Publication Cover
Historical Biology
An International Journal of Paleobiology
Volume 35, 2023 - Issue 12
319
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Early and Middle Miocene Tragulidae of the Napak Region (Uganda) including the Oldest African tragulids: Taxonomic revision, stratigraphical background, and biochronological framework

, , &
Pages 2456-2503 | Received 17 Mar 2022, Accepted 31 Oct 2022, Published online: 11 Dec 2022

References

  • Aiglstorfer M, Rössner GE, Böhme M. 2014. Dorcatherium naui and pecoran ruminants from the late Middle Miocene Gratkorn locality (Austria). Palaeobio Palaeoenv. 94(1):83–123. doi:10.1007/s12549-013-0141-9.
  • Alba DM, DeMiguel D, Morales J, Sánchez IM, Moyà-Solà S. 2013. New remains of Dorcatherium crassum (Artiodactyla: Tragulidae) from the Early Miocene (MN4) of Els Casots (Subirats, Vallès-Penedès Basin). C R Palevol. 13(2):73–86. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2013.09.003.
  • Alba DM, Moyà-Solà S, Robles JM, Casanovas-Vilar I, Rotgers C, Carmona R, Galindo J. 2011. Middle Miocene tragulid remains from Abocador de Can Mata: the earliest record of Dorcatherium naui from Western Europe. Geobios. 44(2–3):135–150. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2010.10.003.
  • Antoine PO, Metais G, Orliac MJ, Crochet JY, Flynn LJ, Marivaux R, Roohi, G AR, Welcomme JL. 2013. Mammalian Neogene biostratigraphy of the Sulaiman Province, Pakistan. In: Wang X, Flynn LJ, Fortelius M, editors. Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. New York: Columbia University Press; p. 400–422.
  • Antoine PO, Welcomme JL, Marivaux L, Baloch I, Benammi M, Tassy P. 2003. First record of Paleogene Elephantoidea (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from the Bughti Hills of Pakistan. J Vertebr Palaeontol. 23(4):977–980. doi:10.1671/2453-25.
  • Arambourg C. 1933. Mammifères miocènes du Turkana, Afrique orientale. [Miocene mammals from Turkana, East Africa]. Ann Palaeontol. 22: 121–148. French.
  • Bärmann EV, Rössner GE. 2011. Dental nomenclature in Ruminantia: towards a standard terminological framework. Mamm Biol. 76(6):762–768. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2011.07.002.
  • Barry JC. 2014. The fossil tragulids of the Siwalik Formations of Southern Asia. Zitteliana. 32:52–61.
  • Bishop WW. 1958. Miocene Mammalia from the Napak volcanics, Karamoja, Uganda. Nature. 182(4648):1480–1482. doi:10.1038/1821480a0.
  • Bishop WW. 1962. The mammalian Fauna and Geomorphological relations of the Napak Volcanics, Karamoja. Rec Geol Surv Uganda. 58:1–18.
  • Bishop WW. 1968. The evolution of fossil environments in East Africa. Trans Leicester Literary Philos Soc. 62:22–44.
  • Bishop WW, Miller JA, Fitch FJ. 1969. New potassium-argon age determinations relevant to the Miocene fossil mammal sequence in East Africa. Am J Sci. 267(6):669–699. doi:10.2475/ajs.267.6.669.
  • Bishop WW, Whyte F. 1962. Tertiary mammalian faunas and sediments in Karamoja and Kavirondo, East Africa. Nature. 196(4861):1283–1287. doi:10.1038/1961283a0.
  • Chen L, Qiu Q, Jiang Y, Wang K, Zeshan L, Li Z, Bibi F, Yang Y, Wang J, Nie W, et al. 2019. Large-scale ruminant genome sequencing provides insights into their evolution and distinct traits. Science. 364(6446):6446. doi:10.1126/science.aav6202.
  • Clauss M, Rössner GE. 2014. Old world ruminant morphophysiology, life history, and fossil record: exploring key innovations of a diversification sequence. Ann Zool Fennici. 51(1–2):80–94. doi:10.5735/086.051.0210.
  • Cote S, Kingston J, Deino A, Winkler A, Kityo R, MacLatchy L. 2018. Evidence for rapid faunal change in the Early Miocene of East Africa based on revised biostratigraphic and radiometric dating of Bukwa, Uganda. J Hum Evol. 116:95–107. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.12.001.
  • Dubost G. 1978. Un aperçu sur l’écologie du chevrotain africain Hyemoschus aquaticus Ogilby, Artiodactyle Tragulidé. [An overview of the ecology of the African chevrotain Hyemoschus aquaticus Ogilby, Artiodactyla Tragulidae]. Mammalia. 42(1):1–61. French. doi:10.1515/mamm.1978.42.1.1.
  • Fahlbusch V. 1985. Säugetierreste (Dorcatherium, Steneofiber) aus der miozänen Braunkohle von Wackersdorf/Oberpfalz. [Mammal remains (Dorcatherium, Steneofiber) from the Miocene brown coal from Wackersdorf/Upper Palatinate]. Mitt Bayer Staatssamml Paläontol Hist Geol. 25: 81. German.
  • Fortelius M, Eronen J, Jernvall J, Liu L, Pushkina D, Rinne J, Tesakov A, Vislobokova I, Zhang Z, Zhou L. 2002. Fossil mammals resolve regional pattern of Eurasian climate change over 20 million years. Evol Ecol Res. 4:1005–1016.
  • Gentry AW. 1978. Tragulidae and Camelidae. In: Maglio VM, HBS Cooke, editors. Evolution of African Mammals. Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press; p. 536–538.
  • Gentry AW, Rössner GE, Heizmann EPJ. 1999. Suborder ruminantia. In: Rössner GE, Heissig K, editors. The Miocene land mammals of Europe. München (Germany): Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil; p. 225–258.
  • Geraads D. 2010. Tragulidae. In: Werdelin L, Sanders WJ, editors. Cenozoic Mammals of Africa. Los Angeles: University of California Press; p. 723–729.
  • Ginsburg L, Morales J, Soria D D. 2001. Les Ruminantia (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) du Miocène des Bugti (Balouchistan, Pakistan). Estudios Geol. 57(3–4):155–170. doi:10.3989/egeol.01573-4133.
  • Goldsmith NF, Tchernov E, Ginsburg L, Tassy P, Van Couvering VA. 1982. Ctenodactylid rodents in the Miocene Negev fauna of Israel. Nature. 296(5858):645–647. doi:10.1038/296645a0.
  • Grossman A, Calvo R, López-Antonanzas R, Knoll F, Hartman G, Rabinovich R. 2019. First record of Sivameryx (Cetartiodactyla, Anthracotheriidae) from the lower Miocene of Israel highlights the importance of the Levantine Corridor as a dispersal route between Eurasia and Africa. J Vertebr Palaeontol. 39(2):e1599901. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1599901.
  • Groves C, Grubb P. 2011. Ungulate Taxonomy. Baltimore (Maryland): Johns Hopkins University Press; p. 317 13 978-1-4214-0093-8 and 10 1–4214-0093-6, 245–246.
  • Guzmán-Sandoval J. 2018. Palaeobiology of Tragulids. Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Dissertation, pp. 236.
  • Guzmán-Sandoval JA, Rössner GE. 2021. Miocene chevrotains (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Tragulidae) from Pakistan. Hist Biol. 33(6):743–776. doi:10.1080/08912963.2019.1661405.
  • Hall AS, Cote S. 2021. Ruminant mesowear reveals consistently browse-dominated diets throughout the early and middle Miocene of Eastern Africa. Palaeogeogr, Palaeoclimatol, Palaeoecol. 567:1–13. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110253.
  • Hamilton WR. 1973. The Lower Miocene ruminants of Gebel Zelten, Libya. Bull Brit Mus (Nat Hist), Geol. 21:75–150.
  • Han D. 1974. First discovery of Dorcabune in China. Vert PalAs. 12(3):217–221.
  • Han D. 1986. Fossils of Tragulidae from Lufeng, Yunnan. Acta Anthropol Sinica. 5:68–78.
  • Hartung J, Böhme M. 2022. Unexpected cranial sexual dimorphism in the tragulid Dorcatherium naui based on material from the middle to late Miocene localities of Eppelsheim and Hammerschmiede (Germany). PLoS ONE. 17(5):e0267951. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0267951.
  • Harzhauser M, Kroh A, Mandic O, Piller WE, Göhlich U, Reuter M, Berning B. 2007. Biogeographic responses to geodynamics: a key study all around the Oligo–Miocene Tethyan Seaway. Zool Anz. 246(4):241–256. doi:10.1016/j.jcz.2007.05.001.
  • Hassanin A, Delsuc F, Ropiquet A, Hammer C, Jansen van Vuuren B, Matthee C, Ruiz- Garcia M, Catzeflis F, Areskoug V, Nguyen TT, et al. 2012. Pattern and timing of diversification of Cetartiodactyla (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria), as revealed by a comprehensive analysis of mitochondrial genomes. C R Biol. 335(1):32–50. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2011.11.002.
  • Hernández Fernández M, Vrba ES. 2005. A complete estimate of the phylogenetic relationships in Ruminantia: a dated species level supertree of the extant ruminants. Biol Rev. 80(2):269–302. doi:10.1017/S1464793104006670.
  • Hillenbrand V, Göhlich UB, Rössner GE. 2009. The early Vallesian vertebrates of Atzelsdorf (Late Miocene, Austria) 7. Ruminantia. Ann Naturhistorischen Mus Wien. 111:519–556.
  • Hünermann KA. 1983. Dorcatherium (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Tragulidae), das fossile Hirschferkel von Feuerthalen/Flurlingen (Kt. Zürich) bei Schaffhausen und seine Lagerstätte. [Dorcatherium (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Tragulidae), the fossil mouse-deer from Feuerthalen/Flurlingen (Kt. Zürich) near Schaffhausen and its deposit]. 1981/84, 32:1–17. 1981/84 Mitt Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Schaffhausen, Jr.:.
  • Iqbal M, Akbar Khan M, Atiq M, Ikram M, Akhtar M. 2011. Dorcatherium minus (Tragulidae-Artiodactyla-Mammalia) From the Nagri Type Area of the Nagri Formation, Middle Siwaliks, Northern Pakistan: new collection. Yerbilimleri. 32:59–68.
  • Janis CM. 1984. Tragulids as living fossils. In: Eldrige N, Stanley SM, editors. Living Fossils. Casebooks in Earth Sciences. new York (Berlin, Heidelberg, Tokyo): Springer; p. 87–94.
  • Janis CM, Scott KM. 1987. The interrelationships of higher ruminant families with special emphasis on the members of the Cervoidea. Am Mus Novit. 2893:1–85.
  • Kaup J-J. 1832–1839. Description d’ossements fossiles de mammifères inconnus jusqu’à present, qui se trouvent au Muséum grand-ducal du Darmstadt.[Description of Bone Fossils of hitherto unknown Mammals, which are in the Grand-Ducal Museum in Darmstadt]. Darmstadt: Heyer. 119. [Part V and plates 21–25 with descriptions and figures of D. naui were published in 1839]
  • Kaup JJ, Scholl JB. 1834. Verzeichniss der Gypsabgüsse von den ausgezeichnetsten urweltlichen Thierresten des Grossherzoglichen Museums zu Darmstadt (2. Ausgabe), [Index of the plaster casts of the most excellent primeval animal remains in the Grand Ducal Museum in Darmstadt], German, 2nd, Darmstadt: Diehl, 1–28.
  • King BC. 1949. Napak Area of Southern Karamoja, Uganda: a Study of a Dissected Late Tertiary Volcano. Geol Surv Uganda Mem No. V:1–57.
  • Koufos GD. 2021. New tragulid remains from the Early/Middle Miocene and a revision of their occurrence in Greece. Hist Biol. 33(10):2371–2386. doi:10.1080/08912963.2020.1795650.
  • Koufos GD, Zouros N, Mourouzidou O. 2003. Prodeinotherium bavaricum (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from Lesvos Island, Greece; the appearance of deinotheres in the Eastern Mediterranean. Geobios. 36(3):305–315. doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(03)00031-7.
  • Lange-Badré B, Böhme M. 2005. Apterodon intermedius, sp. nov., a new European creodont mammal from MP22 of Espenhain (Germany). Ann Palaeontol. 91(4):311–328. doi:10.1016/j.annpal.2005.08.001.
  • López-Antoñanzas R, Gutkin V, Rabinovich R, Calvo R, Grossman A. 2016. A Transitional Gundi (Rodentia: ctenodactylidae) from the Miocene of Israel. PLoS ONE. 11(4):e0151804. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151804.
  • Lukas SG, Bendukidze OG. 1997. Proboscidea (Mammalia) from the early Miocene of Kazakhstan. N Jahrb Geol Palaeontol Monatshefte. 11:659–673.
  • Lydekker R. 1876. Molar teeth and other remains of Mammalia from the Indian Tertiaries. Palaeontol Indica. 10:19–87.
  • Madden CT, van Couvering JA. 1976. The proboscidean datum event: early Miocene migration from Africa. Geol Soc Am Abstracts with Programs. 8:992–993.
  • Malkani MS, Haroon Y. 2022. Lithostratigraphy, structure, geological history, economic geology and palaeontology of Mari Bugti Hills and Surrounding Areas of Balochistan, South Punjab and North Sindh (Pakistan). Open J Geol. 12(1):13–56. doi:10.4236/ojg.2022.121002.
  • Matthews SC. 1973. Notes on open nomenclature and on synonymy lists. Palaeontology. 16:713–719.
  • Meijaard E. 2011. Family Tragulidae (chevrotains). In: Wilson DE, Mittermaier R, editors. Handbook of the Mammals of the World (Vol. 2). Barcelona: Hoofed Mammals, Lynx Ediciones; p. 320–334.
  • Mennecart B, Aiglstorfer M, Li Y, Li C, Wang S, Komarc M, Pavelka K, Vencovský J, Distler JHW, Šenolt L. 2021b. Ruminants reveal Eocene Asiatic palaeobiogeographical provinces as the origin of diachronous mammalian Oligocene dispersals into Europe. Sci Rep. 11(1):1–12. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-79139-8.
  • Mennecart B, Becker D, Berger JP. 2011. Iberomeryx minor (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the Early Oligocene of Soulce (Canton Jura, NW Switzerland): systematics and palaeodiet. Swiss J Geosci. 104(S1):115–132. doi:10.1007/s00015-010-0034-0.
  • Mennecart B, de Perthuis ., Rössner GE, Guzman J, de Perthuis , and Costeur L. 2018. The first French tragulid skull (Mammalia, Ruminantia, Tragulidae) and associated tragulid remains from the middle Miocene of Contres (Loir- et- Cher, France). C R. Palevol. 17(13):189–200.
  • Mennecart B, Wazir WA, Sehgal RK, Patnaik R, Singh NP, Kumar N, Nanda AC. 2021a. New remains of Nalameryx (Tragulidae, Mammalia) from the Ladakh Himalaya and their phylogenetical and palaeoenvironmental implications. Hist Biol. 1–9. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.2014479.
  • Métais G, Chaimanee Y, Jaeger JJ, Ducrocq S. 2001. New remains of primitive ruminants from Thailand: evidence of the early evolution of the Ruminantia in Asia. Zool Scr. 30(4):231–248. doi:10.1046/j.0300-3256.2001.00071.x.
  • Me'Tais G, Mennecart B, Roohi G. 2017. A new assembalage of stem pecoran ruminants from the Oligocene Chitarwata Formation. In J Asian Earth Sci. Vol. 136, implication. Bugti Hills, Baluchistan, Pakistan: palaeoevironmental and palaeobiogeographic; pp. 40–49.
  • Métais G, Vislobokova I. 2007. Basal ruminants. In: Prothero DR, Foss SE, editors. The evolution of Artiodactyls. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press; p. 189–212.
  • Michel LA, Lehmann T, McNulty KP, Driese SG, Dunsworth H, Fox DL, Harcourt‐Smith WE, Jenkins K, Peppe DJ. 2020. Sedimentological and palaeoenvironmental study from Waregi Hill in the Hiwegi Formation (early Miocene) on Rusinga Island, Lake Victoria, Kenya. Sedimentology. 67:3567–3594. doi:10.1111/sed.12762.
  • Milne Edwards A. 1864. Recherches anatomiques, zoologiques et paléontologiques sur la famille des checrotains. [Anatomical, zoological and palaeontological research on the family of checrotains]. Ann Sci Nat Paris. 5(2):49–167. French.
  • Morales J, Sánchez IM, Quiralte V. 2012. Les Tragulidae (Artiodactyla) de Sansan. In: Peigné S, Sen S, editors. Mammifères de Sansan. Vol. 203. Paris: Mémoires du Muséum National d' Histoire Naturelle. 225–247.
  • Morales J, Soria D, Sánchez IM, Quiralte V, Pickford M. 2003. Tragulidae from Arrisdrift, basal Middle Miocene, Southern Namibia. Mem Geol Sur Namibia. 19:359–369.
  • Mottl M. 1961. Die Dorcatherien (Zwerghirsche) der Steiermark. Mitteilungen des Museums für Bergbau, Geologie, Technik. Landesmus Joanneum Graz. 22:21–71.
  • Moyà-Solà S, 1979. Estudio de Dorcatherium naui Kaup, 1833, de las Cuencas del Vallés (Barcelona) y de la Seu d’Urgell (Lleida), y su Esqueleto Locomotor. Interpretación Ecológico-Funcional. Graduate thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona.
  • Pandolfi L, Calvo R, Grossman A, Rabinovich R. 2021. Rhinocerotidae from the early Miocene of the Negev (Israel) and implications for the dispersal of early Neogene rhinoceroses. J Palaeontol. 95(6):1340–1351. doi:10.1017/jpa.2021.64.
  • Pickford M. 1981. Preliminary Miocene Mammalian biostratigraphy for Western Kenya. J Hum Evol. 10(1):73–97. doi:10.1016/S0047-2484(81)80026-7.
  • Pickford M. 1986. Cenozoic Palaeontological sites of Western Kenya. Münchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, Reihe A Geol Paläontol. 8:1–151.
  • Pickford M. 2001. Africa’s smallest ruminant: a new tragulid from the Miocene of Kenya and the biostratigraphy of East African Tragulidae. Geobios. 34(4):437–447. doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(01)80007-3.
  • Pickford M. 2002. Ruminants from the Early Miocene of Napak, Uganda. Ann Palaeontol. 88(2):85–113. doi:10.1016/S0753-3969(02)01041-8.
  • Pickford M. 2018. Piping, a geomorphological process relevant to African palaeontology and archaeology: sedimentary, taphonomic and biostratigraphic implications. Comm Geol Surv Namibia. 20:59–86.
  • Pickford M. 2020. Observations on Anthracotheriidae (Mammalia: artiodactyla) from Napak, early Miocene, Uganda. Geo-Pal Uganda. 13:1–32.
  • Pickford M, Senut B. 2003. Miocene palaeobiology of the orange river Valley, Namibia. Mem Geol Surv Namibia. 19:1–22.
  • Pickford M, Senut B. 2013. Uganda Palaeontological Expedition, Karamoja report (unpublished data).
  • Pickford M, Senut B, Gommery D, Musalizi S, Ssebuyungo C. 2020. Descriptive catalogue of large ape dento-gnathic remains from the Early and Middle Miocene of Napak, Uganda: 2010-2020 collections. Geo-Pal Uganda. 17:1–61.
  • Pickford M, Senut B, Gommery D, Musalizi S, Ssebuyungo C. 2021. Revision of the smaller-bodied anthropoids from Napak, Uganda: 2011-2020 collections. Münchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen (A). 51:1–135.
  • Pickford M, Senut B, Hadoto D, Musisi J, Kariira C. 1986. New discoveries in lower Miocene strata at Napak, Eastern Uganda. C R Acad Sci. 302(1):47–52.
  • Pickford M, Senut B, Mourer-Chauvire C. 2004. Early Pliocene Tragulidae and peafowls in the Rift Valley, Kenya: Evidence for rainforest in East Africa. Comptes Rendus Palevol. 3:179–189.
  • Pickford M, Senut B, Musalizi S, Gommery D, Ssebuyungo C. 2019. Early Miocene Victoriapithecid Monkey from Napak, Uganda. Geo-Pal Uganda. 12:1–16.
  • Pilgrim GE. 1910. Notices of new mammalian genera and species from the Tertiaries of India. Rec Geol Surv India. 40:63–71.
  • Pilgrim GE. 1915. The dentition of the tragulid genus dorcabune. Rec Geol Surv India. 45:226–238.
  • Prasad KN. 1970. The vertebrate fauna from the Siwalik beds of Haritalyangar, Himachal Pradesh, India. Palaeontolog Indica. 39:1–79.
  • Qiu ZX, Gu YM. 1991. The Aragonian vertebrate fauna of Xiacaowan, Jiangsu. 8. Dorcatherium (Tragulidae, Artiodactyla) Vertebrata Pal-Asiatica. 29:21–37.
  • Quiralte V, Sánchez I, Morales J, Pickford M. 2008. Tragulidae (Artiodactyla, Ruminantia) from the Early Miocene of the Sperrgebiet, Southern Namibia. Mem Geol Surv Namibia. 20:387–396.
  • Raffi I, Wade BS, Pälike H, Cooper R, Crundwell MP, Krijgsman W, Moore T, Raine I, Sardella R, Vernyhorova YV. 2020. The neogene period. In: Gradstein FM, Ogg JG, Schmitz MD, Ogg GM, editors. Geological time scale: Elsevier; p. 1141–1215.
  • Rögl F. 1998. Palaeogeographic considerations for Mediterranean and Paratethys seaways (Oligocene to Miocene). Ann Naturhistorischen Mus Wien. 99:279–310.
  • Rögl F. 1999. Circum-Mediterranean Miocene palaeogeography. In: Rössner G E, Heissig K, editors. The Miocene Land Mammals of Europe. Munich: Dr. Fritz Pfeil Verlag; p. 39–48.
  • Rössner GE 1995. Odontologische und schädelanatomische Untersuchungen an Procervulus (Cervidae, Mammalia). Münchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen (A). 29:1–128.
  • Rössner GE. 2004. Community structure and regional patterns in late Early to Middle Miocene Ruminantia of Central Europe. Courier-Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg. In: Steininger FF, Kovar-Eder J, Fortelius M, editors. The middle Miocene environments and ecosystem dynamics of the Eurasian Neogene (EEDEN), Vol. 249. Frankfurt a. M.: Courier Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg; p. 91–100.
  • Rössner GE. 2007. Family Tragulidae. In: Prothero DR, Foss SE eds , editors. The Evolution of Artiodactyls. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press; p. 213–220.
  • Rössner GE. 2010. Systematics and palaeoecology of Ruminantia (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from the Miocene of Sandelzhausen (southern Germany, Northern Alpine Foreland Basin). In: Rössner GE, Göhlich UB, editors. Fossil lagerstätte Sandelzhausen (Miocene southern Germany) - contribution to the fauna II, Vol. 84. Paläontol Z; p. 123–162.
  • Rössner GE. 2017. New palaeontological and geological age constraints for the arrival and dispersal of Miocene tragulids (Tragulidae, Artiodactyla) in Europe. Zitteliana. 89:351–359.
  • Rössner GE, Heissig K. 2013. New records of Dorcatherium guntianum (Tragulidae), stratigraphical framework, and diphyletic origin of Miocene European tragulids. Swiss J Geosci. 106(2):335–347. doi:10.1007/s00015-013-0132-x.
  • Roussiakis S. 2022. The Fossil Record of Tragulids (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Tragulidae) in Greece Vlachos, Evangelos. In: Fossil Vertebrates of Greece. Vol. 2. Cham: Springer; p. 335–350.
  • Sánchez IM, Abbas SG, Khan MA, Babar MA, Quiralte V, DeMiguel D. 2022. The first Asian record of the mouse-deer Afrotragulus (Ruminantia, Tragulidae) reassess its evolutionary history and offers insights on the influence of body size on Afrotragulus diversification. Hist Biol. 1–16.
  • Sánchez IM, Morales J, Cantalapiedra JL, Quiralte V, Pickford M. 2018. Preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the Tragulidae (Mammalia, Cetartiodactyla, Ruminantia) from Arrisdrift: implications for the African Miocene tragulids. Comm Geol Surv Namibia. 19:110–122.
  • Sánchez IM, Quiralte V, Morales J. 2011. Solving an old dispute: anatomical differences between the European Miocene chevrotains Dorcatherium crassum (Lartet, 1839) and Dorcatherium naui Kaup & Scholl, 1834 (Mammalia, Ruminantia, Tragulidae). Paleontología i Evolució, Mem Esp. 5:343–347.
  • Sánchez IM, Quiralte V, Morales J, Pickford M. 2010. A new genus of tragulid ruminant from the Early Miocene of Kenya. Acta Palaeontol Pol. 55(2):177–187. doi:10.4202/app.2009.0087.
  • Sánchez IM, Quiralte V, Rios M, Morales J, Pickford M. 2015. First African record of the Miocene Asian mouse-deer Siamotragulus (Mammalia, Ruminantia, Tragulidae): implications for the phylogeny and evolutionary history of the advanced selenodont tragulids. J Syst Palaeontol. 13(7):543–556. doi:10.1080/14772019.2014.930526.
  • Schlosser M. 1886. Beiträge zur Kenntis der Stammesgeschiche der Huftiere und Verscuch einer Systematik der Paar- und Unpaarhufer. Morphologischees Jahrbuch. 12:1–236.
  • Senut B, Pickford M, Gommery D, Kunimatsu Y. 2000. A new genus of hominoid from the Lower Miocene of East Africa: Ugandapithecus major (Le Gros Clark & Leakey, 1950). C R Acad Sci Ser Paris. 331:227–233.
  • Simpson GG. 1945. The principles of classification and a classification of mammals. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 85:1–350.
  • Tassy P. 1989. The proboscidean datum event: how many proboscideans and how many events? In: Lindsay EH, Fahlbusch V, Mein P, editors. European Neogene Mammal Chronology. NATO-ASI, A. Vol. 180. New York: Plenum press; p. 237–252.
  • Tassy P. 1996. The earliest gomphotheres. In: Shoshani J, Tassy P, editors. The Proboscidea. Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives. New York: Oxford University Press; p. 89–91.
  • Thomas H, Ginsburg L, Hintong C, Suteethorn V. 1990. A new tragulid Siamotragulus sanyathanai n.g. n.sp. (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from the Miocene of Thailand (Amphoe Pong, Phayao Province). C R Acad Sci, Paris, Série II. 310:989–995.
  • Trendall AF. 1965. Explanation of the Geology of Sheet 35 (Napak) (No. 12). Uganda: Uganda Geol. Survey.
  • Tricker B, Taylor W, Bishop WW. 1963. Fossils from Karamoja. Brathay exploration group II. Uganda J. 27:109–114.
  • Tsubamoto T, Kunimatsu Y, Sakai T, Saneyoshi M, Shimizu D, Morimoto, Nakaya H, Morimoto N, Nakatsukasa M. 2017. Listriodontine suid and tragulid artiodactyls (Mammalia) from the upper Miocene Nakali Formation, Kenya. Paleontological Research. 21(4):347–357. doi:10.2517/2016PR034.
  • van der Made J. 1996. Pre-Pleistocene land mammals from Crete. D. s. Reese (editor): the Pleistocene and Holocene Fauna of Crete and its First Settlers. Monogr World Archaeol. 28:.69–79.
  • van der Made J. 1999. Intercontinental relationship Europe-Africa and the Indian Subcontinent. In: Rössner GE, Heissig K, editors. The Miocene Mammals of Europe. Munich: Dr. Friederich Pfeil; p. 457–472.
  • Von Meyer H. 1846. Mittheilungen an Professor Bronn. Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geol Petrefaktenkund, Jg. 1846:462–476.
  • Webb SD, Taylor BE. 1980. The phylogeny of hornless ruminants and a description of the cranium of Archaeomeryx. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 167:117–158.
  • Werdelin L. 2010. Chronology of Neogene Mammal Localities. In: Werdelin L, Sanders WJ, editors. Cenozoic Mammals of Africa. Los Angeles: University of California Press; p. 723–729.
  • West RM. 1980. A minute new species of Dorcatherium (Tragulidae, Mammalia) from the Chinji Formation near Daud Khel, Mianwali district, Pakistan. Milwaukee Public Museum Contrib Biol Geol. 3:1–6.
  • Whitworth T. 1958. Miocene Ruminants of East Africa. British Museum of Natural History Fossil Mamm Afri. 15:1–50.
  • Yan D. 1978. The age of Duodaoshi Formation in Jingxiang Region, Hubei Province. Vert PalAs. 16:30–32.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.