A number of new seed fossils from the lower Permian of Gansu, Northwest China: implication for research on arils

References

• Ash S. 1999. An upper Triassic upland flora from north-central New Mexico. U.S.A. Rev Palaeobot Palyno. 105(3–4):183–199.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baskin CC, Baskin JM. 1998. Seeds: ecology, biogeography, and evolution of dormancy and germination. Crop Sci. 40(2):564.
   Google Scholar
• Baskin JM, Baskin CC. 2004. A classification system for seed dormancy. Seed Sci Res. 14(1):1–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernardes-de-Oliveira ME, Castro-Fernandes MC, Tewari R, Ricardi-Branco F. 2007. Platyspermic seeds from the early permian of paraná basin, Brazil. Palaeobotanist. 56:1–19.
   Google Scholar
• Chen X, Du F. 2008. Advances in study on aril of spermatophyt. Journal of South West Forestry College. 1:34–38. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Chumakov N, Zharkov M. 2002. Climate during Permian-Triassic biosphere reorganizations, article 1: climate of the Early Permian. Stratigr Geo Correl. 10:586–602.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corner EJH. 1976. The seeds of dicotyledons. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dilcher D, Mei MT, Du M. 1997. A new winged seed from the Permian of China. Rev Palaeobot palyno. 98:247–256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escobar S, Armbrecht I, Calle Z. 2007. Transporte de semillas porhormigas en bosques y agroecosistemas ganaderos de los andes colombianos. Agroecología. 2:65–74.
   Google Scholar
• Gastaldo RA, Matten LC. 1978. Trigonocarpus leeanus, a new species from the Middle Pennsylvanian of southern Illinois. Am J Bot. 65(8):882–890.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs MT, Rees MA, Kutzbach JE, Ziegler AM, Pat J. 2002. Simulations of Permian climate and comparisons with climate-sensitive sediments. Jour Geo. 110(1):33–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong JH, Zhang JX. 2011. The origin of Longshoushan Group and associated rocks in the southern part of the Alxa block : constraintfrom LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon dating. Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica. 30(5): 795–818. ( in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Guo Y, Wang D. 2016. Studies on plant cuticles from the lower–middle Devonian of China. Rev Palaeobot Palyno. 227:42–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halle TG. 1927. Paleozoic plants from Central Shansi. Palaeontol Sin. Ser A. 2:1–136.
   Google Scholar
• Halle TG. 1935. On the distribution of the Late Palaeozoic flora in Asia. Geogr Ann. 17:106–111.
   Google Scholar
• Hanzawa FM, Beattie AJ, Culver DC. 1988. Directed dispersal: demographic analysis of an ant-seed mutualism. Am Nat. 131(1):1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilton J, Cleal CJ. 2007. The relationship between Euramerican and Cathaysian tropical floras in the late Palaeozoic: palaeobiogeographical and palaeogeographical implications. Earth-Sci Rev. 85(3):85–116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilton J, Rothwell GW, Li CS, Wang SJ, Galtier J. 2001a. Permineralized cardiocarpalean ovules in wetland vegetation from early permian volcaniclastic sediments of china. Palaeontology. 44(5):811–825.
   Google Scholar
• Hilton J, Rothwell GW, Li CS, Wang SJ, Galtier J. 2001b. Permineralized cardiocarpalean ovules in Wetland vegetation from early permian volcaniclastic sediments of China. Palaeontology. 5(44):811–825.
   Google Scholar
• Hilton J, Wang SJ, Galtier J, Glasspool I, Stevens L. 2004. An Upper Permian permineralized plant assemblage in volcaniclastic tuff from the Xuanwei formation, Guizhou Province, southern China, and its palaeofloristic significance. Geol. Mag. 141(6):661–674.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horvitz CC. 1981. Analysis of how ant behaviors affect germination in a tropical myrmecochore Calathea microcephala (P. & E.) Koernicke (Marantaceae): microsite selection and aril removal by Neotropical ants, Odontomachus, Pachycondyla, and Solenopsis (Formicidae). Oecologia. 51:47–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howe HM, Smallwood J. 1982. Ecology of seed dispersal. Annu Rev Ecol Syst. 13:201–228.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson TF. 1916. Description and stratigraphic relation-ships of fossil plants from the Lower Pennsylvanian rocks of Indiana. Proc Ind Acad Sci. 32:405–428.
   Google Scholar
• Jin H. 2009. The adaptive strategies of Xerophil seeds along a moisture gradient in north China [Ph.D. thesis]. LanZhou University.
   Google Scholar
• Kapil RN, Bor J, Bouman F. 1980. Seed appendages in angiosperms. Nische Jahrbütcher für Systematik. 55:49–66.
   Google Scholar
• Kong XZ, Li RL, Chang JL, Liu LJ, Zhao XK, Zhang LX. 1995. The coal-bearing stratum and its biota from the Late Paleozoic in Shanxi province. Coal Geology of China. 1:18–21. (in Chinese.
   Google Scholar
• Li XX, Wu XY, Shen GL, Liang XL, Zhu HC, Tong ZS. 1993. The Namurian and its biota in the east sector of North Qilian Mountain. Shandong: Shandong Science & Technology Press. (in Chinses).
   Google Scholar
• Li Z, Zhang X. 1983. Plant anatomy. Beijing: Higher Education Press. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Liang JD, Yang ZC, Liu HC, Lei JC, Wang ZE, Dong DX. 1980. A Permian stratigraphic section in Longshou mountain and its significance in Gansu province. Geol Rev. 26(1):7–15. (in Chinses).
   Google Scholar
• Liu F, Bomfleur B, Peng H. 2018. 280-m.y.-old fossil starch reveals early plant-animal mutualism. Geol. doi:10.1130/G39929.1
   Google Scholar
• Liu HC, Liang JD, Yang ZC, Han ZF, Lei JC, Wang ZE, Shen GL. 1980. Carboniferous system from Longshoushan, Gansu. J. Lanzhou Univ. 104–118. ( in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Natalia HG, Selene ER, Zoraida C, James ML, Inge A. 2012. An artificial aril designed to induce seed hauling by ants for ecological rehabilitation purposes. Restor Ecol. 20(5):555–560.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naugolnykh SV. 2008. New seeds of gymnosperms from the lower Permian of the Ural Mountains. Paleontol J. 5(42):544–553.
   Google Scholar
• Qu LJ. 2005. An outline of Cathaysia Flora. Acta Palaeontol Sin. 44(1):117–124.
   Google Scholar
• Shear WA, Jarmila KP. 1989. The ecology of Paleozoic terrestrial arthropods: the fossil evidence. Revue Canadienne De Zoologie. 68(9):1807–1834.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smoot EL, Taylor TN. 1986. Evidence of simple polyembryony in Permian seeds from Antarctica. Am J Bot. 73(7):1079–1081.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spicer RA. 1991. Plant taphonomic processes. See Ref. 3:71–113.
   Google Scholar
• Sun F, Xiong C, Wang Z, Wang JD, Sun BN. 2017. A new species of Cyathocarpus with in situ spores from the lower Permian of Gansu, northwestern China. Hist Biol.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun KQ, Cui JZ, Wang SJ. 2010. Fossil flora of China. Beijing: Higher Education Press. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Tabor N, Poulsen C. 2008. Palaeoclimate across the Late Pennsylvanian-early Permian tropical palaeolatitudes: A review of climate indicators, their distribution, and relation to palaeophysiographic climate factors. Palaeogeogr Palaeocl. 268(3):293–310.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiffney BH. 1987. Evolution of seed dispersal syndromes according to the fossil record [M]//Seed dispersal. In: Elsevier Inc. p. 273–305.
   Google Scholar
• Tiffney BH. 2004. Vertebrate dispersal of seed plants through time. Annu Rev Ecol Syst. 35(1):1–29.
   Google Scholar
• Wang SJ, Hilton J, Tian BL. 2003. A new species of permineralised cardiocarpalean ovule from the Early Permian Taiyuan Formation of Northern China. Rev Palaeobot palyno. 123:303–319.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Z, Sun B, Sun F. 2018. Microstructure and significance of cordaitean reproductive organs from the lower Permian of Gansu, Northwest China. J Asian Earth Sci. 158:49–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Z, Sun B, Wang X, Chen Y, Sun F, Xiong C. 2016. A new cordaitean pollen cone and pollen grains in situ from the early Permian of Hexi Corridor and its geotectonic significance. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol. 463(1):261–274.
   Google Scholar
• Yan MX, Wan ML, He XZ, Hou XD, Wang J. 2016. First report of Cisuralian (early Permian) charcoal layers within a coal bed from Baode, North China with reference to global wildfire distribution. Palaeogeogr Palaeocl. 459: 394–408.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan TS, Hu YF, Geng BY, Chen LH. 2004. Study of Cordaitanthus and seed fossils in the later Carboniferous-early Permian from the Tumd Banner,Inner Mongolia. Journal Hebei Normal Univ. 28(2):187–192. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Yang ZY, Yuan W, Tong YB, Liu J, Wang Y. 2014. Tectonic affinity reconnaissance of the Alxa block in the pre-Mesozoic. Acta Geoscientica Sinica. 6(35):673–681. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Zbyněk Š, Milan L. 2006. Cordaites schatzlarensis, sp. nov. and Samaropsis newberryi, (Andrews) Seward from the Westphalian (Carboniferous) of the Žacléř area (Czech Republic). Rev Palaeobot palyno. 138(1):43–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao W. 2015. Study on components and function of the aril and sarcotesta in Seven Plants. Beijing Forestry University. [Ph.D. thesis].
   Google Scholar
• Zodrow EL, D’Angelo JA, Al-Shra’Ah A. 2014. Morphology and histochemistry of coalified Trigonocarpus grandis, (Sydney Coalfield, Canada): implications for the preservation, chemotaxonomy, and evolution of Carboniferous medullosalean ovules. Int J Coal Geol. 122:61–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar