Cranial anatomy of an Eocene notoungulate mammal from northwestern Argentina with special reference on the ear region

References

• Argyle EC, Mason MJ. 2008. Middle ear structures of Octodon degus (Rodentia: Octodontidae), in comparison with those of subterranean caviomorphs. J Mammal. 89:1447–1455.10.1644/07-MAMM-A-401.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babot MJ, García-López DA, Gaudin TJ. 2012. The most ancient xenarthran petrosal: morphology and evolutionary significance. J Vertebr Paleont. 32:1186–1197.10.1080/02724634.2012.686466
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billet G. 2010. New observations on the skull of Pyrotherium (Pyrotheria, Mammalia) and new phylogenetic hypotheses on South American ungulates. J Mamm Evol. 17:21–59.10.1007/s10914-009-9123-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billet G. 2011. Phylogeny of the Notoungulata (Mammalia) based on cranial and dental characters. J Syst Palaeontol. 9:481–497.10.1080/14772019.2010.528456
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billet G, Muizon C de. 2013. External and internal anatomy of a petrosal from the late Paleocene of Itaboraí, Brazil, referred to Notoungulata (Placentalia). J Vertebr Paleont. 33:455–469.10.1080/02724634.2013.722153
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billet G, Muizon C de, Mamani Quispe B. 2008. Late Oligocene mesotheriids (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from Salla and Lacayani (Bolivia): implications for basal mesotheriid phylogeny and distribution. Zool J Linn Soc. 152:153–200.10.1111/zoj.2008.152.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billet G, Patterson B, Muizon C de. 2009. Craniodental anatomy of late Oligocene archaeohyracids (Notoungulata, Mammalia) from Bolivia and Argentina and new phylogenetic hypotheses. Zool J Linn Soc. 155:458–509.10.1111/zoj.2009.155.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billet G, Muizon C de, Schellhorn R, Ruf I, Ladevèze S, Berqvist L. 2015. Petrosal and inner ear anatomy and allometry amongst specimens referred to Litopterna (Placentalia). Zool J Linn Soc. 173:956–987.10.1111/zoj.2015.173.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond M. 2016. Ungulados nativos de Sudamérica. Una corta síntesis. In: Agnolin FL, Lio GL, Brissón Egli F, Chimento NR, Novas FE, editors. Historia evolutiva y paleobiogeografía de los vertebrados de América del Sur. Buenos Aires: Contribuciones del MACN; p. 293–301.
   Google Scholar
• Bond M, López GM. 1993. El primer Notohippidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata) de la Formación Lumbrera (Grupo Salta) del noroeste argentino. Consideraciones sobre la sistemática de la familia Notohippidae. Ameghiniana. 30:59–68.
   Google Scholar
• Bond M, Kramarz A, Macphee RDE, Reguero M. 2011. A new astrapothere (Mammalia, Meridiungulata) from La Meseta Formation, Seymour (Marambio) Island, and a reassessment of previous records of Antartic astrapotheres. Am Mus Novit. 3718:1–16.10.1206/3718.2
   Google Scholar
• Buckley M. 2015. Ancient collagen reveals evolutionary history of the endemic South American ‘ungulates’. P Roy Soc B-Biol. 282:20142671. doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.2671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerdeño E, Bond M. 1998. Taxonomic revision and phylogeny of Paedotherium and Tremacyllus (Pachyrukhinae, Hegetotheriidae, Notoungulata) from the Late Miocene to the Pleistocene of Argentina. J Vertebr Paleont. 18:799–811.10.1080/02724634.1998.10011108
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cifelli RL. 1993. The phylogeny of the native South American ungulates. In: Szalay FS, Novacek MJ, McKenna MC, editors. Mammal Phylogeny, Volume 2: Placentals. New York, NY: Springer Verlag; p. 195–216.10.1007/978-1-4613-9246-0
   Google Scholar
• Croft DA, Bond M, Flynn JJ, Reguero MA, Wyss AR. 2003. Large archaeohyracids (Typotheria, Notoungulata) from central Chile and Patagonia including a revision of Archeotypotherium. Fieldiana Geol N S. 49:1–38.
   Google Scholar
• Croft DA, Flynn JJ, Wyss AR. 2008. The Tinguiririca Fauna of Chile and the early stages of “modernization” of South American mammal faunas. Arq Mus Nac Rio de J. 66:191–211.
   Google Scholar
• del Papa CE. 2006. Estratigrafía y paleoambientes de la Formación Lumbrera, Grupo Salta, Noroeste Argentino. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina. 61:313–327.
   Google Scholar
• del Papa CE, Kirshbaum A, Powell JE, Brod A, Hongn F, Pimentel M. 2010. Sedimentological, geochemical and paleontological insights applied to continental omission surfaces: a new approach for reconstructing an eocene foreland basin in NW Argentina. J S Am Earth Sci. 29:327–345.10.1016/j.jsames.2009.06.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• del Papa CE, Hongn F, Powell JE, Payrola Bossio P, Do Campo M, Strecker MR, Petrinovic I, Schmitt AK, Pereyra R. 2013. Middle Eocene-Oligocene broken-foreland evolution in the Andean Calchaqui Valley, NW Argentina: insights from stratigraphic, structural and provenance studies. Basin Res. 25:574–593.10.1111/bre.2013.25.issue-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deraco MV, García-López DA. 2016. A new Eocene Toxodontia (Mammalia Notoungulata) from northwestern Argentina. J Vertebr Paleontol. 36:e1037884. doi:10.1080/02724634.2015.1037884.
   Google Scholar
• Evans HE, de Lahunta A. 2013. Miller’s Anatomy of the Dog. 4th ed. Missouri: Elsevier Saunders.
   Google Scholar
• Fedorov A, Beichel R, Kalpathy-Cramer J, Finet J, Fillion-Robin J, Pujol S, Bauer C, Jennings D, Fennessy F, Sonka S, et al. 2012. 3D Slicer as an image computing platform for the Quantitative Imaging Network. Magn Reson Imaging. 30:1323–1341. PMID: 22770690. Available from: http://www.slicer.org/.10.1016/j.mri.2012.05.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flynn JJ, Wyss AR, Croft DA, Charrier R. 2003. The Tinguiririca Fauna, Chile: biochronology, paleoecology, biogeography, and a new earliest Oligocene South American Land Mammal ‘Age’. Palaeogeogr Palaeocl. 195:229–259.10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00360-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forasiepi AM, Cerdeño E, Bond M, Scmidt GI, Naipauer M, Straehl FR, Martinelli AG, Garrido AC, Schmitz MD, Crowley JL. 2015. New toxodontid (Notoungulata) from the Early Miocene of Mendoza, Argentina. Paläont Z. 89:611–634.
   Google Scholar
• Fortelius M, Eronen JT, Jernvall J, Liu L, Pushkina D, Rinne J, Tesakov A, Vislobokova IA, Zhang Z, Zhou L. 2002. Fossil mammals resolve regional patterns of Eurasian climate change during 20 million years. Evol Ecol Res. 4:1005–1016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabbert SL. 2004. The basicranial and posterior craneal anatomy of the families of the Toxodontia. B Am Mus Nat Hist. 285:177–190.10.1206/0003-0090(2004)285<0177:C>2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-López DA. 2011. Basicranial osteology of Colbertia lumbrerense Bond, 1981 (Mammalia: Notoungulata). Ameghiniana. 48:3–12.10.5710/AMGH.v48i1(262)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-López DA, Babot MJ. 2015. Notoungulate faunas of north-western Argentina: new findings of early-diverging forms from the Eocene Geste Formation. J Syst Palaeontol. 13:557–579.10.1080/14772019.2014.930527
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-López DA, Deraco MV, del Papa CE. 2017. Fossil mammals of the Quebrada de los Colorados Formation (late middle Eocene) at the locality of La Poma. Salta Province, Argentina. Hist Biol. 1–11. doi:10.1080/08912963.2017.1299150.
   Google Scholar
• García-López DA, Powell JE. 2009. Un nuevo Oldfieldthomasiidae (Mammalia: Notoungulata) del Paleógeno de la Provincia de Salta. Argentina Ameghiniana. 46:153–164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-López DA, Powell JE. 2011. Griphotherion peiranoi gen. et sp. nov., a new Eocene Notoungulata (Mammalia, Meridiungulata) from northwestern Argentina. J Vertebr Paleont. 31:1117–1130.10.1080/02724634.2011.599464
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giannini NP, García-López DA. 2014. Ecomorphology of mammalian Fossil lineages: identifying morphotypes in a case study of endemic South American ungulates. J Mammal Evol. 21:195–212.10.1007/s10914-013-9233-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giannini NP, Wible JR, Simmons NB. 2006. On the cranial osteology of chiroptera. I. Pteropus (Megachiroptera: Pteropodidae). B Am Mus Nat Hist. 295:1–134.10.1206/0003-0090(2006)295[0001:OTCOOC]2.0.CO;2
   Google Scholar
• Goloboff PA, Farris JS, Nixon KC. 2008. T.N.T., a free program for phylogenetic analysis. Cladistics. 24:774–786.10.1111/cla.2008.24.issue-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hitz RB, Flynn JJ, Wyss AR. 2006. New basal Interatheriidae (Typotheria, Notoungulata, Mammalia) from the Paleogene of Central Chile. Am Mus Novit. 3520:1–32.10.1206/0003-0082(2006)3520[1:NBITNM]2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hongn F, del Papa C, Powell JE, Petrinovic I, Mon R, Deraco V. 2007. Middle Eocene deformation and sedimentation in the Puna-Eastern Cordillera transition (23–26 S): control by preexisting heterogeneities on the pattern of initial Andean shortening. Geology. 35:271–274.10.1130/G23189A.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janis CM. 1988. An estimation of tooth volume and hypsodonty indices in ungulate mammals, and the correlation of these factors with dietary preference. In: Russell E, Santoro JP, Signogneau-Russell D, editors. Teeth revisited: proceedings VII International Symposium on Dental Morphology, Mémories du Muséum National d’Historie Naturelle. Paris: Editions du Muséum; p. 367–387.
   Google Scholar
• Koenigswald WV. 2011. Diversity of hypsodont teeth in mammalian dentitions – construction and classification. Palaeontographica, Abt. A: Palaeozoology – Stratigraphy. 294:63–94.
   Google Scholar
• MacFadden BJ. 2005. Diet and habitat of toxodont megaherbivores (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from the late Quaternary of South and Central América. Quat Res. 64:113–124.10.1016/j.yqres.2005.05.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacPhee RDE. 2014. The serrialis bone, interparietals, “X” elements, entotympanics, and the composition of the notoungulate caudal cranium. B Am Mus Nat Hist. 384:1–69.10.1206/384.1
   Google Scholar
• Madozzo Jaén MC, García-López DA. 2015. El complejo malleo-incudal en Palaeocavia: análisis comparativo en el contexto filogenético de los cavioidea. Ameghiniana. 53:21.
   Google Scholar
• Marani H, Dozo MT. 2008. El cráneo más completo de Eurygenium latirostris Ameghino 1895 (Mammalia, Notoungulata), un Notohippidae del Deseadense (Oligoceno Tardío) de la Patagonia. Argentina Ameghiniana. 45:619–626.
   Google Scholar
• Martínez G, Dozo MT, Gelfo JN, Marani H. 2016. Cranial Morphology of the Late Oligocene Patagonian Notohippid Rhynchippus equinus Ameghino, 1897 (Mammalia, Notoungulata) with emphases in basicranial and auditory region. PLoS One. 11:e0156558. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason MJ. 2004. The middle ear apparatus of the tuco-tuco Ctenomys sociabilis (Rodentia, Ctenomyidae). J Mammal. 85:797–805.10.1644/BEL-102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCoy DE, Norris CA. 2012. The cranial anatomy of the Miocene notoungulate Hegetotherium mirabile (Notoungulata, Hegetotheriidae) with preliminary observations on diet and method of feeding. B Peabody Mus Nat Hist. 53:355–374.10.3374/014.053.0202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria. 2005. 5th ed. Zürich: World Association of Veterinary Anatomists.
   Google Scholar
• Owen R. 1853. Description of some species of the extinct genus Nesodon, with remarks on the primary group (Toxodontia) of the hoffed quadrupeds to which that genus is referable. Philos T R Soc Lond. 143:291–310.10.1098/rstl.1853.0011
   Google Scholar
• Pandolfi L, Maiorino L. 2016. Reassessment of the largest Pleistocene rhinocerotine Rhinoceros platyrhinus (Mammalia, Rhinocerotidae) from the Upper Siwaliks (Siwalik Hills, India). J Vertebr Paleont. 36:e1071266. doi:10.1080/02724634.2015.1071266.
   Google Scholar
• Pascual R, Bond M, Vucetich MG. 1981. El Subgrupo Santa Bárbara (Grupo Salta) y sus vertebrados, cronología, paleoambientes y paleobiogeografía. 8º Congreso Geológico Argentino. Actas. 3:743–758.
   Google Scholar
• Pascual R, Vucetich MR, Fernández J. 1978. Los primeros mamíferos (Notoungulata, Henricosborniidae) de la Formación Mealla (Grupo Salta, Subgrupo Santa Bárbara). Sus implicancias filogenéticas, taxonómicas y cronológicas. Ameghiniana. 15:367–390.
   Google Scholar
• Patterson B. 1932. The auditory region of the Toxodontia. Field Mus Nat Hist, Geol S. 6:1–27.
   Google Scholar
• Patterson B. 1936. The internal structure of the ear in some notoungulates. Field Mus Nat Hist, Geol S. 6:199–227.
   Google Scholar
• Patterson B. 1977. A primitive pyrothere (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from the early Tertiary of northwestern Venezuela. Fieldiana Geol. 33:397–422.
   Google Scholar
• Patterson B, Segall W, Turnbull WD, Gaudin TJ. 1992. The ear region in xenarthrans (=Edentata: Mammalia). Part II. Pilosa (sloths, anteaters), palaeanodonts, and a miscellany. Fieldiana Geol N S. 24:1–79.
   Google Scholar
• Payrola Bossio P, Powell JE, del Papa C, Hongn F. 2009. Middle Eocene deformation-sedimentation in the Luracatao Valley: tracking the beginning of the foreland basin of northwestern Argentina. J S Am Earth Sci. 28:142–154.10.1016/j.jsames.2009.06.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell JE, Babot MJ, García-López DA, Deraco MV, Herrera CM. 2011. Eocene vertebrates of northwestern Argentina: annotated list. In: Salfity JA, Marquillas RA, editors. Cenozoic Geology of the Central Andes of Argentina. Salta Argentina: SCS Publisher; p. 349–370.
   Google Scholar
• Roth S. 1903. Los ungulados sudamericanos. Anal Mus La Plata, S Paleontol. 5:1–36.
   Google Scholar
• Rougier GW, Wible JR. 2006. Major changes in the ear region and basicranium of early mammals. In: Carrano MT, Gaudin TJ, Blob RW, Wible JR, editors. Amniote paleobiology: perspectives on the evolution of mammals, birds and reptiles. Chicago (IL): University of Chicago Press; p. 269–311.
   Google Scholar
• Seoane F, Cerdeño E. 2014. First extra-Patagonian record of Asmodeus Ameghino (Notoungulata, Homalodotheriidae) in the late Oligocene of Mendoza Province. Argentina Ameghiniana. 51:373–384.10.5710/AMGH.07.07.2014.2735
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shockey BJ. 1997. Two new notoungulates (Family Notohippidae) from the Salla Beds of Bolivia (Deseadan: late Oligocene): systematics and functional morphology. J Vertebr Paleont. 17:584–599.10.1080/02724634.1997.10011005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson GG. 1936. Structure of a primitive notoungulate cranium. Am Mus Novit. 824:1–31.
   Google Scholar
• Simpson GG. 1948. The beginning of the age of mammals in South America. Part 1. Introduction. Systematics: Marsupialia, Edentata, Condylarthra, Litopterna and Notioprogonia. B Am Mus Nat Hist. 91:1–232.
   Google Scholar
• Simpson GG. 1967. The beginning of the age of mammals in South America. Part 2. Systematics: Notoungulata, concluded (Typotheria; Hegetotheria, Toxodonta, Notoungulata incertae-sedis); Astrapotheria Trigonostylopoidea; Pyrotheria; Xenungulata; Mammalia incertae-sedis. B Am Mus Nat Hist. 137:1–259.
   Google Scholar
• Soria MF. 1989. Notopterna: un nuevo orden de mamíferos ungulados eocenos de América del Sur. Parte I. Los Amilnedwardsidae. Ameghiniana. 25:245–258.
   Google Scholar
• Tonni EP, Alberdi MT, Prado JL, Bargo MS, Cione AL. 1992. Changes on mammal assemblages in the pampean region (Argentina) and their relation with the Plio-Pleistocene boundary. Palaeogeogr Palaeocl. 95:179–194.10.1016/0031-0182(92)90140-Z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turnbull WD. 1970. Mammalian masticatory apparatus. Fieldiana Geol. 18:147–356.
   Google Scholar
• van der Klaauw CJ. 1931. The auditory bulla in some fossil mammals. B Am Mus Nat Hist. 62:1–341.
   Google Scholar
• Welker F, Collins MJ, Thomas JA, Wadsley M, Brace S, Cappellini E, Turvey ST, Reguero M, Gelfo JN, Kramarz A, et al. 2015. Ancient proteins resolve the evolutionary history of Darwin’s South American ungulates. Nature. 522:81–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wible JR. 1986. Transformations in the extracranial course of the internal carotid artery in mammalian phylogeny. J Vertebr Paleont. 6:313–325.10.1080/02724634.1986.10011628
   Google Scholar
• Wible JR. 1990. Petrosal of Late Cretaceous marsupials from North America, and a cladistic analysis of the petrosal in Therian mammals. J Vertebr Paleont. 10:183–205.10.1080/02724634.1990.10011807
   Google Scholar
• Wible JR. 2003. On the osteology of the short-tailed opossum Monodelphis brevicaudata (Didelphidae, Marsupialia). Ann Carnegie Mus. 72:137–202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wible JR. 2008. On the cranial osteology of the hispaniolan solenodon Solenodon paradoxus Brandt 1833 (Mammalia, Lipotyphla, Solenodontifae). Ann Carnegie Mus. 77:321–402.10.2992/0097-4463-77.3.321
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wible JR. 2011. On the treeshrew skull (Mammalia, Placentalia, Scandentia). Ann Carnegie Mus. 79:149–230.10.2992/007.079.0301
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wible JR, Gaudin TJ. 2004. On the cranial osteology of the yellow armadillo Euphractus sexcintus (Dasypodidae, Xenarthra, Placentalia). Ann Carnegie Mus. 73:117–196.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar