References
- Mechanic , D . 1968 . Medical Sociology: A Selective View , New York : Free Press .
- O'Connor , PG , Samet , JH and Stein , MD . 1994 . Management of hospitalized intravenous drug users. Role of the internist . Am J Med , 96 : 551 – 558 .
- Jaffe , JH . 1968 . Narcotics and the treatment of pain . Med Clin North Am , 52 : 33 – 45 .
- Stein , M , Mulvey , KP , Plough , A and Samet , J . 1995 . The functioning and well being of persons who seek treatment for alcohol and drug problems . J Gen Intern Med , 10 : 83
- Kleber , HD and Gawin , FH . 1987 . Cocaine withdrawal . Arch Gen Psychiatry , 44 : 298 – 312 .
- Manning , WG , Newhouse , JP and Ware , JE . 1981 . “ The Status of Health in Demand Estimation; or, Beyond Excellent, Good, Fair, and Poor ” . In R‐2696–1‐HHS , Santa Monica, CA : Rand Corporation .
- Lepreau , F , Garvey , B , Paull , N and Stein , MD . 1995 . Opiate detoxification of pregnant women using clonidine: An observational cohort study . J Women's Health , 6 : 381 – 386 .
- Hoegerman , G and Schnoll , S . 1991 . Narcotic use in pregnancy . Clin Per Natol , 18 : 51 – 68 .
- Cleeland , CS . 1989 . “ Measurement of pain by subjective report ” . In Issues in Pain Measurement. Vol. 12, Advances in Pain Research and Therapy , Edited by: Chapman , CR and Loeser , JD . Vol. 12 , 391 – 403 . New York : Raven Press .
- Cleeland , CS , Gonin , R , Hatfield , AK , Edmonson , JH , Blum , RH , Stewart , JA and Pandya , KJ . 1994 . Pain and its treatment in outpatients with metastatic cancer . N Engl J Med , 330 : 592 – 596 .
- Crook , J , Rideout , E and Browne , G . 1984 . The prevalence of pain complaints in a general population . Pain , 18 : 299 – 314 .
- Ho , A and Dole , VP . 1979 . Pain perception in drug‐free and in methadone‐maintained human ex‐addicts . Proc Exp Biol Med , 162 : 392 – 395 .
- Scarcini , IC , McDonald‐Haile , J , Bradley , LA and Richter , JE . 1994 . Altered pain perception and psyschosocial features among women with gastrointestinal disorders and history of abuse: a preliminary model . Am J Med , 97 : 108 – 118 .
- Kantor , GK and Srauss , MA . 1989 . Substance abuse as a precipitant of wife abuse victimizations . Am J Subst Abuse , 15 : 173 – 189 .
- Cahill , C , Llewelyn , SP and Pearson , C . 1991 . Long term effects of sexual abuse which occurred in childhood: A review . Br J Clin Psychol , 31 : 117 – 130 .
- Zatzick , DF and Dimsdale , JE . 1990 . Cultural variations in response to painful stimuli . Psychosom Med , 52 : 544 – 557 .
- Greenwald , HP . 1991 . Interethnic differences in pain perception . Pain , 44 : 157 – 163 .
- Chapman , CR , Casey , KL and Duboer , R . 1985 . Pain measurement: A review . Pain , 22 : 1 – 31 .
- Department of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
- Stanley Street Treatment and Research, Inc., Fall River, Massachusetts.
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at Division of General Internal Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02903.