Was the dwarfed Palaeoloxodon from Favignana Island the last endemic Pleistocene elephant from the western Mediterranean islands?

References

• AAE VDG, Lyras GA, Van den Hoek Ostende LW, deVos J, Drinia H. 2014. A dwarf elephant and a rock mouse on Naxos (Cyclades, Greece) with a revision of the palaeozoogeography of the Cycladic Islands (Greece) during the Pleistocene. Pal3. 404:133–144.
   Google Scholar
• Adams AL. 1874. On the dentition and osteology of the Maltese fossil Elephants, being a description of remains discovered by the author in Malta between the years 1860 and 1866. Trans Zool Soc London. 9(1):1–124. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1874.tb00235.x.
   Google Scholar
• Aguirre E. 1969. Revision Sistematica de los Elephantidae, por su morfologia y morfometria dentaria. Est Geol. 25:317–367.
   Google Scholar
• Ambrosetti P. 1968. The Pleistocene dwarf elephants of Spinagallo (Siracusa, south-eastern Sicily). Geol Rom. 7:277–398.
   Google Scholar
• Anca F. 1860. Note sur deux nouvelles grottes ossìferes découvertes en Sicilie en 1859. Bull Soc Geol France. 17:684–695.
   Google Scholar
• Anca F. 1867. Paleoetnologia sicula. Palermo: Tipografia G. Lorsnaider; p. 15.
   Google Scholar
• Anca F, Gemmellaro GG. 1867. Monografia degli elefanti fossili di Sicilia. Tipografia Di Giovanni Lorsnaider; 89 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Andrews CW, Cooper CF. 1928. Ona specimen of Elephas antiquus from Upnor, with further notes on the teeth and skeleton. British Museum (Natural History). London: Clowes.
   Google Scholar
• Antonioli F, Ferranti L, Stocchi P, Deiana L, Lo Presti V, Furlani S, Marino C, Orru P, Scicchitano G, Trainito E, et al. 2018. Morphometry and elevation of the last interglacial tidal notches in tectonically stable coasts of the Mediterranean Sea. Earth-Sc Rev 185:600–623. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.06.017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonioli F, Lo Presti VL, Morticelli MG, Bonfiglio L, Mannino MA, Palombo MR, Sannino G, Ferranti L, Furlani S, Lambeck K, et al. 2016. Timing of the emergence of the Europe–Sicily bridge (40–17 cal ka BP) and its implications for the spread of modern humans. Geol Soc London Spec Pub. 411(1):111–144. doi:10.1144/SP411.1
   Google Scholar
• Argnani A, Bonazzi C. 2005. Malta Escarpment fault zone offshore eastern Sicily: pliocene‐Quaternary tectonic evolution based on new multichannel seismic data. Tectonics. 24(4):1–12. doi:10.1029/2004TC001656.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athanassiou A, Herridge V, Reese D, Iliopoulos G, Roussiakis S, Mitsopoulou V, Tsiolakis E, Theodorou G. 2015. Cranial evidence for the presence of a second endemic elephant species on Cyprus. Quat Int. 379:47–57. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.05.065.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athanassiou A, van der Geer AA, Lyras GA. 2019. Pleistocene insular Proboscidea of the Eastern Mediterranean: A review and update. Quat Sc Rev. 218:306–321. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.06.028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bada JL, Belluomini G, Bonfiglio L, Branca M, Burgio E, Delitala L. 1991. Isoleucine epimerization ages of Quaternary mammals from Sicily. Il Quaternario. 4(1a):49–54.
   Google Scholar
• Baur G. 1890. A review of the charges against the palaeontological department of the U.S. Geological Survey and of the defense made by Prof. O.C. Marsh. Am. Nat. 24:288–304.
   Google Scholar
• Belluomini G, Bada JL. 1985. Isoleucine epimerization ages of the dwarf elephants of Sicily. Geology. 13:451–452. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1985)13<451:IEAOTD>2.0.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bisi AM. 1969. Favignana e Marittimo (Isole Egadi). Ricognizione archeologica. Not Scavi Antichità. 23:316–345.
   Google Scholar
• Bonfiglio L, Berdar A. 1979. Gli elefanti delle ghiaie pleistoceniche di Messina. Quaternaria. 21:139–177.
   Google Scholar
• Bonfiglio L, Burgio E. 1990. New stratigraphic and paleocological data on mammal-bearing deposits of Sicily. Abstracts IX Congr. Reg. Comm. Med. Neog. Strat, Barcelona, Spain; p. 32.
   Google Scholar
• Bonfiglio L., Esu D., Mangano G., Masini F., Petruso D., Soligo M., Tuccimei P. 2008. Late Pleistocene vertebrate-bearing deposits at San Teodoro Cave (North-Eastern Sicily): Preliminary data on faunal diversification and chronology. Quat Int 190(1):26–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonfiglio L, Insacco G. 1992. Palaeoenvironmental, paleontologic and stratigraphic significance of vertebrate remains in Pleistocene limnic and alluvial deposits from southeastern Sicily. Pal3. 95:195–208.
   Google Scholar
• Bonfiglio L, Mangano G, Marra AC, Masini F, Pavia M, Petruso D. 2002. Pleistocene Calabrian and Sicilian bioprovinces. Geobios. 24:29–39. doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(02)00046-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonfiglio L, Marra AC, Masini F. 2000. The contribution of Quaternary vertebrates to palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatological reconstructions in Sicily. Geol Soc London Sp Pub. 181(1):171–184. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.181.01.16.
   Google Scholar
• Bovio Marconi J. 1952. Esplorazioni archeologiche a Levanzo e Favignana. Not. Scavi Antichità, s 8, 12(6):185–199.
   Google Scholar
• Burgio E. 1997. Le attuali conoscenze sui mammiferi terrestri quaternari della Sicilia. In: Tusa S, editor. Prima Sicilia: alle origini della società siciliana. Italy: Palermo; p. 55–71. Ediprint.
   Google Scholar
• Burgio E, Cani M. 1988. Sul ritrovamento di elefanti fossili ad Alcamo (Trapani, Sicilia). Nat Sic. 12:87–97.
   Google Scholar
• Busk G. 1867. Description of the Remains of three extinct Species of Elephant. Collected by Capt. Spratt, C. B., R. N., In the Ossiferous Cavern of Zebbug, in the Island of Malta. Trans Zool SoC. London. 6(5):227–306.
   Google Scholar
• Caloi L, Kotsakis T, Palombo MR, Petronio C. 1996. The Pleistocene dwarf elephants of Mediterranean islands. In: Shoshani J, Tassy P, editors. The proboscidea. Evolution and palaeoecology of elephants and their relatives. New York: Oxford Univ. Press; p. 234–239.
   Google Scholar
• Capasso Barbato L, Minieri M, Petronio C. 1988. Resti di mammiferi endemici nelle grolle del Faraglione di Favignana (Egadi, Trapani). Nat Sic. 7(3–4):99–105.
   Google Scholar
• Catalano R, Di Stefano P, Sulli A, Vitale FP. 1996. Paleogeography and structure of the central Mediterranean: sicily and its offshore area. Tectonophysics. 260(4):291–324. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(95)00196-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chilardi S 2001. Large sized and middle-sized elephants from the Pleistocene of Sicily: the case of Contrada Fusco (Siracusa, Southeastern Sicily). In: Cavarretta G, Gioia P, Muss M, Palombo MR editors TheWorld of Elephants. CNR publications; p. 476–478.
   Google Scholar
• Cupani F. 1713. Panphyton siculum sive historia naturalis de animalibus stirpibus, Fossilibus, quae in Sicilia vei. Vol. III. circuito fjus iuveniuntut. Tip. Regia A. Eoiro, Palermo. Bibl. Centr. Reg. Sic. Palermo; p. 1713.
   Google Scholar
• Dalla Rosa G. 1870. Ricerche paleoetnologiche nel litorale di Trapani. Tip Grazioli Trapani; p. 78.
   Google Scholar
• De Gregorio A. 1899. Deux nouveaux dépots d’Elephas antiquus dans le Quaternarie des environs de Palerme. Ann Géol Paléont. 26:1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Doderlein P. 1872. Alcune generalità intorno la fauna sicula dei Vertebrati. Ann Soc Nat Modena. 7:1–60.
   Google Scholar
• Doukas CS, Athanassiou A. 2003. Review of the Pliocene and Pleistocene Proboscidea (Mammalia) from Greece. Deinsea. 9:97–110.
   Google Scholar
• Dubrovo IA, Jakuboswski G. 1988. The carpus morphology of the forest elephant (Palaeoloxodon) and its significance for taxonomy. Prace Muz. Ziemi. 40:65–95.
   Google Scholar
• Ehrlich PR. 1986. Which animal will invade?. In: Drake JA, Mooney HA. (Eds.)., Ecology of biological invasions of North America and Hawaii Springer, New York, NY; p. 79–95.
   Google Scholar
• Fabiani R. 1932. Giacimento a resti di Elefanti scoperto presso Via Libertà a Palermo. Nat Sic Ns. 8:1–99.
   Google Scholar
• Falconer H. 1860. On the ossiferous Grotta di Maccagnone, near Palermo. Quart J Geol Soc Proc London. 1859:99–106. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1860.016.01-02.10.
   Google Scholar
• Falconer H. 1862. On Ossiferous Caves in Malta, explored by Captain Spratt, CB, RN., with an Account of Elephas melitensis, a pigmy species of Fossil Elephant, and other remains found in them. Parthenon (London). I(25):780. (Reprinted in: Falconer H. 1869. Pal. Mem. Notes, 2307-2308).
   Google Scholar
• Falconer H. 1868. On the fossil remains of Elephas melitensis, an extinct pigmy species of elephant; and of other Mammalia, from the ossiferous caves of Malta. In: Murchison C, editor. Palaeontological memoirs and notes of the late hugh falconer: mastodon, elephant, rhinoceros, ossiferous caves, primeval man and his contemporaries, 2. C. Murchison. London: Robert Hardwicke; p. 292–308.
   Google Scholar
• Ferretti MP. 2008. The dwarf elephant Palaeoloxodon mnaidriensis from Puntali Cave, Carini (Sicily; late Middle Pleistocene): anatomy, systematics and phylogenetic relationships. Quat Int. 182(1):90–108. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2007.11.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster JB. 1964. Evolution of mammals on islands. Nature 202:234– 235
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fry E, Kim SK, Chigurapti S, Mika KM, Ratan A, Dammermann A, Mitchell BJ, Miller W, Lynch VJ. 2020. Functional architecture of deleterious genetic variants in the Wrangel Island mammoth genome. Genome Biol. Evol. 12(3):48–58.
   Google Scholar
• Furlani S, Antonioli F, Biolchi S, Gambin T, Gauci R, Presti VL, Anzidei M, Devoto S, Palombo MR, Sulli A. 2013. Holocene sea level change in Malta. Quat Intern. 288:146–157. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2012.02.038.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gemmellaro GG. 1861. Sulla possibilità della esistenza di elefanti indigeni in Sicilia nel periodo quaternario. Atti AcclGioenia Sci Nat Catania s.2. 17:135–155.
   Google Scholar
• Graham RW, Belmecheri S, Choy K, Culleton BJ, Davies LJ, Froese D, Heintzman PD, Hritz C, Kapp JD, Newsom LA, et al. 2016. Timing and causes of mid-Holocene mammoth extinction on St. Paul Island, Alaska. PNAS. 113(33):9310–9314. doi:10.1073/pnas.1604903113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedges RE., Millard AR., Pike AWG. 1995. Measurements and relationships of diagenetic alteration of bone from three archaeological sites. J. Archaeol. Sc 22(2):201–209.
   Google Scholar
• Herridge VL 2010. Dwarf elephants on Mediterranean islands: a natural experiment in parallel evolution (Ph.D. thesis). University College, London. 480 p.
   Google Scholar
• Herridge VL. 2012. A taxonomic tangle: how an elephant’s name came to be forgotten. Evolve. 13:29–33.
   Google Scholar
• Herridge VL, Lister AM. 2012. Extreme insular dwarfism evolved in a mammoth. Proc Royal Soc London B Bio Sci. 279(1741):3193–3200. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.0671.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt CO, Schembri PJ. 1999. Quaternary environments and biogeography of the Maltese Islands. In: Mifsud A, Savona Ventura C, editors. Facets of Maltese prehistory. Malta: Prehistoric Society of Malta; p. 41–75.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson DL. 1980. Problems in the land vertebrate zoogeography of certain islands and the swimming powers of elephants. J. Biogeogr. 4:383–398. doi:10.2307/2844657.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larramendi A, Palombo MR. 2015. Body size, biology and encephalization quotient of palaeoloxodon ex gr. P. falconeri from Spinagallo cave (Hyblean plateau, Sicily). Hystrix. 26(2):102–109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laws RM. 1966. Age criteria for the African elephant Loxodonta africana. East African Wildlife J. 4:1–37. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1966.tb00878.x.
   Google Scholar
• Leonardi P. 1954. Les Mammifères nains du Pleistocène Méditerranéen. Annal Paléont. 40:189–201.
   Google Scholar
• Lister AM. 1996. Sexual dimorphism in the mammoth pelvis: an aid to gender determination. In: Shoshani J, Tassy P, editors. The Proboscidea. Oxford: Oxford University Press; p. 254–259.
   Google Scholar
• Lo Presti V, Antonioli F, Palombo MR, Agnesi V, Biolchi S, Calcagnile L, Di Patti C, Donati S, Furlani S, Merizzi J, et al. 2019. Palaeogeographical evolution of the Egadi Islands (western Sicily, Italy): implications for late Pleistocene and early Holocene sea crossings by humans and other mammals in Western Mediterranean. Earth-Sc Rev 194:160–181. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.04.027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lydekker R. 1886. Fossil Mammalia in the British Museum (Natural History) Part IV. London (UK): British Museum (Natural History).
   Google Scholar
• Maccagno AM. 1962. Gli elefanti fossili di Riano (Roma). Geol. Rom. 1:33–131.
   Google Scholar
• Maglio VJ. 1973. Origin and evolution of the Elephantidae. Trans Am Phil Soc. 63(3):1–149. doi:10.2307/1006229.
   Google Scholar
• Malatesta A. 1957. Terreni, faune e industrie quaternarie nell’Arcipelago delle Egadi. Quaternaria. 4:165–190.
   Google Scholar
• Mangano G, Bonfiglio L. 2012. First finding of a partially articulated elephant skeleton from a Late Pleistocene hyena den in Sicily (San Teodoro Cave, North Eastern Sicily, Italy). Quat Int. 276:53–60. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.08.034.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannino G. 2006. Favignana nella preistoria. Sicilia Archeol. 39(104):107–120.
   Google Scholar
• Martini F, Lo Vetro D, Casciarri S, Colonese AC, Di Giuseppe Z 2012. Primi risultati della campagna di scavo 2005 a Grotta della Ucceria (Favignana, Trapani). Atti XLI Riun. Sc. Ist. It. .Preist. .Protostoria, S. Cipirello, Italy, 289–302 p.
   Google Scholar
• Masini F, Petruso D, Bonfiglio L, Mangano G. 2008. Origination and extinction patterns of mammals in three central Western Mediterranean islands from the Late Miocene to Quaternary. Quat Int. 182(1):63–79. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2007.09.020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masseti M. 2006. Deer and dwarf elephants of the Dodecanese. The Holocene redefinition of the faunal ecosystems of Rhodes and other nearby islands. In: Karageorghis V., Giannikouri A. (Eds). Conservation and preservation of the cul- tural and natural heritage of the large islands of the Mediterranean. Ministry Culture, Archaeol. Inst. .Aegean Studies, F. A. G. Leventis, Athens; p. 113–122.
   Google Scholar
• Massetti M. 2011. Notes on the diffusion in Sicily of the roe deer Capreolus capreolus (L., 1758) (Mammalia, Cervidae). Biogeographia, 30:299–306
   Google Scholar
• Minà Palumbo F. 1868. Catalogo dei Mammiferi della Sicilia. Annali Di Agr Sic An. 12:1–183.
   Google Scholar
• Palombo MR. 2001. Endemic elephants of the Mediterranean Islands: knowledge, problems and perspectives. In: Cavarretta G, Gioia MM, Palombo MR, editors. The world of elephants. Rome: Proc. First Int. Cong., CNR pubb.; p. 486–491.
   Google Scholar
• Palombo MR. 2003. Elephas? Mammuthus? Loxodonta? The question of the true ancestor of the smallest dwarfed elephant of Sicily. DEINSEA. 9:273–291.
   Google Scholar
• Palombo MR. 2004. Dwarfing in insular mammals: the endemic elephants of mediterranean islands. In: Baquedano E, Rubio Jara S, editors. Miscelanea enhomenaje a Emiliano Aguirre, Zona Arq. 4 (II: paleont.). Mus. Arq. Reg., Alcala de Henares, Spain; p. 354–371.
   Google Scholar
• Palombo MR. 2007. How can endemic proboscideans help us understand the “island rule”? A case study of Mediterranean islands. Quat. Int. 169–170:105–124. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2006.11.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palombo MR. 2010. Elephants in miniature. In: Meller H, editor. ElefantenreicheEine Fossilwelt in Europa. Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und ArchäologieSachsen-Anhalt. Halle: Landesmuseum ür Vorgeschichte; p. 275–292.
   Google Scholar
• Palombo MR 2016. Lights and shadows in the evolutionary patterns of insular Elephantini. In: holwerda F, Madern A, Voeten D et al. editors. Programme Abstract book. XIV Ann. Meet. EAVP, 2016 Jul 6-10, Haarlem, The Netherlands, p. 106
   Google Scholar
• Palombo MR. 2018. Insular mammalian fauna dynamics and paleogeography: A lesson from the Western Mediterranean islands. Integr. zoology13 (1):2–20.
   Google Scholar
• Palombo MR, Ferretti MP, Pillola GL, Chiappini L. 2012. A reappraisal of the dwarfed mammoth Mammuthus lamarmorai (Major 1883) from Gonnesa (south-western Sardinia, Italy). Quat. Int. 255:158–170. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.05.037.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palombo MR, Villa P. 2003. Sexually dimorphic characters of Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) antiquus from Grotte Santo Stefano (Viterbo, Central Italy). DEINSEA, 9:293–315
   Google Scholar
• Palombo MR, Zedda M, Melis RT. 2017. A new elephant fossil from the Late Pleistocene of Alghero: the puzzling question of Sardinian dwarf elephants. Compt. Rend. Palevol. 16(8):841–849. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2017.05.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pander CH. 1826 Histoire naturelle de la Boukharie. Geologie 3:349–371
   Google Scholar
• Pettitt PB, Davies W, Gamble CS, Richards MB. 2003. Palaeolithic radiocarbon chronology: quantifying our confidence beyond two half-lives. J Arch Sc. 30:1685–1693. doi:10.1016/S0305-4403(03)00070-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pohlig H. 1893. Eine Elephantenhöhle Siciliens und der erste Nachweis des Cranialdomes von Elephas antiquus. Ab.Kön. Baier. Ak. Wissenschaften. 18:73–100.
   Google Scholar
• Poulakakis N, Theodorou GE, Zouros E, Mylonas M. 2002. Molecular Phylogeny of the Extinct Pleistocene Dwarf Elephant Palaeoloxodon antiquus falconeri from Tilos Island, Dodekanisa, Greece. Molec. Evol. 55(3):364–374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes EJ. 1996. ESR dating of tooth enamel. In: Basile B, Chilardi S, editors. Siracusa: le ossa dei giganti: lo scavo paleontologico di Contrada Fusco. Siracusa: Lombardi Pubbl; p. 39–44.
   Google Scholar
• Romano M, Manucci F, Palombo MR. 2019. The smallest of the largest: new volumetric body mass estimate and in-vivo restoration of the dwarf elephant Palaeoloxodon ex gr. P. falconeri from Spinagallo Cave (Sicily). Hist Biol. 1–14. doi:10.1080/08912963.2019.1617289
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders WJ. 2018. Horizontal tooth displacement and premolar occurrence in elephants and other elephantiform proboscideans. Hist Biol. 30(1–2):137–156. doi:10.1080/08912963.2017.1297436.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarborough ME, Palombo MR, Chinsamy A. 2016. Insular adaptations in the astragalus-calcaneus of Sicilian and Maltese dwarf elephants. Quat Int. 406:111–122. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.09.022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlosser M. 1890. Über die Modifikationen des Extremitätenskelets bei den einzelnen Säugetierstammen. Biol Zentr. 9:684–689,716-729.
   Google Scholar
• Scinà D. 1830. Rapporto sulle ossa fossili di Mardolce e degli altri contorni di Palermo. R Tip Guerra, Palermo. p. 1–64.
   Google Scholar
• Sen S. 2017. A review of the Pleistocene dwarfed elephants from the Aegean islands and their paleogeographic context. Fossil Imprint. 73(1–2):76–92. doi:10.2478/if-2017-0004.
   Google Scholar
• Sen S, Barrier E, Crété X. 2014. Late Pleistocene Dwarf Elephants from the Aegean Islands of Kassos and Dilos. Greece Ann Zool Fenn. 51(1–2):27–42. doi:10.5735/086.051.0204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smuts MMS, Bezuidenhout AJ. 1993. Osteology of the thoracic limb of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana). Onderstepoort J. .Veterinary Res. 60(1):1–14
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sondaar PY. 1977. Insularity and its effect on mammal evolution. In: Hecht MK, Goody PC, Hecht BM (eds) Major patterns in vertebrate evolution. Plenum Press, New York, p. 671–707
   Google Scholar
• Stöhr E. 1876. Il terreno pliocenico dei dintorni di Girgenti. Boll R Com Geol. 7:11–12.
   Google Scholar
• Theodorou G 1983. The fossil dwarf elephants of Charkadio cave of Tilos Island, Dodecanese, Greece (PhD thesis in Greek). University of Athens, Athens, 240 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Theodorou G, Bassiakos Y, Tsakalos E, Yiannouli E, Maniatis P 2018. The use of CT scans and 3d modeling as a powerful tool to assist fossil vertebrate taxonomy. 7th Int. Euro-Med. Conf. Nicosia, Cyprus 29 Oct.- 3 Nov., Springer, Cham, pp. 79–89.
   Google Scholar
• Theodorou G, Symeonidis N, Stathopoulou E. 2007. Elephas tiliensis n. sp. from Tilos island (Dodecanese, Greece). Hell J Geosc. 42:19–32.
   Google Scholar
• Torelli L, Grasso M, Mazzoldi G, Peis D. 1998. Plio–Quaternary tectonic evolution and structure of the Catania foredeep, the northern Hyblean Plateau and the Ionian shelf (SE Sicily). Tectonophysics. 298(1–3):209–221. doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00185-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trevisan L. 1949. Lo scheletro di Elephas antiquus italicus di Fonte Campanile (Viterbo). Palaeont It. 44(1948–49):1–78.
   Google Scholar
• van der Geer A, Lyras G, de Vos J, Dermitzakis M. 2010. Evolution of island mammals: adaptation and extinction of placental mammals on islands. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell; p. 496.
   Google Scholar
• van der Geer AAE, van den Bergh GD, Lyras GA, Prasetyo UW, Due RA, Setiyabudi E, Drinia H. 2016. The effect of area and isolation on insular dwarf proboscideans. J Biogeogr. 43:1656–1666. doi:10.1111/jbi.12743.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Valen LM. 1973. Pattern and the balance of nature. Evol. Theory. 1:31–49.
   Google Scholar
• Vartanyan SL, Arslanov KA, Karhu JA, Possnert G, Sulerzhitsky LD. 2008. Collection of radiocarbon dates on the mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius) and other genera of Wrangel Island, northeast Siberia, Russia. Quat Res. 70:51–59. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2008.03.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vartanyan SL, Garutt VE, Sher AV. 1993. Holocene dwarf mammoths from Wrangel island in the Siberian arctic. Nature. 362:337–340. doi:10.1038/362337a0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaufrey R. 1929. Les éléphants nains des îles méditerranéennes et la question des isthmes pléistocènes. Arch. Inst. Pal. Hum. 6:1–220.
   Google Scholar
• Waelbroeck C, Labeyrie L, Michel E, Duplessy JC, Lambeck K, McManus JF, Balbon E, Labracherie M. 2002. Sea-level and deep water temperature changes derived from benthic foraminifera isotopic records. Quat. Sc. Rev. 21:295–305. doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00101-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West JB. 2001. Snorkel breathing in the elephant explains the unique anatomy of its pleura. Resp Phys. 126(1):1–8. doi:10.1016/S0034-5687(01)00203-1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• West JB, Fu Z, Gaeth AP, Short RV. 2003. Fetal lung development in the elephant reflects the adaptations required for snorkeling in adult life. Resp Phys Neurobiol. 138:325–333. doi:10.1016/S1569-9048(03)00199-X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zazzo, A. (2014). Bone and enamel carbonate diagenesis: A radiocarbon prospective. Pal3 416:168–178
   Google Scholar
• Zoboli D, Pillola G, Palombo MR. 2018. The remains of Mammuthus lamarmorai (Major, 1883) housed in the Naturhistorisches Museum of Basel (Switzerland) and the complete “Skeleton-Puzzle. Boll Soc Pal It. 57(1):45–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar