Enamel microstructure defines a major Paleogene hippopotamoid clade: the Merycopotamini (Cetartiodactyla, Hippopotamoidea)

References

• Alloing-Séguier L, Lihoreau F, Boisserie J-R, Charruault A-L, Orliac M, Tabuce R. 2014. Enamel microstructure evolution in anthracotheres (Mammalia, Cetartiodactyla) and new insights on hippopotamoid phylogeny. Zool J Linn Soc. 171:668–695.10.1111/zoj.12143
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alloing-Séguier L, Martinand-Mari C, Barczi J-F, Lihoreau F. 2016. Linking 2D observations to 3D modeling of enamel microstructure – a new integrative framework applied to Hippopotamoidea evolutionary history. J Mamm Evol. doi: 10.1007/s10914-016-9331-3.
   Google Scholar
• Andrews CW. 1914. On the lower Miocene vertebrates from British East Africa, collected by Dr. Felix Oswald. Q J Geol Soc London. 70:163–186.10.1144/GSL.JGS.1914.070.01-04.11
   Google Scholar
• Antoine P-O, Welcomme J-L, Marivaux L, Baloch I, Benammi M, Tassy P. 2003. First record of Paleogene Elephantoidea (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from the Bugti Hills of Pakistan. J Vert Paleontol. 23: 977-980.10.1671/2453-25
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antoine P-O, Ibrahim Shah SM, Cheema IU, Crochet J-Y, Franceschi D, Marivaux L, Métais G, Welcomme J-L. 2004. New remains of the baluchithere Paraceratherium bugtiense from the Late/latest Oligocene of the Bugti hills, Balochistan. Pakis J Asian Earth Sci. 24:71–77.10.1016/j.jaes.2003.09.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antoine P-O, Métais G, Orliac MJ, Crochet J-Y, Flynn LJ, Marivaux L, Rajpar AR, Roohi G, Welcomme J-L. 2013. Mammalian Neogene biostratigraphy of the Sulaiman Province, Pakistan. In: Xiaoming W, Flynn LJ, Fortelius M, editors. Fossil mammals of Asia. New York (NY): Columbia University Press; p. 400–422.10.7312/columbia/9780231150125.001.0001
   Google Scholar
• Arnason U, Gullberg A, Gretarsdottir S, Ursing BM, Janke A. 2000. The mitochondrial genome of the sperm whale and a new molecular reference for estimating eutherian divergence dates. J Mol Evol. 50:569–578.10.1007/s002390010060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barry JC. 1985. Les variations des faunes du Miocene moyen et supérieur des formations des Siwalik du Pakistan [Faunal changes during the middle and late Miocene from the Siwalik formations, Pakistan]. Anthropologie. 89:267–269.
   Google Scholar
• Barry JC, Flynn LJ. 1990. Key biostratigraphic events in the Siwaliks sequence. In: Lindsay EH, et al., editors. European Neogene mammal chronology. New York (NY): Plenum Press; p. 557–571.10.1007/978-1-4899-2513-8
   Google Scholar
• Black CC. 1978. Anthracotheriidae. In: Maglio VJ, Cooke HBS, editors. Evolution of African mammals. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press; p. 423–434.
   Google Scholar
• Böhme M, Aiglstorfer M, Antoine P-O, Appel E, Havlik P, Métais G, Phuc LT, Schneider S, Setzer F, Tappert R, et al. 2013. Na Duong (northern Vietnam) – an exceptional window into Eocene ecosystems from Southeast Asia. Zitteliana A. 53:121–167.
   Google Scholar
• Boisserie J-R, Lihoreau F, Brunet M. 2005. The position of Hippopotamidae within Cetartiodactyla. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 102:1537–1541.10.1073/pnas.0409518102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boisserie J-R, Lihoreau F, Orliac M, Fisher RE, Weston EM, Ducrocq S. 2010. Morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the earliest known hippopotamids (Cetartiodactyla, Hippopotamidae, Kenyapotaminae). Zool J Linn Soc. 158:325–366.10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00548.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boisserie J-R, Fisher RE, Lihoreau F, Weston EM. 2011. Evolving between land and water: key questions on the emergence and history of the Hippopotamidae (Hippopotamoidea, Cetancodonta, Cetartiodactyla). Biol Rev. 86:601–625.10.1111/j.1469-185X.2010.00162.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boisserie J-R, Kiarie C, Lihoreau F, Nengo I. Forthcoming. Middle Miocene Kenyapotamus (Cetartiodactyla, Hippopotamidae) from Napudet, Turkana Basin, Kenya. J Vert Paleontol.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonis LD, Brunet M, Kordikova EG, Mavrin AV. 1997. Oligocene–Miocene sequence stratigraphy and vertebrate paleontology of western and southern Betpakdala steppe, South Kazakhstan. In: Aguillar J-P, Legendre S, Michaux J, editors. Actes du congrès Biochrom’97. Montpellier: mémoires et travaux de l’E.P.H.E; p. 225-240.
   Google Scholar
• Borissiak AA. 1919. About remnants of Chalicotherioidea from the Oligocene deposits of Turgay area. Bull Acad Sci St Petersburg. 13 (6): 687-710. [in Russian].
   Google Scholar
• Colbert EH. 1935. Siwalik mammals in the American Museum of Natural History. Am Phil Soc. 26:1–401.
   Google Scholar
• Depéret C. 1895. Uber die Fauna von miocanen Wirbeltheieren aus der ersten Mediterranstufe von Eggenburg [About the miocene vertebrate fauna from the first Mediterranean stages of Eggenburg]. Sitzungsber Kaiserl Akad Wiss Wien Math-Naturwiss. 104:395–416.
   Google Scholar
• Dineur H. 1982. Le genre Brachyodus, Anthracotheriidae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) du Miocène inférieur d’Europe et d’Afrique [The genus Brachyodus, Anthracotheriidae (artiodactyla, Mammalia) of the early Miocene of Europe and Africa] [ Unpublished PhD thesis]. Paris: Université Paris.
   Google Scholar
• Douglass E. 1901. Fossil Mammalia of the white river beds of Montana. Trans Am Phil Soc. 20:237–279.
   Google Scholar
• Downing KF, Lindsay EH, Downs WR, Speyer SE. 1993. Lithostratigraphy and vertebrate biostratigraphy of the early Miocene Himalayan Foreland, Zinda Pir Dome, Pakistan. Sediment Geol. 87:25–37.10.1016/0037-0738(93)90034-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ducrocq S, Lihoreau F. 2006. The occurrence of bothriodontines (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) in the Paleogene of Asia with special reference to Elomeryx: Paleobiogeographical implications. J Asian Earth Sci. 27:885–891.10.1016/j.jseaes.2005.09.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ducrocq S, Benammi M, Chavasseau O, Chaimanee Y, Suraprasit K, Pha P, Phuong V, Phach P, Jaeger J-J. 2015. New anthracotheres (Cetartiodactyla, Mammalia) from the Paleogene of northeastern Vietnam: biochronological implications. J Vert Paleontol. 35(3):e929139.10.1080/02724634.2014.929139
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falconer H, Cautley PT. 1847. Fauna antiqua sivalensis, Atlas. London: Smith, Elder.
   Google Scholar
• Flynn LJ, Jacobs LL, Cheema IU. 1986. Baluchimyinae, a new Ctenodactyloid rodent subfamily from the Miocene of Baluchistan. Am Mus Novit. 2841:1–58.
   Google Scholar
• Forster-Cooper C. 1913. New anthracotheres and allied forms from Baluchistan. Preliminary notice. Ann Mag Nat Hist. 12:514–522.
   Google Scholar
• Forster-Cooper C. 1924. The Anthracotheriidae of the Dera Bugti deposits in Baluchistan. Mem Geol Surv India. 8:1–56.
   Google Scholar
• Gaziry AW. 1987. Merycopotamus petrocchii (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from Sahabi, Libya. In: Boaz N, El-Arnauti TA, Gaziry AW, De Heinzelin J, Boaz D, editors. Neogene paleontology and geology of Sahabi. New York (NY): Allan Liss; p. 287–302.
   Google Scholar
• Gentry AW, Hooker JJ. 1988. The phylogeny of the Artiodactyla. In: Benton MJ, editor. The phylogeny and classification of the Tetrapods, Volume 2: Mammals, vol 35B Systematics Association Special Volume. Oxford: Clarendon Press; p. 235–272.
   Google Scholar
• Gray JE. 1821. On the natural arrangement of vertebrose animals. London Med Reposit. 15:296–310.
   Google Scholar
• Holroyd PA, Lihoreau F, Gunnell GF, Miller ER. 2010. Anthracotheriidae. In: Werdelin L, Sanders WJ, editors. Cenozoic mammals of Africa. Berkeley: University of California press; p. 843–852.10.1525/california/9780520257214.001.0001
   Google Scholar
• Leidy J. 1869. The extinct mammalian fauna of Dakota and Nebraska, including an account of some allied forms from other localities, together with a synopsis of the mammalian remains of North America. Proc Acad Nat Sci Phil. 7:1–472.
   Google Scholar
• Lihoreau F. 2003. Systématique et paléoécologie des Anthracotheriidae [Artiodactyla; Suiformes] du Mio-Pliocène de l’Ancien Monde: Implications Paléobiogéographiques [Systematic and paleoecology of Anthracotheriidae [artiodactyla, suiformes] from the Mio-pliocene of the old world: paleobiogeographical implications] [ Unpublished PhD thesis]. Poitiers: Université de Poitiers.
   Google Scholar
• Lihoreau F, Ducrocq S. 2007. Family Anthracotheriidae. In: Prothero DR, Foss SC, editors. The evolution of artiodactyls. Baltimore, MD: The John Hopkins University Press; p. 89–105.
   Google Scholar
• Lihoreau F, Barry J, Blondel C, Brunet M. 2004a. A new species of Anthracotheriidae, Merycopotamus medioximus nov. sp. from the Late Miocene of the Potwar Plateau, Pakistan. C R Palevol. 3:653–662.10.1016/j.crpv.2004.07.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lihoreau F, Blondel C, Barry J, Brunet M. 2004b. A new species of the genus Microbunodon (Anthracotheriidae, Artiodactyla) from the Miocene of Pakistan: genus revision, phylogenetic relationships and palaeobiogeography. Zool Scr. 33:97–115.10.1111/zsc.2004.33.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lihoreau F, Boisserie J-R, Viriot L, Coppens Y, Likius A, Mackaye HT, Tafforeau P, Vignaud P, Brunet M. 2006. Anthracothere dental anatomy reveals a Late Miocene Chado-Libyan bioprovince. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 103:8763–8767.10.1073/pnas.0603126103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lihoreau F, Barry JC, Blondel C, Chaimanee Y, Jaeger J-J, Brunet M. 2007. Anatomical revision of the genus Merycopotamus (Artiodactyla; Anthracotheriidae): its significance for Late Miocene mammal dispersal In Asia. Palaeontology. 50:503–524.10.1111/pala.2007.50.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lihoreau F, Boisserie J-R, Manthi FK, Ducrocq S. 2015. Hippos stem from the longest sequence of terrestrial cetartiodactyl evolution in Africa. Nat Comm. 6:6264.10.1038/ncomms7264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lydekker R. 1877. Notices of new or rare mammals from the Siwaliks. Rec Geol Surv India. 10:76–83.
   Google Scholar
• Lydekker R. 1878. Notices of Siwalik mammals. Rec Geol Surv India. 11:64–104.
   Google Scholar
• Lydekker R. 1883. Siwalik selenodont Suina Palaeontol Indica. 10:143–177.
   Google Scholar
• Lydekker R. 1885. Catalogue of fossil mammalia in the British Museum. London: William Clowes and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Marivaux L, Vianey-Liaud M, Welcomme J-L. 1999. Première découverte de Cricetidae (Rodentia, Mammalia) oligocènes dans le synclinal Sud de Gandoï (Bugti Hills, Balouchistan, Pakistan). C R Acad Sci, Paris. 329:839–844.
   Google Scholar
• Marivaux L, Vianey-Liaud M, Welcomme J-L, Jaeger J-J. 2002. The role of Asia in the origin and diversification of hystricognathous rodents. Zool Scr. 31(3):225–239.10.1046/j.1463-6409.2002.00074.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Métais G, Antoine P-O, Marivaux L, Welcomme J-L, Ducrocq S. 2003. New artiodactyl ruminant mammal from the Late Oligocene of Pakistan. Acta Palaeontol Pol. 48:375–382.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Métais G, Antoine P-O, Baqri SRH, Benammi M, Crochet J-Y, de Franceschi D, Marivaux L, Welcomme JL. 2006. New remains of the enigmatic cetartiodactyl Bugtitherium grandincisivum Pilgrim, 1908, from the upper Oligocene of the Bugti Hills (Balochistan, Pakistan). Naturwissenschaften. 93:348–355.10.1007/s00114-006-0112-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Métais G, Antoine P-O, Baqri SRH, Crochet J-Y, De Franceschi D, Marivaux L, Welcomme J-L. 2009. Lithofacies, depositional environments, regional biostratigraphy and age of the Chitarwata Formation in the Bugti Hills, Balochistan, Pakistan. J Asian Earth Sci. 34:154–167.10.1016/j.jseaes.2008.04.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Métais G, Mennecart B, Roohi G. Forthcoming. A new assemblage of stem pecoran ruminants from the Oligocene Chitarwata Formation, Bugti Hills, Baluchistan, Pakistan: paleoenvironmental and paleobiogeographic implications. J Asian Earth Sci.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgelard C, Catzeflis FM, Douzery E. 1997. Phylogenetic relationships of artiodactyls and cetaceans as deduced from the comparison of cytochrome b and 12S rRNA mitochondrial sequences. Mol Biol Evol. 14:550–559.10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025792
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orliac MJ, Boisserie J-R, MacLatchy L, Lihoreau F. 2010. Early Miocene hippopotamids (Cetartiodactyla) constrain the phylogenetic and spatiotemporal settings of hippopotamid origin. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 107:11871–11876.10.1073/pnas.1001373107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickford M. 1987. Révision des suiformes (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) de Bugti (Pakistan). Annal Paleontol. 73:289–350.
   Google Scholar
• Pickford M. 1991. Revision of the Neogene Anthracotheriidae of Africa. In: Salem MJ, Busrewil MT, editors. The geology of Libya. vol. 4. New York (NY): Academic Press; p. 1491–1525.
   Google Scholar
• Pickford M, Rogers D. 1987. Révision des Suiformes de Bugti, Pakistan. C R Acad Sci Paris. 305:643–646.
   Google Scholar
• Pilgrim GE. 1907. Description of some new Suidae from the Bugti Hills, Baluchistan. Rec Geol Surv India. 36:45–57.
   Google Scholar
• Pilgrim GE. 1908. The tertiary and post-tertiary freshwater deposits of Baluchistan and Sind with notices of new vertebrates. Rec Geol Surv India. 37:139–169.
   Google Scholar
• Pilgrim GE. 1910. Notices of new mammalian genera and species from the tertiaries of India. Rec Geol Surv India. 40:63–71.
   Google Scholar
• Pilgrim GE. 1912. The vertebrate fauna of the Gaj series in the Bugti Hills and the Punjab. Mem Geol Surv India Paleontol Indica. 4:1–83.
   Google Scholar
• Pilgrim GE. 1913. The correlation of the Siwaliks with mammal horizon. Rec Geol Surv India. 43:264–326.
   Google Scholar
• Raza SM, Meyer GE. 1984. Early Miocene geology and paleontology of the Bugti Hills. Mem Geol Surv Pakistan. 11:43–63.
   Google Scholar
• Raza SM, Barry JC, Meyer GE, Martin L. 1984. Preliminary report on the geology and vertebrate fauna of the Miocene Manchar Formation, Sind, Pakistan. J Vert Paleontol. 4:584–599.10.1080/02724634.1984.10012034
   Google Scholar
• Rincon AF, Bloch JI, Macfadden BJ, Jaramillo CA. 2013. First Central American record of Anthracotheriidae (Mammalia, Bothriodontinae) from the early Miocene of Panama. J Vert Paleontol. 33:421–433.10.1080/02724634.2013.722573
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowan J, Adrian B, Grossman A. 2015. The first skull of Sivameryx africanus (Anthracotheriidae, Bothriodontinae) from the early Miocene of East Africa. J Vert Paleontol. 35:e928305.10.1080/02724634.2014.928305
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt M. 1913. Über paarhufer der fluviomarinen schichten des Fajum, odontographisches und osteologisches material [About the fluviomarine strata of the fayum, odontographic and osteological material]. Geol Paläontol – Abh. 11: 155-263.
   Google Scholar
• Scott WB. 1940. Part IV: artiodactyla. In: Scott WD, Jepsen GL, editors. The mammalian fauna of the White River Oligocene. vol. 28. Philadelphia (PA): Transactions of the American Philosophical Society; p. 363–746.
   Google Scholar
• Swofford DL. 2002. PAUP* – phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other methods) [Computer software and manual]. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Tabbutt KD, Sheikh KA, Johnson NM. 1997. A fission track age for the Bugti bonebeds, Baluchistan, Pakistan. Extended abstract, Proceedings of the third workshop on Siwaliks of South Asia. Rec Geol Surv Pakistan. 109: 53.
   Google Scholar
• Tabuce R, Delmer C, Gheerbrant E. 2007. Evolution of the tooth enamel microstructure in the earliest proboscideans (Mammalia). Zool J Linn Soc. 149:611–628.10.1111/zoj.2007.149.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trouessart E. 1904. Catalogus mammalium tam viventium quam fossilium Quinquennale supplementum. Paris: R. Friedlander & sohn.
   Google Scholar
• Vickary N. 1846. Geological report on a portion of the belouchistan Hills. Q J Geol Soc. 2:260–267.10.1144/GSL.JGS.1846.002.01-02.44
   Google Scholar
• Viret J. 1961. Artiodactyla. In: Piveteau J, editor. Traité de paléontologie, tome 6. Paris: Masson & Co; p. 887–1121.
   Google Scholar
• Welcomme J-L, Ginsburg L. 1997. Mise en évidence de l’Oligocène sur le territoire des Bugti (Balouchistan, Pakistan) [Highlight of oligocene deposits from Bugti area (Balouchistan, Pakistan)]. CR Acad Sci Paris. 325:999–1004.
   Google Scholar
• Welcomme J-L, Benammi M, Crochet J-Y, Marivaux L, Métais G, Antoine P-O, Baloch I. 2001. Himalayan Forelands: palaeontological evidence for Oligocene detrital deposits in the Bugti Hills (Balochistan, Pakistan). Geol Mag. 138:397–405.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar