Cervid fossils from Bailong Cave (Yunxi, Hubei) indicating a turnover on deer fauna around Mid-Pleistocene Transition in southern China

References

• Bacon AM, Bourgon N, Dufour E, Zanolli C, Duringer P, Ponche JL, Antoine PO, Shackelford L, Huong NTM, Sayavonkhamdy T, et al. 2018. Nam Lot (MIS 5) and Duoi U’Oi (MIS 4) Southeast Asian sites revisited: zooarchaeological and isotopic evidences. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol. 512:132–144. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.03.034.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bärmann EV, Rössner GE. 2011. Dental nomenclature in Ruminantia: towards a standard terminological framework. Mamm Biol. 76:762–768. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2011.07.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bubenik GA, Bubenik AB. 1990. Horns, pronghorns, and antlers: evolution, morphology, physiology, and social significance. New York: Springer-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Chen SK, Pang LB, He CD, Wei GB, Huang WB, Yue ZY, Zhang XH, Zhang H, Qin L. 2013. New discoveries from the classic Quaternary mammalian fossil area of Yanjinggou, Chongqing, and their chronological explanations. Chin Sci Bull. 58(31):3780–3787. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-013-5839-6.
   Google Scholar
• Chow MC. 1956. A new fossil muntjac from central Shansi. Acta Palaeontologica Sin. 4(2):229–232.
   Google Scholar
• Ciochon R. 2009. The mystery ape of Pleistocene Asia. Nature. 459:910–911. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/459910a.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark PU, Archer D, Pollard D, Blum JD, Rial JA, Brovkin V, Mix AC, Pisias NG, Roy M. 2006. The middle Pleistocene transition: characteristics, mechanisms, and implications for long-term changes in atmospheric pCO2. Quat Sci Rev. 25:3150–3184. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.07.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colbert EH, Hooijer DA. 1953. Pleistocene mammals from the limestone fissures of Szechwan, China. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 102:1–134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croitor R. 2018. Plio-Pleistocene deer of western Palearctic: taxonomy, systematics, phylogeny. Chisinau: Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova.
   Google Scholar
• Croitor R. 2021. Early evolutionary radiation and diversity of the Old World telemetacarpal deer (Capreolinae, Cervidae, Mammalia). Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie-Abhandlungen. 300(1):33–67. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/2021/0978.
   Google Scholar
• Deng CL, Hao QZ, Guo ZT, Zhu RX. 2019. Quaternary integrative stratigraphy and timescale of China. Sci China Earth Sci. 62:324–348. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-017-9195-4.
   Google Scholar
• Di Stefano G, Petronio C. 2002. Systematics and evolution of the Eurasian Plio-Pleistocene tribe Cervini (Artiodactyla, Mammalia). Geol Romana. 36:311–334.
   Google Scholar
• Dong W. 1993. The fossil records of deer in China. In: Ohtaishi N, Sheng HL, editors. Deer of China. Amsterdam: Elsevier; p. 95–102.
   Google Scholar
• Dong W, Jiang P. 1993. The Late Pleistocene Cervoidea (Artiodactyla) from Xianren Cave, Ji’an, Jilin. Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 31(2):117–131.
   Google Scholar
• Dong W, Hu CK. 1994. The Late Miocene Cervidae from Hounao, Yushe Basin, Shanxi. Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 32(3):209–227.
   Google Scholar
• Dong W. 1999. The Artiodactyla from Hulu Cave, Tangshan, Nanjing and the environment of Nanjing Man. Acta Anthropologica Sin. 18(4):270–281.
   Google Scholar
• Dong W. 2004. The dental morphological characters and evolution of Cervidae. Acta Anthropologica Sin. 23(suppl):286–295.
   Google Scholar
• Dong W, Fang YS. 2004. The Cervidae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from Tuozidong at Tangshan, Jiangsu Province, China. Acta Anthropologica Sin. 23(suppl):296–305.
   Google Scholar
• Dong W, Pan YR, Liu JH. 2004. The earliest Muntiacus (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from the Late Miocene of Yuanmou, southwestern China. Comptes Rendus Palevol. 3:379–386. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2004.06.002.
   Google Scholar
• Dong W. 2007. New material of Muntiacinae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from the Late Miocene of the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. Comptes Rendus Palevol. 6:335–343. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2007.05.002.
   Google Scholar
• Dong W 2008. A review on morphology and evolution of antler. In: Dong W, (editor). Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. Beijing: China Ocean Press. p. 127–144.
   Google Scholar
• Dong W. 2011. Reconsideration of the systematics of the Early Pleistocene Cervavitus (Cervidae, Artiodactyla, Mammalia). Estudios Geologicos. 67(2):603–611. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3989/egeol.40534.208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong W, Ji XP, Jablonski NG, Su DF, Li WQ. 2014. New materials of the Late Miocene Muntiacus from Zhaotong hominoid site in southern China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 52(3):316–327.
   Google Scholar
• Dong W. 2016. Biochronological framework of Homo erectus horizons in China. Quat Int. 400:47–57. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.09.019.
   Google Scholar
• Dong W, Liu WH, Bai WP. 2020. Cladistic approach on chronological relationship of the Pleistocene mammalian faunas from China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 58(1):67–81.
   Google Scholar
• Groves C, Grubb P. 1990. Muntiacidae. In: Bubenik GA, Bubenik AB, editors. Horns, pronghorns, and antler. New York: Springer-Verlag; p. 134–168.
   Google Scholar
• Groves C, Grubb P. 2011. Ungulate taxonomy. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Guo YS, Zheng HZ. 2000. On the geological distribution, taxonomic status of species and evolutionary history of sika deer in China. Acta Theriologica Sin. 20(3):168–179.
   Google Scholar
• Han DF. 1987. Artiodactyla fossils from Liucheng Gigantopithecus Cave in Guangxi. Memoirs of Institute of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Palaeoanthropology. Academia Sin. 18:135–208.
   Google Scholar
• Han F, Shao QF, Bahain JJ, Sun XF, Yin GM. 2019. Coupled ESR and U-series dating of Middle Pleistocene hominin site Bailongdong Cave, China. Quat Geochronol. 49:291–296. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2018.02.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hao SD, Huang WB. 1998. Luobidong Cave Site. Haikou: Southern Press.
   Google Scholar
• Head MJ, and Gibbard PL. 2005. Early-Middle Pleistocene transitions: an overview and recommendation for the defining boundary. In: Head, Gibbard, editors. Early-Middle Pleistocene Transitions: the Land-Ocean Evidence. Vol. 247. London: Geological Society, London, Special Publications; p. 1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Heintz E. 1970. Les Cervidés Villafranchiens de France et d’Espagne. Mémoires du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Nouvelle Série C. Sci de la Terre. 22(1):1–303.
   Google Scholar
• Hu CK, Qi T. 1978. Gongwangling Pleistocene mammalian fauna of Lantian, Shaanxi. Palaeontologia Sin, New Ser C. 21:1–64.
   Google Scholar
• Ji HX, Li YX. 1979. Note on the living environment of Yuanmou Man. Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 17(4):318–326.
   Google Scholar
• Jin CZ, Ciochon RL, Dong W, Hunt RM, Liu JY, Jaeger M, Zhu QZ. 2007. The first skull of the earliest giant panda. PNAS. 104(26):10932–10937. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0704198104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahlke HD. 1961. On the complex of the Stegodon-Ailuropoda fauna of southern China and the chronological position of Gigantopithecus blacki V. Koenigswald Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 2:83–108.
   Google Scholar
• Khomenko J. 1913. La faune méotique du Village Taraklia du district de Bendery. Annuaire Géologique et Minéralogique de la Russie. 15:107–143.
   Google Scholar
• Kong YF, Deng CL, Liu W, Wu XJ, Pei SW, Sun L, Ge JY, Yi L, Zhu RX. 2018. Magnetostratigraphic dating of the hominin occupation of Bailong Cave, central China. Sci Rep. 8:9699. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-28065-x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leslie DM, Lee DN, Dolman RW. 2013. Elaphodus cephalophus. Mamm Species. 45(904):80–91. Artiodactyla: Cervidae. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1644/904.1.
   Google Scholar
• Li XL, Wu XZ, Pei SW. 2012. Preliminary study on the cave development and environment background of hominin occupation at Bailong Cave, Yunxi County, Hubei Province. Quat Sci. 32(2):199–208.
   Google Scholar
• Lisiecki LE, Raymo ME. 2005. A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ18O records. Paleoceanography. 20:A1003.
   Google Scholar
• Lister AM, Willis KJ, Bennett KD, Walker D. 2004. The impact of Quaternary Ice Ages on mammalian evolution. Philos Trans Royal Soc B:Biol Sci. 359(1442):221–241. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu W, Wu XZ, Pei SW, Wu XJ, Norton CJ. 2010. Huanglong Cave: a Late Pleistocene human fossil site in Hubei Province, China. Quat Int. 211:29–41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2009.06.017.
   Google Scholar
• Liu XB, Shen GJ, Tu H, Lu CQ, Granger DE. 2015. Initial 26Al/10Be burial dating of the hominin site Bailong Cave in Hubei Province, central China. Quat Int. 389:235–240. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.10.028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu SZ, Dong W, Wang Y, Li HL, Liu L, Liu JY, Jin CZ. 2017. New materials of Cervus (Sika) magnus from Luotuoshan locality of Dalian, Liaoning Province. Quat Sci. 37(4):838–844.
   Google Scholar
• Ma J, Wang Y, Jin CZ, Yan YL, Qu YT, Hu YW. 2017. Isotopic evidence of foraging ecology of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) in South China during the Late Pleistocene. Quat Int. 443(Part A):160–167. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.09.043.
   Google Scholar
• McCullough R, Takatsuki S, Kaji K. 2009. Sika Deer: biology and management of native and introduced populations. Berlin: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Mussi M, Altamura F, Bonnefille R, De Rita D, Melis RT. 2016. The environment of the Ethiopian highlands at the Mid Pleistocene Transition: fauna, flora and hominins in the 850-700 ka sequence of Gombore II (Melka Kunture). Quat Sci Rev. 149:259–268. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.07.033.
   Google Scholar
• Ohtaishi N, Gao YT. 1990. A review of the distribution of all species of deer (Tragulidae, Moschidae and Cervidae) in China. Mammal Rev. 20:125–144. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2907.1990.tb00108.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pei WC. 1940. The Upper Cave fauna of Choukoutien. Palaeontologia Sin, New Ser C. 10:1–100.
   Google Scholar
• Prothero DR, Foss SE. 2007. The evolution of artiodactyls. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Qiu ZD. 1979. Some mammalian fossils from the Pliocene of Inner Mongolia and Gansu (Kansu). Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 17(3):222–235.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regan HJ O, Bishop LC, Lamb A, Elton S, and Turner A. 2005. Large mammal turnover in Africa and the Levant between 1.0 and 0.5 Ma. In: Head, Gibbard, editors. Early-Middle Pleistocene Transitions: the Land-Ocean Evidence. Vol. 247. London: Geological Society, London, Special Publications; p. 231–249.
   Google Scholar
• Rink WJ, Wei W, Bekken D, Jones HL. 2008. Geochronology of Ailuropoda-Stegodon fauna and Gigantopithecus in Guangxi Province, southern China. Quat Res. 69:377–387. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2008.02.008.
   Google Scholar
• Schaller GB, Vrba ES. 1996. Description of the giant muntjac (Megamuntiacus vuquangensis) in Laos. J Mammal. 77(3):675–683. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2307/1382672.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson GG. 1945. The principles of classification and a classification of mammals. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 85:1–350.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stimpson CM, Utting B, O’Donnell S, Huong NTM, Kahlert T, Manh BV, Khanh PS, Rabett RJ. 2019. An 11 000-year-old giant muntjac subfossil from Northern Vietnam: implications for past and present populations. Royal Soc Open Sci. 6:181461. doi:https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181461.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suraprasit K, Jaeger JJ, Chaimanee Y, Chavasseau O, Yamee C, Tian P, Panha S. 2016. The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications. ZooKeys. 613:1–157. doi:https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309.
   Google Scholar
• Suraprasit K, Jongautchariyakul S, Yamee C, Pothichaiya C, Bocherens H. 2019. New fossil and isotope evidence for the Pleistocene zoogeographic transition and hypothesized savanna corridor in peninsular Thailand. Quat Sci Rev. 221:105861. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.105861.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suraprasit K, Shoocongdej R, Chintakanon K, Bocherens H. 2021. Late Pleistocene human paleoecology in the highland savanna ecosystem of mainland Southeast Asia. Sci Rep. 11:16756. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-96260-4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suraprasita K, Bocherens H, Chaimanee Y, Panha S, Jaeger JJ. 2018. Late Middle Pleistocene ecology and climate in Northeastern Thailand inferred from the stable isotope analysis of Khok Sung herbivore tooth enamel and the land mammal cenogram. Quat Sci Rev. 193:24–42. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.06.004.
   Google Scholar
• Teilhard de Chardin P, Piveteau J. 1930. Les mammiféres de Nihowan (Chine). Annales de Paléontologie. 19:1–134.
   Google Scholar
• Teilhard de Chardin P. 1936. Fossil mammals from Locality 9 of Choukoutien. Palaeontologia Sinica, Ser C. 7:1–70.
   Google Scholar
• Teilhard de Chardin P, Trassaert M. 1937. The Pliocene Camelidae, Giraffidae, and Cervidae of south eastern Shansi. Palaeontologia Sin, New Ser C. 1:1–68.
   Google Scholar
• Teilhard de Chardin P. 1940. The fossils from Locality 18 near Peking. Palaeontologia Sin, New Ser C. 9:1–100.
   Google Scholar
• Teilhard de Chardin P, Pei WC. 1941. The fossil mammals from Locality 13 of Choukoutien. Palaeontologia Sin, New Ser C. 11:1–118.
   Google Scholar
• Tong HW, Shang H, Zhang SQ, Chen FY. 2004. A preliminary report on the newly found Tianyuan Cave, a Late Pleistocene human fossil site near Zhoukoudian. Chin Sci Bull. 49(8):853–857. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02889760.
   Google Scholar
• Tong HW. 2005. Dental characters of the Quaternary tapirs in China, their significance in classification and phylogenetic assessment. Geobios. 38:139–150. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2003.07.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong HW, Wu XJ, Dong Z, Sheng JC, Jin ZT, Pei SW, Liu W. 2018. Preliminary report on the mammalian fossils from the ancient human site of Hualong Cave in Dongzhi, Anhui. Acta Anthropologica Sin. 37(2):284–305.
   Google Scholar
• Tong HW, Zhang B, Wu XZ, Qu SM. 2019. Mammalian fossils from the Middle Pleistocene human site of Bailongdong in Yunxi, Hubei. Acta Anthropologica Sin. 38(4):613–640.
   Google Scholar
• Tong HW, Zhang B. 2019. New fossils of Eucladoceros boulei (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from EarlyPleistocene Nihewan Beds, China. Palaeoworld. 28:403–424. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palwor.2019.05.003.
   Google Scholar
• Turvey ST, Hansford J, Brace S, Mullin V, Gu SX, Sun GP. 2016. Holocene range collapse of giant muntjacs and pseudo-endemism in the Annamite large mammal fauna. J Biogeogr. 43:2250–2260. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12763.
   Google Scholar
• van Kolfschoten T, and Markova AK. 2005. Response of the European mammalian fauna to the mid-Pleistocene transition. In: Head, Gibbard, editors. Early-Middle Pleistocene Transitions: the Land-Ocean Evidence. Vol. 247. London: Geological Society, London, Special Publications; p. 221–289.
   Google Scholar
• Vislobokova IA. 1990. The basic features of historical development and classification of the Ruminantia. Paleontolog J. 24:1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Wang W, Xia L, Hu JC. 2007. Differentiation of cranial characteristics of three subspecies of tufted deer in China. Sichuan J Zool. 26(4):777–781.
   Google Scholar
• Wang LH, Zhang ZQ. 2014. Late Miocene Cervavitus novorossiae (Cervidae, Artiodactyla) from Lantian, Shaanxi. Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 52(3):303–315.
   Google Scholar
• Wei F, Wu WT, Zhang MH, Han DF. 1990. The fauna from the Neolithic site at Hemudu, Zhejiang. Beijing: China Ocean Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson DE, Mittermeier RA. 2011. Handbook of the mammals of the world, volume 2: hoofed mammals. Barcelona: Lynx Ediciones.
   Google Scholar
• Wirkner M, Hertler C. 2019. Feeding ecology of Late Pleistocene Muntiacus muntjak in the Padang Highlands (Sumatra). Comptes Rendus Palevol. 18(5):541–554. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2019.03.004.
   Google Scholar
• Wu RK, Li XX, Wu XZ, Mu XN. 2002. Homo erectus from Nanjing. Nanjing: Jiangsu Science and Technology Publishing House.
   Google Scholar
• Wu XZ, Pei SW, Wu XJ, Qu SM, Chen MH, Hu Q, Liu W. 2009. A preliminary study of the Bailong Cave paleoanthropological site in Yunxi County, Hubei Province. Acta Anthropologica Sin. 28(1):1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Xiao XY, Shen J, Wang SM, Xiao HF, Tong GB. 2008. The plant diversity and its relationship with paleoenvironment since 2.78 Ma revealed by pollen records in the Heqing deep drilling core. Chin Sci Bull. 53(23):3686–3698. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-008-0439-6.
   Google Scholar
• Xiao XY, Shen J, Wang SM, Xiao HF, Tong GB. 2010. The variation of the southwest monsoon from the high resolution pollen record in Heqing Basin, Yunnan Province, China for the last 2.78 Ma. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol. 287:45–57. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.01.013.
   Google Scholar
• Yang SY, Yue JP, Zhou XY, Storozum M, Huan FX, Deng CL, Petraglia MD. 2020. Hominin site distributions and behaviours across the Mid-Pleistocene climate transition in China. Quat Sci Rev. 248:106614. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106614.
   Google Scholar
• Yang SX, Wang FG, Xie F, Yue JP, Deng CL, Zhu RX, Petraglia MD. 2021. Technological innovations at the onset of the Mid-Pleistocene Climate Transition in high-latitude East Asia. Natl Sci Rev. 8(53). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa053.
   Google Scholar
• Young CC. 1932. On the Artiodactyla from the Sinanthropus site at Choukoutien. Paleontologia Sinica, Ser C. 8(2):1–158.
   Google Scholar
• Zdansky O. 1925. Fossile Hirsche Chinas. Palaeontologia Sinica, Ser C. 2(3):1–90.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang YQ, Harrison T. 2017. Gigantopithecus blacki: a giant ape from the Pleistocene of Asia revisited. Am J Phys Anthropol. 162:153–177. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang B, Chen X, Tong HW. 2018. Tooth remains of Late Pleistocene moschid and cervid (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from Yangjiawan and Fuyan Caves of southern China. Quat Int. 490:21–32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2018.05.036.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang B, Tong HW. 2020. New fossils of sambar (Rusa unicolor) from Bailong Cave, a Middle Pleistocene human site in Hubei, China. Quat Int. 550:120–129. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2020.03.048.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng LT, Huang WB. 2001. Hexian Hominid Site. Shanghai: Zhonghua Book Company.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou XY, Yang JL, Wang SQ, Xiao GQ, Zhao KL, Zheng Y, Shen H, Li X. 2018. Vegetation change and evolutionary response of large mammal fauna during the Mid-Pleistocene Transition in temperate northern East Asia. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol. 505:287–294. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.06.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar