References
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER). Atlanta, GA: CDC, National Center for Health Statistics; 2020.
- Ahmad FB, Rossen LM, Sutton P. Provisional drug overdose death counts. National Center for Health Statistics; 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/drug-overdose-data.htm. Accessed November 18, 2021.
- Manchikanti L, Vanaparthy R, Atluri S, Sachdeva H, Kaye AD, Hirsch JA. COVID-19 and the opioid epidemic: two public health emergencies that intersect with chronic pain [published online ahead of print, 2021 Mar 14]. Pain Ther. 2021;10(1):269–218.
- Alexander GC, Stoller KB, Haffajee RL, Saloner B. An epidemic in the midst of a pandemic: opioid use disorder and COVID-19. Ann Intern Med. 2020;173(1):57–58.
- Khatri UG, Perrone J. Opioid use disorder and COVID-19: crashing of the crises. J Addict Med. 2020;14(4):e6–e7.
- Becker WC, Fiellin DA. When epidemics collide: coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the opioid crisis. Ann Intern Med. 2020;173(1):59–60.
- Rahman F, Evans N, Bernhardt J. Access to OUD treatment and maintenance of sobriety amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Subst Use Misuse. 2021;56(7):1005–1009.
- Melamed OC, Hauck TS, Buckley L, Selby P, Mulsant BH. COVID-19 and persons with substance use disorders: inequities and mitigation strategies. Subst Abus. 2020;41(3):286–291.
- Bandara S, Kennedy-Hendricks A, Merritt S, Barry CL, Saloner B. Early effects of COVID-19 on programs providing medications for opioid use disorder in jails and prisons. J Addict Med. 2020;14(5):e257-60–e260.
- Atkins DN, Durrance CP. COVID-19 converges with the opioid epidemic: challenges for pregnant and postpartum women with opioid use disorder. Health Affairs Blog, February 19, 2021. doi:10.1377/forefront.20210218.847791
- Raja K, Higgins F, Hall K. Local Health Department Approaches to Opioid Use Prevention and Response: An Environmental Scan. Washington, DC: National Association of County and City Health Officials; 2019.
- Frohlich J, Bachrach D, Cantrell C, Gould A. Communities in Crisis: Local Responses to Behavioral Health Challenges. New York, NY: Manatt Health; 2018.
- Feuerstein-Simon R, Lowenstein M, Sharma M, Dupuis R, Luna Marti X, Cannuscio CC. Local health departments and the implementation of evidence-based policies to address opioid overdose mortality. Subst Abus. 2020;41(4):468–474.
- Swann WL, Schreiber TL, Wright SL, et al. Local policy and programmatic activity to address the US opioid crisis: a cross-sectional survey of county governments. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2021;27(4):342–351.
- National Association of County and City Health Officials. Directory of local health departments [Webpage]. https://www.naccho.org/membership/lhd-directory Accessed September 14, 2020.
- Scott KA, Shatzkes K, Tschoe L. Responding to COVID-19: Supporting people in recovery from opioid use disorder. Health Affairs Blog, February 11, 2021. doi:10.1377/forefront.20210210.266063
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID-19 and people who use drugs or have substance use disorder; 2021, April 20. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/other-at-risk-populations/people-who-use-drugs/QA.html#print.
- American Medical Association. Issue Brief: Reports of Increases in Opioid-Related Overdose during COVID Pandemic. Chicago: Illinois; 2020.
- Ingram DD, Franco SJ. 2013 NCHS urban–rural classification scheme for counties. Vital Health Stat. 2014;2(166):1–73.
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2020.
- Christie NC. The role of social isolation in opioid addiction. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2021;16(7):645–656.
- Mehtani NJ, Ristau JT, Snyder H, et al. COVID-19: a catalyst for change in telehealth service delivery for opioid use disorder management. Subst Abus. 2021;42(2):205–212.
- Cole TO, Robinson D, Kelley-Freeman A, et al. Patient satisfaction with medications for opioid use disorder treatment via telemedicine: brief literature review and development of a new assessment. Front Public Health. 2020;8:557275.
- Uscher-Pines L, Sousa J, Raja P, Mehrotra A, Barnett M, Huskamp HA. Treatment of opioid use disorder during COVID-19: experiences of clinicians transitioning to telemedicine. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2020;118:108124.
- Moos RH. Active ingredients of substance use‐focused self‐help groups. Addiction. 2008;103(3):387–396.
- Witbrodt J, Kaskutas LA. Does diagnosis matter? Differential effects of 12-step participation and social networks on abstinence. Am J Drug Alcohol Abus. 2005;31(4):685–707.