New fossil remains of Bovids from the Middle Siwaliks of Punjab, Pakistan

References

• Abbas SG, Babar MA, Khan MA, Aftab K, Riaz A, Ghaffar A, Akhtar M. 2018. Fossil Bovidae from Late Miocene Dhok Pathan Formation of Siwaliks, Northern Pakistan. Pak J Zoo. 50(1):217–228.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agustí J, Antón M. 2002. Mammoths, sabertooths and hominids. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Akhtar M. 1992. Taxonomy and Distribution of the Siwalik Bovids [ Ph.D. thesis (unpublished)]. Pakistan: University of the Punjab.
   Google Scholar
• Akhtar M. 1995. Pachyportax giganteus, new species (Mammalia, Artiodactyla: Bovidae) from the Dhok Pathan, district Chakwal, Punjab Pakistan. Pak J Zool. 27(4):337–340.
   Google Scholar
• Akhtar M. 1996. A new species of the genus Selenoportax (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Bovidae) from Dhok Pathan, district Chakwal, Punjab, Pakistan. Proceeding Pakistan Congress Zoo. 16:91–96.
   Google Scholar
• Akhtar M, Ghaffar A, Iqbal M, Khan AM, Farooq U. 1997. Early ruminants from Dhok Bin Mir Khatoon (Chakwal, Punjab, Pakistan): Systematics, Biostratigraphy and Paleoecology. Pak J Zool. 40(6):107–109.
   Google Scholar
• Akhtar R, Sadiqa M, Tipu MY, Khan MR, Aslam A, Ijaz M, Zahid B. 2019. Use of molecular probes for presumptive diagnosis of tuberculosis associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis infection in antelopes in Pakistan. Bovis. 53(52.6).
   Google Scholar
• Arambourg C. 1947. Contribution a letude geologiqueet paleontologique duBassi duLac Rodolphe etde la Basse Vallee de L’Omo: Deuxieme partie.Paleontologie. Museum of Natural History Paris. 3:232–562.
   Google Scholar
• Asim M, Ahmad Z, Khan MA, Babar MA, Abbas SG, Nawaz MK, Aftab K, Akhtar M. 2020. Tragoportax cf. Salmontanus (Bovidae, Mammalia) from the Middle Miocene of Pakistan. Pak J Zool. 52(5):1817–1823.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aslam S, Khan AM, Ahmad RM, Iqbal A, Waseem MT. 2010. Systematic study of the new remains of Propotamochoerus hysudricus (Suidae, Mammalia) from the Late Miocene–Early Pliocene of Middle Siwaliks (Pakistan). Arab J Geosci. 14:1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Babar MA, Aftab K, Khan MA, Batool T, Abbas SG, Shahid R, Akhtar M. 2018. Pachyportax (Bovidae: Ruminantia) from Dhok Pathan Formation of Siwaliks. J Anim Plant Sci. 28(2):508–514.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badgley C, Barry JC, Morgan ME, Nelson SV, Behrensmeyer AK, Cerling TE, Pilbeam D. 2008. Ecological changes in Miocene mammalian record show impact of prolonged climatic forcing. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 105(34):12145–12149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bärmann EV, Rössner GE. 2011. Dental nomenclature in Ruminantia: Towards a standard terminological framework. Mamm Biol. 76:763–768.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barry JC, Cote S, Mcclatchy L, Lindsay EH, Kityo R, Rajpur AR. 2005. Oligocene and Early Miocene ruminants (mammalian, artiodactyla) from Pakistan and Uganda. Palaeontol Electron. 8(1):1–29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barry JC, Flynn LJ. 1989. Key Biostratigraphic Events in the Siwalik Sequence. In: Lindsay EH, Fahlbusch V, Mein P, editors. European Neogene Mammal Chronology. NATO ASI Series. Vol. 180, Boston, (MA): Springer; p. 557–571.
   Google Scholar
• Barry JC, Lindsay EH, Jacobs LL. 1982. A biostratigraphic zonation of the Middle and Upper Siwalik of the Potwar Platue of northern Pakistan. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol. 37:95–130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barry JC, Morgan ME, Flynn LJ, Pilbeam D, Behrensmeyer AK, Mahmood SR, Khan IA, Badgley C, Hicks J, Kelley J. 2002. Faunal and environmental change in the Late Miocene Siwalik of northern Pakistan. Palaeobiology. 28(2):1–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batool A, Khan MA, Qureshi NA. 2015. New fossils of Suidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the Hasnot Late Miocene, northern Pakistan. J Anim Plant Sci. 25(2):23–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernor RL. 1984. A zoogeographic theater and biochronologic play: the time bio facies phenomena of Eurasian and African Miocene mammal provinces. Paleobiologie Continentale. 14:121–142.
   Google Scholar
• Bernor RL, Hussain ST. 1986. An assessment of the systematic, phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships of Siwalik hipparionine horses. J Vertebr Paleontol. 5(1):32–87.
   Google Scholar
• Bhatti ZH, Khan MA, Akhtar M, Khan AM, Ghaffar A, Iqbal M, Ikram T. 2012. Giraffokeryx (Artiodactyla: Mammalia) remains from the Lower Siwaliks of Pakistan. Pak J Zool. 44:1623–1631.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatti ZH, Samiullah K, Murtaza G, Ijaz S, Akhtar M. 2006. Middle Siwalik Pachyportax from District Jhelum, Punjab, Pakistan. Punjab Univ J Zool. 21(1–2):29–40.
   Google Scholar
• Bibi F. 2007. Origin paleoecology and paleobiogeography of early Bovini. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol. 248:60–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bibi F, Bukhsianidze M, Gentry A, Geraads D, Kostopoulos D, Vrba E. 2009. The Fossil record and evolution of Bovidae: state of the field. Palaeontol Electron. 12(3):1–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bibi F, Gulec ES. 2008. Bovidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla) from the Late Miocene of Sivas, Turkey. J Vertebr Paleontol. 28:501–519.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blainville HMDD. 1816. Sur plusieursespecesd’animauxmammiferes, de I’ordre Ruminants. Bull Sci Soc Philom Paris. 8:73–82.
   Google Scholar
• Bohlin B. 1926. Die Familie Giraffidae. Palaeontologica Sinica ser C. 4(1):1–178.
   Google Scholar
• Cerling TE, Quade J, Wang Y, Bowman JR. 1989. Carbon isotopes in soils and palaeosols as ecology and palaeoecology indicators. Nature. 341(6238):138–139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandel RS, Nath S. 2015. Record of Bovidean Fossils from the Pinjor Formation of the Siwalik group, Solan District, Himachal Pradesh. J Palaeontol Soc. 60(2):35–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen J. 1997. Origin and early evolution of the vertebrates: new insights from advances in molecular biology, anatomy, and palaeontology. BioEssays. 23(2):142–151.
   Google Scholar
• Chen GF, Zhang ZQ. 2009. Taxonomy and evolutionary process of Neogene Bovidae from China. Vert PalAs. 47:265–281.
   Google Scholar
• Colbert EH. 1935. Siwalik mammals in the American Museum of Natural History. Trans Am Philos Soc. 26:1–401.
   Google Scholar
• Dar FY, Aftab K, Babar MA, Khan MA, Abbas SG, Shahid R, Asim M. 2019. New fossils of Suidae (Mammalia) from Dhok Pathan Formation of Siwaliks, Punjab, Pakistan. J Anim Plant Sci. 29(4):1198–1203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennell RW, Coard R, Turner A. 2008. Predators and Scavengers in Early Pleistocene Southern Asia. Quatern Int. 192:78–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding X, Wu J, Xiao H, Wang Z, Liu Q, Liu X, Zheng D. 2017. Complete mitochondrial genome of Saiga tatarica (Ruminantia; Pecora; Bovidae) isolate Wuwei in China. Mitochondrial DNA Part B. 2(2):681–682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Draz O, Ni X, Samiullah K, Yasin R, Fazal RM, Naz S, Akhtar S, Gillani M, Ejaz M. 2020. New Fossil Remains of Artiodactyla from Dhok Pathan Formation, Middle Siwaliks of Punjab, Pakistan. Pak J Zool. 52(5):1955–1967.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Draz O, Samiullah K, Asrar M, Rasul A, Yasin R, Khan L. 2020b. Fossil remains of even-toed ungulates from the Middle Siwaliks. Vol. 32. Punjab, Pakistan: Historical Biology; pp. 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Draz O, Samiullah K, Asrar M, Rasul A, Yasin R, Khan L. 2021. Fossils remains of even-toed ungulates from the Middle Siwaliks, Punjab, Pakistan. Hist Biol. 33(9):1888–1897.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escudeiro A, Ferreira D, Mendes-da-Silva A, Heslop-Harrison JS, Adega F, Chaves R. 2019. Bovine satellite DNAs–a history of the evolution of complexity and its impact in the Bovidae family. Eur Zool J. 86(1):20–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farooq U, Khan MA, Akhtar M, Khan AM. 2007a. Dorcatherium minus from the Siwaliks, Pakistan. J Anim Plant Sci. 17(3–4):86–89.
   Google Scholar
• Farooq U, Khan MA, Akhtar M, Khan AM. 2007b. Dorcatherium majus, a study of upper dentition from the Lower and Middle Siwaliks of Pakistan. J Applied Sci. 7(9): 1299–1303.
   Google Scholar
• Farooq U, Khan MA, Akhtar M, Khan AM. 2008. Lower dentition of Dorcatherium majus (Tragulidae, Mammalia) in the Lower and Middle Siwaliks (Miocene) of Pakistan. Turk J Zool. 32:91–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher DS, Davis SK, De Donato M, Burzlaff JD, Womack JE, Taylor JF, Kumamoto AT. 1999. A molecular cytogenetic analysis of the tribe Bovini (Artiodactyla: Bovidae: Bovinae) with an emphasis on sex shromosome morphology and NOR distribution. Chromosome Res. 7:481–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gatesy J, Amato G, Vrba ES, Schaller G, Desalle R. 1997. A cladistic analysis of mitochondrial ribosomal DNA from the Bovidae. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 7:303–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentry A. 1992. The subfamilies and tribes of the family Bovidae. Mammal Rev. 22:1–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentry AW. 1966. Fossil Antilopini of East Africa. Bull Brit Mus Nat Hist Geol. 12:45–106.
   Google Scholar
• Gentry AW. 1970. The Bovidae (Mammalia) of the Fort Ternan fossil fauna in Vertebrates of Africa. Vol. 2. London: Academic Press; p. 243–323.
   Google Scholar
• Gentry AW. 1978. A new genus and species of Pliocene boselaphine (Bovidae, Mammalia) from South Africa. Ann Entomol Soc Am. 65:145–188.
   Google Scholar
• Gentry AW. 1980. Fossil Bovidae from Langebaanweg, South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum. Cape Town. 79:213–337.
   Google Scholar
• Gentry AW. 1990. Ruminants artiodactyls of. Paşalar J Hum Evol. 19:529–550.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentry AW, Heizmann EP. 1996. Miocene ruminants of the Central and Eastern Tethys and Paratethys. In: Bernor RL, Fahlbusch V, Mittmann HW, editors. the evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene mammal faunas. New York: Columbia University Press; p. 378–391.
   Google Scholar
• Gentry AW, Rossner GE, Heizmann EPS. 1999. Suborder Ruminantia. In: Rossner GE Heissig K, editors. The Miocene land mammals of Europe. Munchen: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil; p. 225–258.
   Google Scholar
• Gentry AW, Solounias N, Barry JC. 2014. Stability in higher level taxonomy of Miocene bovid faunas of the Siwaliks. Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board. Ann Zool Fennici. 51(1–2):49–56.
   Google Scholar
• Ghaffar A, Akhtar M, Babar MA, Roohi G. 2018. Cervidae from Dhok Pathan and Hasnot areas (Dhok Pathan Formation, northern Pakistan) with comments on the age of these sediments.Rev Bras Paleontol. 21(2):132–140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghaffar A, Akhtar M, Khan MA, Babar MA. 2019. Comments on Percrocuta carnifex (Carnivora, Percrocutidae) based on new fossil material from the Nagri Formation (Middle Siwaliks) of Hasnot, Pakistan. Geologica Acta: An International Earth Science Journal. 17(1): 3.
   Google Scholar
• Ghaffar A, Khan MA, Akhtar M. 2010. Early Pliocene Cervids (Artiodactyla-Mammalia) from the Siwalik of Pakistan. Hacettepe Universitesi Yerbilimleri Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi Journal of the Earth Sciences Application and Research Centre of Hacettepe University. Yerbilimleri. 31(3):217–231.
   Google Scholar
• Ghaffar A, Yaseen R, Samiullah K, Aisha Q. 2023. New remains of Dinocrocuta (Percrocutidae; Carnivora) from Markhal, Dhok Pathan Formation, Pakistan. Historical Biology. 1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray JE. 1821. On the natural arrangement of vertebrate animals. London Medi Repository. 15:296–310.
   Google Scholar
• Gray JE. 1825. Bibliography and catalogue of fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bull US Geol Surv. 179:1–868.
   Google Scholar
• Groves C, Grubb P. 2011. Ungulate taxonomy. JHU Press; p. 336.
   Google Scholar
• Haile J, Selassie P. 2004. Advances in proboscidean taxonomy & classification, anatomy & physiology and ecology behaviour. Quatern Int. 126:5–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassanin A, Douzery EPJ. 1999. The tribal radiation of the family Bovidae and the evolution of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 13:227–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hay OP. 1902. Bibliography and catalogue of fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bull US Geol Surv. 179:1–868.
   Google Scholar
• Heintz C, Degeorges M, Valty J, Drouhet E, Acar JF, Leduc G. 1971. Infectious endocarditis due to L. monocytogenes and to C. Presse Med. 79(30):1377–1380.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill A, Drake R, Tauxe L, Monaghan M, Barry JC, Behrensmeyer AK, Curtis G, Jacobs BF, Jacobs L, Johnson N, et al. 1985. Neogene paleontology and geochronology of the Baringo Basin, Kenya. J Hum Evol. 14:759–773.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iqbal M, Liaqat A, Khan MA, Akhtar M. 2011. Some new remains of Hipparion from the Dhok Pathan type locality, Pakistan. J Anim Plant Sci. 19(3):154–157.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janis CM, Scott KM. 1988. The phylogeny of the Ruminantia (Artiodactyla, Mammalia). In: Benton MJ, editor. The Phylogeny and Classification of Tetrapods; Mammals. Systematics Association Special Volume. Vol. 13. Systematics Association, London-New York, International Journal of Geosciences; p. 273–282.
   Google Scholar
• Kappelman J, Plummer T, Bishop L, Duncan A, Appelton S. 1997. Bovids as indicators of Plio- Pleistocene paleoenvironments in East Africa. J Hum Evol. 32:229–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan MA. 2008. Fossil bovids from the late Miocene of Padri, Jhelum, Pakistan. Pak J Zool. 40(1):25–29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan MA, Akhtar M. 2007. Ruminants from Hasnot, The Middle Siwaliks of Pakistan. Proceedings Pak Congress Zool. 27:67–72.
   Google Scholar
• Khan MA, Akhtar M, Ikram T. 2012. True ungulates from the Nagri type locality (Late Miocene), Northern Pakistan. J Anim Plant Sci. 22(1):1–59.
   Google Scholar
• Khan MA, Akhtar M, Iqbal M. 2010. The Late Miocene Artiodactyls in the Dhok Pathan Type Locality of the Dhok Pathan Formation, the Middle Siwaliks, Pakistan. Pak J Zool Suppl Serie. 10:1–90.
   Google Scholar
• Khan MA, Akthar M, Liopoulos G. 2014. Cervid remains from the Middle Siwaliks of Hasnot (Late Miocene) Pakistan. J Geol Soc India. 84:352–360.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan MA, Asim M. 2020. Middle Miocene Giraffokeryx (Giraffidae) with marks of enamel hypoplasia from Dhok Bun Amir Khatoon, Punjab, Pakistan. Arabian. 13:1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Khan MA, Babar MA, Akhtar M, Iliopoulos G, Rakha A, Noor T. 2015. Gazella (Bovidae, Ruminantia) remains from the Siwalik Group of Pakistan. Alcheringa An Australas J Paleontol. 40:182–196.
   Google Scholar
• Khan MA, Butt SS, Khan AM, Akhtar M. 2010. A new collection of Giraffokeryx punjabiensis (Giraffidae, Ruminantia, Artiodactyla) from the Lehri outcrops, Jhelum, northern Pakistan. Pak J Sci. 62(2):120–123.
   Google Scholar
• Khan MA, Farooq MU. 2006. Paleobiogeography of the Siwalik Ruminants. Int J Zool Res. 2(2):100–109.
   Google Scholar
• Khan MA, Ghaffar A, Farooq M, Akhtar M. 2007. New fossil remains of Selenoportax vexillarius from The Late Miocene of Hasnot. Pak J Zool. 39(5):333–338.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan MA, Iliopoulos G, Akhtar M. 2009. Boselaphines (Artiodactyls, Ruminantia, Bovidae) from the Middle Siwaliks of Hasnot, Pakistan. Geobios. 42:739–753.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan MA, Malik M, Khan AM, Iqbal M, Akhtar M. 2009. Mammalian remains in the Chinji type locality of the Chinji Formation: A new collection. J Anim Plant Sci. 19:224–229.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan TM, Raja NB, Dunne EM, Matiwane A, Natscher PS, Ghilardi AM, Chattopadhyay D. 2021. Colonial history and global economics distort our understanding of deep-time biodiversity. Nat Ecol Evol. 6(2):145–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan MA, Raza A, Batool A, Nayyer AQ, Akhtar M, Rubab K. 2013. New Boselaphine remains from the Dhok Pathan Formation of the Middle Siwaliks, Northern Pakistan. Pak J Zool. 45(5):1377–1385.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan AM, Waseem MT, Ahmad RM, Iqbal A, Naz HI, Rafeh A, Ameen M. 2021. First Record of Eotragus noyei from the Late Miocene Siwaliks of Pakistan. Pak J Zool. 53(2):1–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kingston JD, Jacobs BF, Hill A, Deino A. 2002. Stratigraphy, age and environments of the late Miocene Mpesida Beds, Tugen Hills, Kenya. J Hum Evol. 42(1–2):95–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kostopoulos DS. 2005. The Bovidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the late Miocene of Akkasdagı, Turkey. Geodiversitas. 27(4):747–791.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kostopoulos DS 2006. Greek bovids through time. Hellenic Journal of Geosciences. 41(1): 141–152.
   Google Scholar
• Kostopoulos DS, Vlachou TD. 2009. The late Miocene mammal faunas of the Mytilinii basin, Samos Island, Greece: new collection. 16. Biochronology Beitrage zur Palaontologie. 31:397–408.
   Google Scholar
• Leslie DM, Koustubh K. 2009. Tetracerus quadricornis (Artiodactyla: bovidae). Mammalian Species. 843:1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis GE. 1937. A new Siwalik correlation (India). Am J Sci. 5(195):191–204.
   Google Scholar
• Lydekker R. 1876. Molar teeth and other remains of Mammalia from the India Terrtiaries. Paleontologia Indica. 10(2):12–87.
   Google Scholar
• MacEachern S, McEwan J, Goddard M. 2009. Phylogenetic reconstruction and the identification of ancient polymorphism in the Bovini tribe (Bovidae, Bovinae). Bmc Genom. 10:1–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmood K, Akram HS, Ahmed Z, Babar MA, Abbas SG, Asim M, Akhtar M. 2019. New fossils of Pachyportax (Bovidae, Mammalia) from middle Siwaliks, Punjab, Pakistan. Biologia. 65(1):1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Matthee CA, Robinson TJ. 1999. Cytochrome b phylogeny of the family Bovidae: resolution within the Alcelaphini, Antilopini, Neotragini, and Tragelaphini. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 12:31–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthew WD. 1929. Critical observations upon Siwalik mammals: (exclusive of Proboscidea). Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 56:437–560.
   Google Scholar
• Matthew CA, Davis SK. 2001. Molecular insights into the evolution of the family Bovidae: A nuclear DNA perspective. Mol Biol Evol. 18:1220–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morales J. 2006. Antilopinae (Bovidae, Mammalia) from the Lower Pliocene of Teruel Basin. Spain.
   Google Scholar
• Morales J, Soria D, Pickford M, Nieto M. 2003. A new genus and species of Bovidae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from the early Middle Miocene of Arrisdrift, Namibia, and the origins of the family Bovidae. Memoir Geol Surv Namibia. 19:371–384.
   Google Scholar
• Moya-Sola S. 1983. Los Boselaphini (Bovidae, Mammalia) Del Neogeno de la Peninsula Iberica. Dissertation, Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Publicaciones. De Geologia. 18:1–236.
   Google Scholar
• Nanda AC. 2008. Comments on the Pinjor MammalianFauna of the Siwalik Group in relation to the Post Siwalik Faunas of Peninsular India and Indo Gangetic Plain. Quat Int. 192:6–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nankaya H. 1994. Faunal change of Late Miocene Africa and Eurasia: mammalian fauna from the Namurungule Formation, Samburu Hills, northern Kenya. Afr Study Monogr. 20:1–112.
   Google Scholar
• Nishioka Y, Vidthayanonv C, Hanta R, Duangkrayom J, Jintasakul P. 2020. Neogene Bovidae from Tha Chang Sandpits, Nakhon Ratchasima, Northeastern Thailand. Thailand Nat Hist Museum J. 14(1):59–71.
   Google Scholar
• Pascoe EH. 1964. A manual of the geology of India and. Vol. 111. Burma, Calcutta: Indian Government Press; p. 886.
   Google Scholar
• Pickford M. 1988. The age(s) of the Bugti fauna(s), Pakistan. In: Whyte P, editor. Palaeoenvironment of East Asia from the mid-Tertiary. Vol. 2. Centre of Asian Studies, University of Hong Kong; p. 937–955.
   Google Scholar
• Pilbeam D, Barry J, Behrensmeyer AK, Shah SMI. 1979. Miocene sediments and faunas of Pakistan. Postilla. 179:1–45.
   Google Scholar
• Pilbeam D, Barry J, Meyer GE, Shah SMI, Pickfold MHL, Bishop WW, Thomas H, Jacobs LL. 1977. Geology and palaeontology of Neogene strata of Pakistan. Nat London. 270:684–689.
   Google Scholar
• Pilbeam D, Morgan M, Barry JC, Flynn L. 1996. European MN units and the Siwalik faunal sequence of Pakistan. In: Bernor R, Mittmann FV, and , editors The evolution of western Eurasian Neogene mammal faunas. New York: Columbia University Press; pp. 96–105.
   Google Scholar
• Pilgrim GE. 1910. The geology of the Persian Gulf and the adjoining portions of Persia and Arabia. Sold Office Geol Surv India. 34:177.
   Google Scholar
• Pilgrim GE. 1913. Correlation of the Siwaliks with mammal horizons of Europe. Records Geol Surv India. 43:264–326.
   Google Scholar
• Pilgrim GE. 1937. Siwalik antelopes and oxen in the American Museum of Natural History. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 72:729–874.
   Google Scholar
• Pilgrim GE. 1939. The fossil Bovidae of India. Palaeontologia Indica New Series. 2:1–356.
   Google Scholar
• Quade TCJ. 1993. Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in soil carbonates. In: Swart PK, Lohmann KC, McKenzie, J Savin S, editors. Climate change in continental isotopic records. Vol. 78. Geophysical Monograph; p. 217–231.
   Google Scholar
• Quade J, Cerling TE. 1995. Expansion of C4 grasses in the Late Miocene of Northern Pakistan: evidence from stable isotopes in paleosoles. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol. 115:91–116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qun ZZ, Rui Y. 2016. Morphology and taxonomy of Gazella (Bovidae, Artiodactyla) from the Late Miocene Bahe Formation, Lantian, Shaanxi Province, China. Vert PalAs. 54(1):1–20.
   Google Scholar
• Raza T, Yasin R, Samiullah K, Fazal RM, Hussain K, Abbas A, Rehman A, Ishaq HM, Mehmood M. 2023. New collection of fossil remains of pigs (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Suidae) from the Siwaliks of Pakistan. Hist Biol. 35(10):1855–1870.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson TJ, Ropiquet A. 2011. Examination of hemiplasy, homoplasy and phylogenetic discordance in chromosomal evolution of the Bovidae. Syst Biol. 60:439–450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romer AS. 1974. Vertebrate palaeontology. Vol. 3. Chicago Illinois: The University of Chicago Press; p. 1–687.
   Google Scholar
• Rubes J, Kubickova S, Pagacova E, Cernohorska H, Di Berardino D, Antoninova M, Vahala J, Robinson TJ. 2008. Phylogenomic study of spiral-horned antelope by cross-species chromosome painting. Chromosome Res. 16:935–947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruddiman WF, John E. 1989. Forcing of late Cenozoic northern hemisphere climate by plateau uplift in southern Asia and the American West. J Geophys Res Atmos. 15:18409–18427.
   Google Scholar
• Saeed Z, Khan AM, Iqbal A, Amin M. 2018. Some new remains of Gazella (Bovidae) discovered from the Dhok Pathan Formation of the Siwaliks, Northern Pakistan Punjab Univ J Zool. 33(2):113–119.
   Google Scholar
• Samiullah K. 2011. Taxonomic Studies of Fossil Even and Odd-Toed Mammals from the Miocene Rocks of Dhok Bun Ameer Khatoon, District Chakwal, Punjab, Pakistan [ Ph.D. thesis (unpublished)]. University of the Punjab, Pakistan.
   Google Scholar
• Samiullah K, Akhtar M, Khan MA, Ghaffar A. 2012. Fossil Mammals (Bovids) From the Miocene Rocks of Dhok Pathan Formation, District Chakwal, Punjab, Pakistan. ARPN J Sci Technol. 2(8):69–108.
   Google Scholar
• Samiullah K, Khan MA, Akhtar M. 2010. Cheek Teeth of Listriodon pentapotamiae from the Lower Siwalik Hills of Punjab, Pakistan. J Anim Plant Sci. 20(4):271–276.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samiullah K, Nasim S, Jabeen F, Yasin R, Ahmad S, Yaqub S, Feroz K, Akhtar M. 2015. Gazella lydekkeri from Dhok Bun Ameer Khatoon, Lower Siwaliks of Pakistan: evolution, taxonomy and biogeography. Int J Of Biosci. 6(5):158–169.
   Google Scholar
• Samiullah K, Yasin R, Bano N, Rasool B, Mubarik MS, Fazal RM, Mahboob S, Draz O, Al-Ghanim KA, Raza T, et al. 2020. New Artiodactyla fossils from Middle Miocene deposits of Chakwal, Punjab, Pakistan. Geological J. 56:1109–1129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott KM. 1985. Allometric trends and locomotor adaptations in the Bovidae. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 179:197–288.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semprebon GM, Solounias N, Tao D. 2017. Dietary reconstruction of Hezhengia bohlini (Artiodactyla, Bovidae) from the late Miocene Linxia Basin of China using enamel microwear. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol. 481:57–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sen S, Blieck A, Bouvrain G, Brunet M, Geraads D, Heintz E, Koufos GD. 1997. Late Miocene mammals from Taghar, Khurdkabul Basin, Afghanistan. Ann Paleontol. 83(3):233–266.
   Google Scholar
• Shah SMI. 1977. Stratigraphy of Pakistan. Mem Geol Surv Pak. 12:1–138.
   Google Scholar
• Shah PK, Pichler M, Berman DS, Maddahi J, Peter T, Singh BN, Swan T. 2009. Climate change and groundwater: India’s opportunities for mitigation and adaptation. Environ Res Lett. 4(3):1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi Q. 2014. New species of Tsaidamotherium (Bovidae, Artiodactyla) from China sheds new light on the skull morphology and systematics of the genus. Sci China Earth Sci. 57:258–266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi QQ. 2023. Fossil bovids from the Linxia Basin of Gansu Province, China, and their implications for regional biostratigraphy, palaeogeography and palaeoecology. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol. 619:111543.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson GG. 1945. The principles of classification and a classification of mammals. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 85:1–350.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solounias N. 1982. Evolutionary patterns of the Bovidae (Mammalia). Proceed North Am Paleontological Convention III. 2:495–499.
   Google Scholar
• Solounias N, Barry JC, Bernor RL, Lindsay EH, Raza SM. 1995. The oldest bovid from the Siwalik, Pakistan. J Vertebr Paleontol. 15(4):806–814.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tasneem A, Ikram T, Salamat A, Khan MA, Adeeb M. 2016. Additional Fossils of Sivalhippus perimensis (Mammalia, Equidae) from the Late Miocene Siwaliks of Pakistan. Punjab Univ J Zool. 31(2):137–141.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas H. 1984. Les Giraffoidea ET les Bovidae miocenes de la formation Nyakach (rift Nyanza, Kenya). Palaeontogr Abteilung A. 183:64–89.
   Google Scholar
• Van Der Made J. 2012. Eotragus clavatus (Artiodactyla, Bovidae, Boselaphini) de Sansan. In: Peigné S, Sen S, editors. Mammifères de Sansan. Mémoires du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle. Vol. 203; pp. 145–199.
   Google Scholar
• Vrba ES, Haile-Selassie Y. 2006. A New Antelope, Zephyreduncinus oundagaisus (Reduncini, Artiodactyla, Bovidae), from the Late Miocene of the Middle Awash, Afar Rift, Ethiopia. J Vert Paleon. 26(1):213–218.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waseem MT, Khan AM, Khalid S, Ahmad RM, Iqbal A, Ameen M. 2020. Systematic Study of Boselaphine Remains from the Late Miocene of Hasnot, Pakistan. Punjab Univ J Zool. 35(1):69–76.
   Google Scholar
• Willis BJ. 1993. Ancient River systems in the Himalayan foredeep, Chinji Village area, northern Pakistan. Sediment Geol. 88(1–2):1–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willis BJ, Behrensmeyer AK. 1994. Architecture of Miocene over bank deposits in northern Pakistan. J Sediment Res. 64:60–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright JW, Miller-Wing AV, Shaffer MJ, Higginson C, Wright DE, Hanesworth JM, Harding JW. 1993. Angiotensin II (3–8) (ANG IV) hippocampal binding: potential role in the facilitation of memory. Brain Res Bull. 32(5):497–502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaseen M, Naseem AA, Ahmad J, Mehmood M, Anjum MN. 2021. Integrated approach for inventories and quantitative assessment of geological and paleontological sites from Precambrian to quaternary successions in the Salt Range, Pakistan. Geoheritage. 13(2):1–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye J. 1989. Middle Miocene Artiodactyls from the Northem Junggar Basin. Vertebr Paleontol. 27:37–52.
   Google Scholar
• Zaheer M, Mahmood K, Babar MA, Khan MA. 2017. New fossils of Bovids (Bovidae, Mammalia) from Dhok Pathan Formation of Siwaliks. Biologia. 63(2):199–204.
   Google Scholar
• Zaleha MJ. 1997. Intra and extra-basinal controls on fluvial deposition in the Miocene Indo-Gangetic foreland basin, northern Pakistan. Sedimentology. 44:369–390.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng SH. 1980. The Hipparion fauna of Bulong Basin, Biru, Xizang. In: Xizang G, editor. Palaeontology of Xizang, book 1. Beijing: Science Press; pp. 33–47.
   Google Scholar