. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2015;55(1):31–40.
  • Rich JD, Martin EG, Macalino GE, Paul RV, McNamara S, Taylor LE. Pharmacist support for selling syringes without a prescription to injection drug users in Rhode Island. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). 2002;42(6):S58–S61.
  • Bratberg JP, Smothers ZPW, Collins K, Erstad B, Ruiz Veve J, Muzyk AJ. Pharmacists and the opioid crisis: a narrative review of pharmacists’ practice roles. J Am Coll Clin Pharm. 2019;1–7. doi: 10.1002/jac5.1171.
  • DiPaula BA, Menachery E. Physician-pharmacist collaborative care model for buprenorphine-maintained opioid-dependent patients. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2015;55(2):187–192.
  • Collins S. Pharmacy resident Blaiklock addresses opioid crisis in Kentucky. Pharm Today. 2016;22(10):70.
  • American Pharmacists Association. Keep making noise about how pharmacists are fighting the opioid crisis [Web page]. https://www.pharmacist.com/CEOBlog/keep-making-noise-about-how-pharmacists-are-fighting-opioid-crisis. Accessed August 24, 2019.
  • United States Congress House. Committee on Energy and Commerce Oversight and Investigation. Hearing on Examining the Growing Problems of Prescription Drug and Heroin Abuse: State and Local Perspectives. March 26, 2015. 114th Congress. 1st session. Washington: GPO, 2015 (statement of Sarah T. Melton, PharmD, BCPP, BCACP, CGP, FASCP. Chair, One Care of Southwest Virginia, Associate Professor of Pharmacy Practice, East Tennessee State University Gatton College of Pharmacy). http://docs.house.gov/meetings/IF/IF02/20150326/103254/HHRG-114-IF02-Wstate-MeltonS-20150326.pdf. Accessed August 24, 2019.
  • United States Congress House. Committee on Ways and Means, Subcommittee on Health. Hearing on The Opioid Crisis: Removing Barriers to Prevent and Treat Opioid Abuse and Dependence in Medicare. February 6, 2018. 115th Congress. 2nd session. Washington: GPO, 2018 (statement of Laura Hungiville, Chief Pharmacy Office, WellCare Health Plans, Inc). https://waysandmeans.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/20180206HL-Testimony-Hungiville.pdf. Accessed August 24, 2019.
  • Hill LG, Evoy KE, Reveles KR. Pharmacists are missing an opportunity to save lives and advance the profession by embracing opioid harm reduction. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2019;59(6):779–782.
  • Adams JM. Increasing naloxone awareness and use: the role of health care practitioners. JAMA 2018;319(20):2073.
  • Reynolds V, Causey H, McKee J, Reinstein V, Muzyk A. The role of pharmacists in the opioid epidemic: An examination of pharmacist-focused initiatives across the United States and North Carolina. N C Med J. 2017;78(3):202–205.
  • Thakur T, Frey M, Chewning B. Pharmacist roles, training, and perceived barriers in naloxone dispensing: A systematic review. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.japh.2019.06.016.
  • Compton WM, Jones CM, Stein JB, Wargo EM. Promising roles for pharmacists in addressing the U.S. opioid crisis. Res Soc Admin Pharm. 2019;15(8):910–916.
  • Fendrich M, Bryan JK, Hooyer K. Prescription drug monitoring programs and pharmacist orientation toward dispensing controlled substances. Subst Use Misuse. 2018;53:1324–1330.
  • Meyerson BE, Ryder PT, Richey-Smith C. Achieving pharmacy-based public health: a call for public health engagement. Public Health Rep. 2013;128(3):140–143.
  • Hartung DM, Hall J, Haverly SN, et al. Pharmacists’ role in opioid safety: a focus group investigation. Pain Med. 2018;19(9):1799–1806.
  • Tuchman E, Gregory C, Simson M, Drucker E. Safety, efficacy, and feasibility of office-based prescribing and community pharmacy dispensing of methadone: results of a pilot study in New Mexico. Addict Disord Their Treat. 2006;5(2):43–51.
  • Fleming ML, Barner JC, Brown CM, Shepherd MD, Strassels SA, Novak S. Pharmacists’ training, perceived roles, and actions associated with dispensing controlled substance prescriptions. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2014;54(3):241–250.
  • Price ET. Demonstrated value in the public health arena: pharmacist roles in addressing the current opioid crisis. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2017;57(5):566–567.
  • Muzyk AJ, Peedin E, Lipetzky J, Parker H, McEachern MP, Thomas K. Substance use education in US schools of pharmacy: a systematic review of the literature. Subst Abus. 2017;38(4):455–463.
  • Muzyk AJ, Tew C, Thomas-Fannin A, et al. An interprofessional course on substance use disorders for health professions students. Acad Med. 2017;92(12):1704–1708.
  • Muzyk A, Mullan P, Andolsek KM, et al. An interprofessional substance use disorder course to improve students’ educational outcomes and patients’ treatment decisions. Acad Med. 2019. 94:1792–1799.
  • Thomas K, Muzyk AJ. Surveys of substance use disorders education in US pharmacy programs. Mental Health Clin. 2018;8(1):14–17.
  • Bachyrycz A, Takeda MY, Wittstrom K, Bleske B. Opioid overdose response training in pharmacy education: An analysis of students’ perception of naloxone use for opioid overdose prevention. Curr Pharm Teach Learn. 2019;11(2):166–171.
  • Bakhireva LN, Bautista A, Cano S, Shrestha S, Bachyrycz AM, Cruz TH. Barriers and facilitators to dispensing of intranasal naloxone by pharmacists. Subst Abuse. 2017;39:331–341.
  • Anderson SM, Geyer S, Cailor SM, Chen A. Impact of a team-based learning drug misuse education training program on student pharmacists’ confidence. Curr Pharm Teach Learn. 2019;11(1):58–65.
  • Countey H, Steinbronn C, Grady SE. Changing student attitudes and perceptions toward opioid use disorder. Mental Health Clin. 2018;8(5):222–226.
  • Dowling K, Mospan CM, Subedi P, Hagemeier NE. Explaining pharmacy students’ dispensing intentions in substance abuse-related gray areas using the theory of planned behavior. Am J Pharm Educ. 2018;83(5):6767.
  • Eukel HN, Skoy E, Werremeyer A, Burck S, Strand M. Changes in pharmacists’ perceptions after a training in opioid misuse and accidental overdose prevention. J Contin Educ Health Prof. 2019;39(1):7–1.
  • Fleming ML, Bapat SS, Varisco TJ. Using the theory of planned behavior to investigate community pharmacists’ beliefs regarding engaging patients about prescription drug misuse. Res Soc Adm Pharm. 2019;15(8):992–999.
  • Haslam L, Gardner DM, Murphy AL. A retrospective analysis of patient care activities in a community pharmacy mental illness and addictions program. Res Soc Adm Pharm. 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2019.07.003.
  • Hines J, Deja E, Black EP. Student pharmacist perceptions of participation in hands-on naloxone counseling. Curr Pharm Teach Learn. 2018;10(6):712–716.
  • Lai Joyce Chun K, Olsen A, Taing M-W. How prepared are pharmacists to provide over-the-counter naloxone? The role of previous education and new training opportunities. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2019;15:1014–1020.
  • Maguire MA, Pavlakos RN, Mehta BH, Schmuhl KK, Beatty SJ. A naloxone and harm reduction educational program across four years of a doctor of pharmacy program. Curr Pharm Teach Learn. 2018;10(1):72–77.
  • Rickles NM, Huang AL, Gunther MB, Chan WJ. An opioid dispensing and misuse prevention algorithm for community pharmacy practice. Res Soc Adm Pharm. 2019;15(8):959–965.
  • Schartel A, Lardieri A, Mattingly A, Feemster AA. Implementation and assessment of a naloxone-training program for first-year student pharmacists. Curr Pharm Teach Learn. 2018;10(6):717–722.
  • Skoy E, Eukel H, Frenzel J, Werremeyer A. Preparing student pharmacists to identify opioid misuse, prevent overdose and prescribe naloxone. Curr Pharm Teach Learn. 2019;11(5):522–527.
  • Skoy E, Werremeyer A. The opioid crisis—educating the next generation of pharmacists. Curr Pharm Teach Learn. 2019;11(5):431–432.
  • Strand MA, Eukel H, Burck S. Moving opioid misuse prevention upstream: a pilot study of community pharmacists screening for opioid misuse risk. Res Soc Adm Pharm. 2018;15:1032–1036
  • Tewell R, Edgerton L, Kyle E. Establishment of a pharmacist-led service for patients at high risk for opioid overdose. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2018;75(6):376–383.
  • Thakur T, Frey M, Chewning B. Pharmacist services in the opioid crisis: current practices and scope in the United States. Pharmacy 2019;7(2):60.
  • Werremeyer A, Skoy E, Marvanova M, et al. A PharmD program curricular approach to addressing the opioid crisis. Curr Pharm Teach Learn. 2019;11(6):592–602.
  • AACP. Opioid-related activities [Webpage]. https://www.aacp.org/opioid. Accessed November 13, 2019.
  • Sherwood DA, Kramlich D, Rodriguez K, Graybeal C. Developing a screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) program with multiple health professions programs. J Interprof Care. 2019;33(6):828–831.
  • Shonesy BC, Williams D, Simmons D, Dorval E, Gitlow S, Gustin RM. Screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment in a retail pharmacy Setting: the pharmacist’s role in identifying and addressing risk of substance use disorder. J Addict Med. 2019;13(5):403–407.
  • Cochran G, Field C, Karp J, et al. A community pharmacy intervention for opioid medication misuse: a pilot randomized clinical trial. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2018;58(4):395–403.
  • U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Tennessee Valley Healthcare System PGY2 Psychiatry Program [Webpage]. https://www.tennesseevalley.va.gov/careers/Pharmacy_PGY2_Psychiatry.asp. Accessed August 24, 2019.
  • U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. VA North Texas Health Care System [Webpage]. https://www.northtexas.va.gov/educ_affil/DALT.asp. Accessed August 24, 2019.
  • College of Psychiatric and Neurologic Pharmacists. Psychiatric and neurologic pharmacy fellowships [Webpage]. https://cpnp.org/career/fellowships. Accessed August 24, 2019.
  • Board of Pharmacy Specialties. Board of pharmacy specialties [Webpage]. https://www.bpsweb.org/. Accessed August 24, 2019.
  • Dopheide JA, Bostwick JR, Goldstone LW, et al. Curriculum in psychiatry and neurology for pharmacy programs. Am J Pharm Educ. 2017;81(7):5925.
  • American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Online residency directory [Webpage]. https://accred.ashp.org/aps/pages/directory/residencyprogramsearch.aspx. Accessed Augsut 24, 2019.
  • Bureau of Labor Statistics. Current population survey [Webpage]. https://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat11.htm. Accessed August 19, 2019.
  • American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. Academic pharmacy’s vital statistics [Webpage]. https://www.aacp.org/article/academic-pharmacys-vital-statistics. Accessed August 24, 2019.
  • Qato DM, Zenk S, Wilder J, Harrington R, Gaskin D, Alexander GC. The availability of pharmacies in the United States: 2007–2015. Plos One. 2017;12(8):e0183172.
  • Haines ST, Pittenger AL, Stolte SK, et al. Core entrustable professional activities for new pharmacy graduates. Am J Pharm Educ. 2017;81(1):S2.
  • Jungnickel PW, Desimone EM, Kissack JC, et al. Report of the AACP Special Committee on substance abuse and pharmacy education. Am J Pharm Educ. 2010;74(10):S11.
  • American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. Curricular Guidelines for Pharmacy - Substance Abuse and Addictive Disease. Arlington, VA: American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy; no date. https://www.aacp.org/sites/default/files/Curricular%20Guidelines%20for%20Pharmacy%20-%20Substance%20Abuse%20and%20Addictive%20Disease.pdf. Accessed August 24, 2019.
  • Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R. CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain – United States, 2016. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2016;65(1):1–49.
  • Dowell D, Haegerich T, Chou R. No shortcuts to safer opioid prescribing. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(24):2285. April
  • Dole EJ, Tommasello A. Recommendations for implementing effective substance abuse education in pharmacy practice. Subst Abus. 2002;23(sup1):263–271.
  • Tommasello AC. Substance abuse and pharmacy practice: what the community pharmacist needs to know about drug abuse and dependence. Harm Reduct J 2004;1(1):3.
  • Al-Shatnawi SF, Perri M, Young HN, Norton M. Substance use attitudes, behaviors, education and prevention in colleges of pharmacy in the United States. Am J Pharm Educ. 2016;80(9):160.
  • Light KE, Goodner K, Seaton VA, Boyle B, Hopkins R. State programs assisting pharmacy professionals with substance use disorders. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2017;57(6):704–710.
  • Polinski JM, Howell B, Gagnon MA, Kymes SM, Brennan TA, Shrank WH. Impact of CVS Pharmacy’s discontinuance of tobacco sales on cigarette purchasing (2012–2014). Am J Public Health. 2017;107(4):556–562.
  • Stover KA. APhA House of Delegates adopts 13 new policies. J Am Pharm Assoc (1996). 1996;36(6):394–396.
  • APhA. Report of the 2010 APhA House of Delegates. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2010;50(4):471–472.
  • APhA. Report of the 2005 APhA House of Delegates. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2005;45(5):554–560.
  • APhA. Report of the 2014 APhA House of Delegates. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2014;54(4):357–368.
  • American Society of Addiction Medicine. Nurse practitioners and physician assistants prescribing buprenorphine [Web page]. https://www.asam.org/resources/practice-resources/buprenorphine-waiver-management#NPPA. Accessed August 24, 2019.
  • Andrilla CHA, Patterson DG, Moore TE, Coulthard C, Larson EH. Projected contributions of nurse practitioners and physicians assistants to buprenorphine treatment services for opioid use disorder in rural areas. Med Care Res Rev. 2018. doi: 10.1177/1077558718793070.
  • Andrilla CHA, Moore TE, Patterson DG, Larson EH. Geographic distribution of providers with a DEA waiver to prescribe buprenorphine for the treatment of opioid use disorder: a 5-year update. J Rural Health. 2019;35(1):108–112.
  • Andrilla CHA, Coulthard C, Larson EH. Barriers rural physicians face prescribing buprenorphine for opioid use disorder. Ann Fam Med. 2017;15(4):359–362.
  • Rosenblatt RA, Andrilla CHA, Catlin M, Larson EH. Geographic and specialty distribution of US physicians trained to treat opioid use disorder. Ann Fam Med. 2015;13(1):23–26.
  • Provider status: what pharmacists need to know now. American Pharmacists Association. http://www.pharmacist.com/provider-status-what-pharmacists-need-know-now. Published August 2, 2013. Accessed February 8, 2017.
  • Brooks VG, Brock TP, Ahn J. Do training programs work? An assessment of pharmacists activities in the field of chemical dependency. J Drug Educ. 2001;31(2):153–169.
  • Green TC, Mann MR, Bowman SE, et al. How does use of a prescription monitoring program change pharmacy practice? J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2013;53(3):273–281.
  • Bloomberg American Health Initiative. http://americanhealth.jhu.edu/fentanyl.html. Accessed April 6, 2018.
  • Corelli RL, Chai T, Karic A, Fairman M, Baez K, Hudmon KS. Tobacco and alcohol sales in community pharmacies: policy statements from U.S. professional pharmacy associations. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2014;54(3):285–288.
  • Hagemeier NE, Tudiver F, Brewster S, Hagy EJ, Hagaman A, Pack RP. Prescription drug abuse communication: a qualitative analysis of prescriber and pharmacist perceptions and behaviors. Res Soc Adm Pharm. 2016;12(6):937–948.
  • Hagemeier NE, Tudiver F, Brewster S, et al. Interprofessional prescription opioid abuse communication among prescribers and pharmacists: a qualitative analysis. Subst Abuse. 2018;39:89–94.
  • Mahon LR, Hawthorne AN, Lee J, Blue H, Palombi L. Assessing pharmacy student experience with, knowledge of and attitudes towards harm reduction: illuminating barriers to pharmacist-led harm reduction. Harm Reduct J. 2018;15(1):57.
  • Sattler S, Escande A, Racine E, Göritz AS. Public stigma toward people with drug addiction: a factorial survey. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2017;78(3):415–425.
  • van Boekel LC, Brouwers EPM, van Weeghel J, Garretsen H. Healthcare professionals’ regard towards working with patients with substance use disorders: comparison of primary care, general psychiatry and specialist addiction services. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014;134:92–98.
  • van Boekel LC, Brouwers EP, van Weeghel J, Garretsen HF. Comparing stigmatising attitudes towards people with substance use disorders between the general public, GPs, mental health and addiction specialists and clients. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2015;61(6):539–549.
  • Taussig J, Junge B, Burris S, Jones TS, Sterk CE. Individual and structural influences shaping pharmacists’ decisions to sell syringes to injection drug users in Atlanta, Georgia. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). 2002;42(6):S40–S45.
  • Blumenthal WJ, Springer KW, Jones TS, Sterk CE. Pharmacy student knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about selling syringes to injection drug users. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). 2002;42(6):S34–S39.
  • Donovan E, Case P, Bratberg JP, et al. Beliefs associated with pharmacy-based naloxone: a qualitative study of pharmacy-based naloxone purchasers and people at risk for opioid overdose. J Urban Health. 2019;96(3):367.
  • Carpenter DM, Roberts CA, Westrick SC, et al. A content review of online naloxone Continuing Education courses for pharmacists in states with standing orders. Res Soc Adm Pharm. 2018;14(10):968–978.
  • Panther SG, Bray BS, White JR. The implementation of a naloxone rescue program in university students. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2017;57(2):S107–S112.e2.
  • Franko TS, Distefano D, Lewis L. A novel naloxone training compared with current recommended training in an overdose simulation. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2019;59(3):375–378.
  • Baez A. Development of an Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) for practicing substance abuse intervention competencies: an application in social work education. J Soc Work Pract Addict. 2005;5(3):3–20.
  • Jacobson AN, Bratberg JP, Monk M, Ferrentino J. Retention of student pharmacists’ knowledge and skills regarding overdose management with naloxone. Subst Abuse. 2018;39(2):193–100. February
  • Dumenco L, Monteiro K, Collins S, et al. A qualitative analysis of interprofessional students’ perceptions toward patients with opioid use disorder after a patient panel experience. Subst Abuse. 2019;40:125–131.
  • Monteiro K, Dumenco L, Collins S, et al. An interprofessional education workshop to develop health professional student opioid misuse knowledge, attitudes, and skills. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2017;57(2):S113–S117.
  • McCance-Katz EF, George P, Scott NA, Dollase R, Tunkel AR, McDonald J. Access to treatment for opioid use disorders: medical student preparation: DATA Waiver for Medical Students. Am J Addict. 2017;26(4):316–318.
  • Hill LG, Sanchez JP, Laguado SA, Lawson KA. Operation Naloxone: overdose prevention service learning for student pharmacists. Curr Pharm Teach Learn. 2018;10(10):1348. doi:stigma.
  • Poole TM, Kodali L, Pace AC. Integrating medication therapy management education into a core pharmacy curriculum. Am J Pharm Educ. 2016;80(4):70.
  • Nuffer W, Gilliam E, Thompson M, Vande Griend J. Establishment and implementation of a required medication therapy management advanced pharmacy practice experience. Am J Pharm Educ 2017;81(2):36.
  • Feret B, Orr K, Bratberg J, MacDonnell C. Evaluation of immunization training in the curriculum of first- and third-year pharmacy students. Curr Pharm Teach Learn. 2015;7(4):541–545.
  • Siqueira L, Smith VC, Abuse C, On S. Binge drinking. Pediatrics 2015;136(3):e718–e726.
  • Committee on the Health Effects of Marijuana: An Evidence Review and Research Agenda, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, Health and Medicine Division, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2017.
  • Hasin DS, O’Brien CP, Auriacombe M, et al. DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorders: recommendations and rationale. AJP. 2013;170(8):834–851.
  • American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. Core entrustable professional activities for new pharmacy graduates, appendix 1 [Web page]. https://www.aacp.org/sites/default/files/20170-10/Appendix1CoreEntrustableProfessionalActivities%20%281%29.pdf. Accessed August 24, 2019.
  • Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education. Guidance for standards 2016 [Web page]. https://www.acpe-accredit.org/pdf/GuidanceforStandards2016FINAL.pdf. Accessed August 24, 2019.
  • Joint Commission of Pharmacy Practitioners. Pharmacists’ patient care process [Web page]. https://jcpp.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/PatientCareProcess-with-supporting-organizations.pdf. Accessed August 24, 2019.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.