Cambrian palaeoscolecidomorph Cricocosmia caught in the act of moulting

References

• Aguinaldo AMA, Turbeville JM, Linford LS, Rivera MC, Garey JR, Raff RA, Lake JA. 1997. Evidence for a clade of nematodes, arthropods and other moulting animals. Nature, 387(6632):489–93. doi: 10.1038/387489a0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brusca RC, Giribet G, Moore W. 2023. Invertebrates. New York: Oxford University Press; p. 1–1105.
   Google Scholar
• Chen J, Zhou G, Ramsköld L. 1995. The Cambrian lobopodian Microdictyon sinicum. Bull Natl Mus Nat Sci. 5:1–93.
   Google Scholar
• Cong P, Ma X, Williams M, Siveter DJ, Siveter DJ, Gabbott SE, Zhai D, Goral T, Edgecombe GD, Hou X. 2017. Host-specific infestation in early Cambrian worms. Nat Ecol Evol. 1(10):1465–1469. doi: 10.1038/s41559-017-0278-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conway Morris S, Peel JS. 2010. New palaeoscolecidan worms from the lower Cambrian: Sirius Passet, Latham Shale and Kinzers Shale. Acta Palaeontol Pol. 55(1):141–156. doi: 10.4202/app.2009.0058.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daley AC, Drage HB. 2016. The fossil record of ecdysis, and trends in the moulting behaviour of trilobites. Arthropod Struct Dev. 45(2):71–96. doi: 10.1016/j.asd.2015.09.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dornbos SQ, Chen J-Y. 2008. Community palaeoecology of the early Cambrian Maotianshan Shale biota: Ecological dominance of priapulid worms. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol. 258(3):200–212. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.05.022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dzik J, Krumbiegel G. 1989. The oldest ‘onychophoran’ Xenusion: a link connecting phyla? Lethaia. 22(2):169–181. doi: 10.1111/j.1502-3931.1989.tb01679.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forchielli A, Steiner M, Kasbohm J, Hu S, Keupp H. 2014. Taphonomic traits of clay-hosted early Cambrian Burgess Shale-type fossil Lagerstätten in South China. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol. 398:59–85. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.08.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-Bellido DC, Paterson JR, Edgecombe GD. 2013. Cambrian palaeoscolecids (Cycloneuralia) from Gondwana and reappraisal of species assigned to Palaeoscolex. Gondwana Res. 24(2):780–795. doi: 10.1016/j.gr.2012.12.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han J, Liu J, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Shu D. 2007a. Trunk ornament on the palaeoscolecid worms Cricocosmia and Tabelliscolex from the Early Cambrian Chengjiang deposits of China. Acta Palaeontol Pol. 52(2):423–431.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han J, Zhang ZF, Liu JN. 2007b. The trace fossils of priapulids from the Early Cambrian Chengjiang deposits and implications for their locomotory styles. J China Univ Geosc. 18(special issue):392–393.
   Google Scholar
• Han J, Zhang Z, Liu J. 2004. Taphonomy and ecology of the introverts from the Chengjiang fauna (in Chinese with English abstract). J Northwest Univ. 34(2):207–212.
   Google Scholar
• Harvey THP, Dong XP, Donoghue PCJ. 2010. Are palaeoscolecids ancestral ecdysozoans? Evol Dev. 12(2):177–200. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-142X.2010.00403.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopkins PM. 2001. Limb regeneration in the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator: hormonal and growth factor control. Am Zool. 41(3):389–398. doi: 10.1093/icb/41.3.389.
   Google Scholar
• Hou XG, Ramskold L, Bergstrom J. 1991. Composition and preservation of the Chengjiang fauna–a Lower Cambrian soft-bodied biota. Zool Scr. 20(4):395–411. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.1991.tb00303.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou XG, Siveter DJ, Siveter DJ, Aldridge RJ, Cong PY, Gabbott SE, Ma XY, Purnell MA, Williams M. 2017. The Cambrian Fossils of Chengjiang. China: the flowering of early animal life. Wiley Blackwell; p. 98–270.
   Google Scholar
• Howard RJ, Hou X, Edgecombe GD, Salge T, Shi X, Ma X. 2020. A tube-dwelling early Cambrian lobopodian. Curr Biol. 30(8):1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.075.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu S. 2005. Taphonomy and palaeoecology of the Early Cambrian Chengjiang biota from eastern yunnan, China. Berlin: Freie Universität Berlin; p. 27–56.
   Google Scholar
• Huang D. 2005. Early Cambrian worms from SW China: morphology, systematics, lifestyles and evolutionary significance. Lyon, France: Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; p. 19–234.
   Google Scholar
• Huang D, Chen J, Zhu M, Zhao F. 2014. The burrow dwelling behavior and locomotion of palaeoscolecidian worms: New fossil evidence from the Cambrian Chengjiang fauna. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol. 398:154–164. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.11.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang D, Vannier J, Chen J. 2004. Anatomy and lifestyles of Early Cambrian priapulid worms exemplified by Corynetis and Anningvermis from the Maotianshan Shale (SW China). Lethaia. 37(1):21–33. doi: 10.1080/00241160410005088.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivantsov AY, Wrona R. 2004. Articulated palaeoscolecid sclerite arrays from the Lower Cambrian of eastern Siberia. Acta Geol Pol. 54(1):1–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemburg C. 1998. Electron microscopical localization of chitin in the cuticle of Halicryptus spinulosus and Priapulus caudatus (Priapulida) using gold-labelled wheat germ agglutinin: phylogenetic implications for the evolution of the cuticle within the Nemathelminthes. Zoomorphology. 118(3):137–158. doi: 10.1007/s004350050064.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerosey‐Aubril R, Ortega‐Hernández J, Zhang X-G. 2022. A new lobopodian from the middle Cambrian of Utah: did swimming body flaps convergently evolve in stem‐group arthropods? Pap Palaeontol. 8(3). doi: 10.1002/spp2.1450.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma XY, Aldridge RJ, Siveter DJ, Siveter DJ, Hou XG, Edgecombe GD. 2014. A new exceptionally preserved Cambrian priapulid from the Chengjiang Lagerstätte. J Paleontol. 88(2):371–384. doi: 10.1666/13-082.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moysiuk J, Caron J-B. 2021. Exceptional multifunctionality in the feeding apparatus of a mid-Cambrian radiodont. Paleobiology. 47(4):704–724. doi: 10.1017/pab.2021.19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller KJ, Hinz-Schallreuter I. 1993. Palaeoscolecid worms from the middle Cambrian of Australia. Palaeontology. 36(3):549–592.
   Google Scholar
• Nijhout HF. 2013. Arthropod developmental endocrinology. In: Minelli A, Boxshall G, Fusco G, editors. Arthropod Biology and Evolution-Molecules, Development, Morphology. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; p. 123–148.
   Google Scholar
• Pates S, Daley AC, Butterfield NJ. First report of paired ventral endites in a hurdiid radiodont. 2019. Zoo Letter. 5(1):18. doi: 10.1186/s40851-019-0132-4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peel JS, Stein M, Kristensen RM, Butler R. 2013. Life cycle and morphology of a Cambrian stem-lineage loriciferan. PloS One. 8(8):e73583. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi X, 2022. A systematic study of the early Cambrian Palaeoscolecidomorpha in eastern Yunnan [ Unpublished thesis]. Kunming, Yunnan: Yunnan University; p. 185.
   Google Scholar
• Shi X, Howard RJ, Edgecombe GD, Hou X, Ma X. 2021. Tabelliscolex (Cricocosmiidae: Palaeoscolecidomorpha) from the early Cambrian Chengjiang Biota and the evolution of seriation in Ecdysozoa. J Geol Soc London. 179(2):jgs2021–060. doi: 10.1144/jgs2021-060.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith MR, Dhungana A. 2022. Discussion on ‘Tabelliscolex (Cricocosmiidae: Palaeoscolecidomorpha) from the early Cambrian Chengjiang Biota and the evolution of seriation in Ecdysozoa’ by Shi et al. 2021 (JGS, jgs2021-060). J Geol Soc London. 179(3):2021–111. doi: 10.1144/jgs2021-111.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topper TP, Skovsted CB, Peel JS, Harper DAT. 2013. Moulting in the lobopodian Onychodictyon from the lower Cambrian of Greenland. Lethaia. 46(4):490–495. doi: 10.1111/let.12026.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang D, Vannier J, Schumann I, Wang X, Yang X-G, Komiya T, Uesugi K, Sun J, Han J. 2019. Origin of ecdysis: fossil evidence from 535-million-year-old scalidophoran worms. Proc R Soc B. 286(1906):20190791. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0791.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wills MA, Gerber S, Ruta M, Hughes M. 2012. The disparity of priapulid, archaeopriapulid and palaeoscolecid worms in the light of new data. J Evol Biol. 25(10):2056–2076. doi: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02586.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang C, Li X-H, Zhu M, Condon DJ, Chen J. 2018. Geochronological constraint on the Cambrian Chengjiang biota, South China. J Geol Soc London. 175(4):659–666. doi: 10.1144/jgs2017-103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang J, Ortega-Hernandez J, Drage HB, Du KS, Zhang XG. 2019. Ecdysis in a stem-group euarthropod from the early Cambrian of China. Sci Rep. 9(1):5709. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-41911-w.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yu C, Wang D, Yong Y, Tang Q, Hao W, Sun J, Yang X, He K, Yue N, Han J. 2022. Ecdysis of Eopriapulites sphinx from the early Cambrian Kuanchuanpu biota. Acta Micropalaeonotogica Sinica. 39(4):285–291.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang X-G, Hou X-G, Bergström JAN. 2006. Early Cambrian priapulid worms buried with their lined burrows. Geol Mag. 143(5):743–748. doi: 10.1017/S0016756806002445.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhuravlev AY, Vintaned JAG, Liñán E. 2011. The Palaeoscolecida and the evolution of the Ecdysozoa. Palaeontographica Canadiana. 31:177–204.
   Google Scholar