A new ichnosite and ichnogenus from the Lower Cretaceous Rio do Peixe Basin, Brazil, with novel insights into the evolution of Titanosauriformes

References

• Apesteguía S. 2005. Evolution of the titanosaur metacarpus. In Tidwell V, Carpenter K, editors. Thunder Lizards. 1st ed. Vol. 1. Indiana, USA: Indiana University Press; p. 512.
   Google Scholar
• Bonnan MF. 2003. The evolution of manus shape in sauropod dinosaurs: implications for functional morphology, forelimb orientation, and phylogeny. J Vertebr Paleontol. 23(3):595–613. doi: 10.1671/A1108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonnan MF. 2005. Pes anatomy in sauropod dinosaurs: implications for functional morphology, evolution, and phylogeny. Thunder-Lizards Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs Indiana Univ Press Bloomingt.
   Google Scholar
• Buatois LA, Mángano MG. 2011. Ichnology: organism-substrate interactions in space and time. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511975622.
   Google Scholar
• Calvo JO. 1991. Huellas de dinosaurios en la Formación Río Limay (Albiano-Cenomaniano? Picún Leufú, Provincia del Neuquén, República Argentina (Ornithischia-Saurischia: Sauropoda-Theropoda) Ameghiniana. 28:241–258.
   Google Scholar
• Calvo JO, González Riga BJ, Apesteguía S, Tomaselli MB. 2022. Sauropod Ichnology: overview and New Research Lines from a South American Perspective. In: Otero A, Carballido JL, Pol D, editors. South American Sauropodomorph dinosaurs: record, diversity and evolution. Cham: Springer Earth System Sciences. Springer International Publishing; p. 503–540. 10.1007/978-3-030-95959-3_14.
   Google Scholar
• Carvalho I, dos Santos Avilla L, Salgado L. 2003. Amazonsaurus maranhensis gen. et sp. nov. (Sauropoda, Diplodocoidea) from the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian–Albian) of Brazil. Cretac Res. 24(6):697–713. doi: 10.1016/j.cretres.2003.07.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalho IDS, Leonardi G. 2023. Dinosaur tracks from the Sítio Pereiros ichnosite, Triunfo Basin (Lower Cretaceous) and the dinosaur diversity in the Rio do Peixe basins, Northeastern Brazil. Cretac Res. 144:105446. doi: 10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105446.
   Google Scholar
• Carvalho IDS, Leonardi G, Rios-Netto ADM, Borghi L, Freitas ADP, Andrade JA, Freitas FID. 2021. Dinosaur trampling from the Aptian of Araripe Basin, NE Brazil, as tools for paleoenvironmental interpretation. Cretac Res. 117:104626. doi: 10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104626.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalho IDS, Salgado L, Lindoso RM, Araújo-Júnior HID, Nogueira FCC, Soares JA. 2017. A new basal titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the lower Cretaceous of Brazil. J South Am Earth Sci. 75:74–84. doi: 10.1016/j.jsames.2017.01.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalho IS. 2004. Dinosaur footprints from Northeastern Brazil: Taphonomy and environmental setting. Ichnos. 11(3–4):311–321. doi: 10.1080/10420940490442368.
   Google Scholar
• Casamiquela R, Fasola A. 1968. Sobre pisadas de dinosaurios del Cretácico inferior de Colchagua (Chile). Santiago, Chile: Universidad de Chile, Departamento de Geología.
   Google Scholar
• Castanera D, Faria dos Santos V, Piñuela L, Pascual Arribas C, Vila B, Canudo J, Moratalla JJ. 2016. Iberian sauropod tracks through time: variations in sauropod manus and pes track morphologies. In: Falkingham PL, Marty D, Richter A, editors. Dinosaur tracks: the next steps. Indiana, USA: Indiana University Press; p. 121–137.
   Google Scholar
• Castanera D, Pascual C, Canudo JI, Hernández N, Barco JL. 2012. Ethological variations in gauge in sauropod trackways from the Berriasian of Spain. Lethaia. 45(4):476–489. doi: 10.1111/j.1502-3931.2012.00304.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen S, Huang X. 1993. Preliminary study of dinosaur tracks in Changling, Chuxiong Prefecture. J Yunnan Geol. 12:266–276.
   Google Scholar
• Christofoletti B, Peixoto BCPM, Warren LV, Inglez L, Fernandes MA, Alessandretti L, Alexandre de Jesus Perinotto J, Simões MG, Assine ML. 2021. Dinos among the dunes: Dinoturbation in the Pirambóia Formation (Paraná Basin), São Paulo State and comments on cross-section tracks. J South Am Earth Sci. 109:103252. doi: 10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103252.
   Google Scholar
• Day J, Norman D, Gale A, Upchurch P, Powell H. 2004. A Middle Jurassic Dinosaur trackway site from Oxfordshire, UK. Palaeontology. 47(2):319–348. doi: 10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00366.x.
   Google Scholar
• de Matos RMD. 1992. The Northeast Brazilian rift system. Tectonics. 11(4):766–791. doi: 10.1029/91TC03092.
   Google Scholar
• Dentzien-Dias PC, Schultz CL, Scherer CM, Lavina EL. 2007. The trace fossil record from the Guará Formation (Upper Jurassic?), southern Brazil. Arq Mus Nac Rio Jan. 65:585–600.
   Google Scholar
• de Valais S, Candeiro CR, Tavares LF, Alves YM, Cruvinel C. 2015. Current situation of the ichnological locality of São Domingos from the Corda Formation (Lower Cretaceous), Northern Tocantins state. Braz J South Am Earth Sci. 61:142–146. doi: 10.1016/j.jsames.2014.09.023.
   Google Scholar
• Diedrich C. 2011. Upper Jurassic tidal flat megatracksites of Germany—coastal dinosaur migration highways between European islands, and a review of the dinosaur footprints. Palaeobio Palaeoenv. 91(2):129–155. doi: 10.1007/s12549-010-0044-y.
   Google Scholar
• Dutuit J, Ouazzou A. 1980. Decouverte d’une piste de dinosaure sauropode sur le site d’empreintes de demnat (Haut-atlas Marocain Memoires de la Societe Geologique de France). 59:95–102.
   Google Scholar
• Falkingham PL. 2018. How to generate a height map with CloudCompare – Prof. Peter L. Falkingham. [accessed 2023 May 12]. https://peterfalkingham.com/2017/05/08/how-to-generate-a-height-map-with-cloudcompare/.
   Google Scholar
• Falkingham PL, Marty D, Richter A. 2016. Dinosaur tracks: the next steps. Indiana, USA: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Farlow JO, Pittman JG, Hawthorn JM. 1989. Brotopodus birdi Lower Cretaceous sauropod footprints from the US Gulf coastal plain. In: Gillette D, Lockley M, editors. Dinosaur Tracks and Traces. 1st ed. Vol. 1, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; p. 371–394.
   Google Scholar
• Fernández-Baldor FT, Díaz-Martínez I, Huerta P, Montero Huerta D, Castanera D. 2021. Enigmatic tracks of solitary sauropods roaming an extensive lacustrine megatracksite in Iberia. Sci Rep. 11(1):16939 11. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-95675-3.
   Google Scholar
• Françolin JBL, Cobbold PR, Szatmari P. 1994. Faulting in the Early Cretaceous Rio do Peixe basin (NE Brazil) and its significance for the opening of the Atlantic. J Struct Geol. 16(5):647–661. doi: 10.1016/0191-8141(94)90116-3.
   Google Scholar
• Gallina PA, Canale JI, Carballido JL. 2021. The Earliest known titanosaur Sauropod dinosaur. Ameghiniana. 58(1):35–51. doi: 10.5710/AMGH.20.08.2020.3376.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghilardi AM, Aureliano T, Duque RRC, Fernandes MA, Barreto AMF, Chinsamy A. 2016. A new titanosaur from the lower cretaceous of Brazil. Cretac Res. 67:16–24. doi: 10.1016/j.cretres.2016.07.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González Riga BJ. 2011. Speeds and stance of titanosaur sauropods: analysis of Titanopodus tracks from the late Cretaceous of Mendoza, Argentina. An Acad Bras Ciênc. 83(1):279–290. doi: 10.1590/S0001-37652011005000002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González Riga BJ, Calvo JO. 2009. A New Wide-Gauge Sauropod track site from the late cretaceous of Mendoza, Neuquén Basin, Argentina. Palaeontology. 52(3):631–640. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00869.x.
   Google Scholar
• González Riga BJ, Tomaselli MB. 2019. Different trackway patterns in titanosaur sauropods: Analysis of new Titanopodus tracks from the Upper Cretaceous of Mendoza, Neuquén Basin, Argentina. Cretac Res. 93:49–59. doi: 10.1016/j.cretres.2018.08.021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall LE, Fragomeni AE, Fowler DW. 2016. The flexion of sauropod pedal unguals and testing the substrate grip hypothesis using the trackway fossil record. In: Falkingham PL, Marty D, Richter A editors. Dinosaur tracks: the next Steps. 1st ed. Vol. 1. Indiana, USA: Indiana University Press; p. 138–151.
   Google Scholar
• Heredia AM, Pazos PJ, Fernández DE, Díaz-Martínez I, Comerio M. 2019. A new narrow-gauge sauropod trackway from the Cenomanian Candeleros Formation, Northern Patagonia, Argentina. Cretac Res. 96:70–82. doi: 10.1016/j.cretres.2018.11.016.
   Google Scholar
• Kaever M, de Lapparent AF. 1974. Les traces de pas de Dinosaures du Jurassique de Barkhausen (Basse Saxe, Allemagne). Bull de la Société Géologique de Fr. S7(5):516–525. doi: 10.2113/gssgfbull.S7-XVI.5.516.
   Google Scholar
• Kim JY, Lockley MG. 2012. New Sauropod Tracks (Brontopodus pentadactylus ichnosp. nov.) from the Early Cretaceous Haman Formation of Jinju Area, Korea: Implications for Sauropods Manus Morphology. Ichnos. 19(1–2):84–92. doi: 10.1080/10420940.2012.664056.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim KS, Lockley MG, Lim JD, Bae SM, Romilio A. 2020. Trackway evidence for large bipedal crocodylomorphs from the Cretaceous of Korea. Sci Rep. 10(1):8680. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-66008-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lallensack JN, Ishigaki S, Lagnaoui A, Buchwitz M, Wings O. 2019. Forelimb orientation and locomotion of sauropod dinosaurs: insights from the ?Middle Jurassic Tafaytour tracksites (Argana Basin, Morocco). J Vertebr Paleontol. 38(5):e1512501. doi: 10.1080/02724634.2018.1512501.
   Google Scholar
• Leonardi G, Carvalho IDS. 2021. Dinosaur tracks from Brazil: a lost world of Gondwana. 1st ed. Vol. 1. Indiana, USA: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Leonardi G, Casamiquela R, Demathieu G, Haubold H, Sarjeant W. 1987. Glossary and Manual of Tetrapod Footprint Palaeoichnology. Brasília, BR: Ministério Minas Energia, Dep. Nacional Produção Mineral.
   Google Scholar
• Leonardi G, Santos M. 2006. New dinosaur tracksites from the Sousa Lower Cretaceous basin (Paraíba, Brasil). Studi Trentini Sci Nat Acta Geol. 81(2004):5–21, 28 figs.
   Google Scholar
• Leonardi G, Santos MDFCFD, Barbosa FHDS. 2021. First dinosaur tracks from the Açu Formation, Potiguar Basin (mid-Cretaceous of Brazil). An Acad Bras Ciênc. 93(suppl 2):e20210635. doi: 10.1590/0001-3765202120210635.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lockley MG, Farlow JO, Meyer CA. 1994. Brontopodus and Parabrontopodus ichnogen. nov. and the significance of wide-and narrow-gauge sauropod trackways. Gaia. 10:135–145.
   Google Scholar
• Lockley MG, Lires J, García-Ramos JC, Pinuela L, Avanzini M. 2007. Shrinking the world’s largest dinosaur tracks: Observations on the Ichnotaxonomy of Gigantosauropus asturiensis and Hispanosauropus hauboldi from the Upper Jurassic of Asturias, Spain. Ichnos. 14:247–255. doi: 10.1080/10420940601050048.
   Google Scholar
• Lockley MG, Pittman JG, Meyer CA, Santos VD. 1994. On the common occurrence of manus-dominated sauropod trackways in Mesozoic carbonates. Gaia. 10:24.
   Google Scholar
• Lockley MG, Wright J, White D, Matsukawa M, Jianjun L, Lu F, Hong L. 2002. The first sauropod trackways from China. Cretac Res. 23(3):363–381. doi: 10.1006/cres.2002.1005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lourenço MCM, Jardim De Sá EF, Córdoba VC, Pichel LM. 2021. Multi-scale tectono-stratigraphic analysis of pre- and syn-rift sequences in the Rio do Peixe Basin, NE Brazil. Mar Pet Geol. 130:105127. doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2021.105127.
   Google Scholar
• Mabesoone JM. 1972 Sedimentos do Grupo Rio do Peixe (Paraíba). 26º Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia; 1972; Pará, BR. São Paulo, BR: Sociedade Brasileira de Geologia; p.236.
   Google Scholar
• Marchetti L, Belvedere M, Voigt S, Klein H, Castanera D, Díaz-Martínez I, Marty D, Xing L, Feola S, Melchor RN, et al. 2019. Defining the morphological quality of fossil footprints. Problems and principles of preservation in tetrapod ichnology with examples from the Palaeozoic to the present. Earth-Sci Rev. 193:109–145. doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.04.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marty D, Belvedere M, Meyer CA, Mietto P, Paratte G, Lovis C and Thüring B. (2010). Comparative analysis of Late Jurassic sauropod trackways from the Jura Mountains (NW Switzerland) and the central High Atlas Mountains (Morocco): implications for sauropod ichnotaxonomy. Hist Biol. 22(1–3):109–133. doi: 10.1080/08912960903503345.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazin J-M, Hantzpergue P, Olivier N. 2017. The dinosaur tracksite of Plagne (early Tithonian, Late Jurassic; Jura Mountains, France): The longest known sauropod trackway. Geobios. 50(4):279–301. doi: 10.1016/j.geobios.2017.06.004.
   Google Scholar
• Meijide Fuentes F, Fuentes Vidarte C, Meijide Calvo M, Meijide Fuentes M. 2004. Rastro de un dinosaurio Saurópodo en el Weald de Soria (España). Celtiberia. 54:501–515.
   Google Scholar
• Mensink H, Mertmann D. 1984. Dinosaurier-Fährten (Gigantosauropus asturiensis n.g.n.sp.; Hispanosauropus hauboldi n.g.n.sp.) im Jura Asturiens bei La Griega und Ribadesella (Spanien). Nues Jahrb für Geol Paläontol. 7:405–415.
   Google Scholar
• Meyer CA, Belvedere M, Englich B, Lockley MG. 2021. A reevaluation of the Late Jurassic dinosaur tracksite Barkhausen (Wiehengebirge, Northern Germany). PalZ. 95(3):537–558. doi: 10.1007/s12542-021-00562-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer CA, Marty D, Belvedere M. 2018. Titanosaur trackways from the Late Cretaceous El Molino Formation of Bolivia (Cal Orck’o, Sucre). Ann Soc Geol Pol. 88:223–241. doi: 10.14241/asgp.2018.018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milán J, Christiansen P, Mateus O. 2005. A three-dimensionally preserved sauropod manus impression from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal: Implications for sauropod manus shape and locomotor mechanics. Vol. 14. Kaupia: Darmstädter Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte; p. 47–52.
   Google Scholar
• Moratalla JJ. 2009. Sauropod tracks of the Cameros Basin (Spain): Identification, trackway patterns and changes over the Jurassic-Cretaceous. Geobios. 42(6):797–811. doi: 10.1016/j.geobios.2009.06.006.
   Google Scholar
• Moreau J-D, Trincal V, Fara E, Baret L, Jacquet A, Barbini C, Flament R, Wienin M, Bourel B, Jean A. 2019. Middle Jurassic Tracks of Sauropod Dinosaurs in a Deep Karst Cave in France. J Vertebr Paleontol. 39(6):e1728286. doi: 10.1080/02724634.2019.1728286.
   Google Scholar
• Moreno K, Benton MJ. 2005. Occurrence of sauropod dinosaur tracks in the Upper Jurassic of Chile (redescription of Iguanodonichnus frenki). J South Am Earth Sci. 20(3):253–257. doi: 10.1016/j.jsames.2005.05.012.
   Google Scholar
• Páramo A, Mocho P, Escaso F, Ortega F. 2023. Evolution of hind limb morphology of Titanosauriformes (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) via 3D Geometric Morphometrics reveals wide-gauge posture as an exaptation for gigantism. doi: 10.1101/2023.10.04.560839.
   Google Scholar
• Piñuela L, García-Ramos JC, Romano M, Ruiz-Omeñaca JI. 2016. First Record of Gregarious Behavior in Robust Medium-Sized Jurassic Ornithopods: Evidence from the Kimmeridgian trackways of Asturias (N. Spain) and some general considerations on Other Medium-Large Ornithopod tracks in the Mesozoic Record. Ichnos. 23(3–4):298–311. doi: 10.1080/10420940.2016.1178640.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poropat SF, Nair JP, Syme CE, Mannion PD, Upchurch P, Hocknull SA, Cook AG, Tischler TR, Holland T. 2017. Reappraisal of Austrosaurus mckillopi Longman, 1933 from the Allaru Mudstone of Queensland, Australia’s first named Cretaceous sauropod dinosaur. Alcheringa Australas J Palaeontol. 41(4):543–580. doi: 10.1080/03115518.2017.1334826.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapozo BF, Córdoba VC, Antunes AF. 2021. Tectono-stratigraphic evolution of a cretaceous intracontinental rift: Example from Rio do Peixe Basin, north-eastern Brazil. Mar Pet Geol. 126:104899. doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2021.104899.
   Google Scholar
• Roesner E, Lana C, Hérissé A, Melo J. 2011. Bacia do Rio do Peixe (PB): novos resultados biocronoestratigráficos e paleoambientais. Paleontologia: Cenários de Vida.
   Google Scholar
• Romano M, Whyte MA, Jackson SJ. 2007. Trackway Ratio: A New look at trackway Gauge in the analysis of Quadrupedal dinosaur trackways and its implications for Ichnotaxonomy. Ichnos. 14(3–4):257–270. doi: 10.1080/10420940601050014.
   Google Scholar
• Salgado L, Carvalho IDS, Garrido AC. 2006. Zapalasaurus bonapartei, un nuevo dinosaurio saurópodo de La Formación La Amarga (Cretácico Inferior), noroeste de Patagonia, Provincia de Neuquén, Argentina. Geobios. 39(5):695–707. doi: 10.1016/j.geobios.2005.06.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salisbury SW, Romilio A, Herne MC, Tucker RT, Nair JP. 2016. The Dinosaurian Ichnofauna of the lower Cretaceous (Valanginian–Barremian) Broome Sandstone of the Walmadany Area (James Price Point), Dampier Peninsula, Western Australia. J Vertebr Paleontology. 36(sup1):1–152. doi: 10.1080/02724634.2016.1269539.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos VF, Moratalla JJ, Royo-Torres R. 2009. New Sauropod Trackways from the middle Jurassic of Portugal. Acta Palaeontol Pol. 54(3):409–422. doi: 10.4202/app.2008.0049.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sousa ADJE, Carvalho IDS, Ferreira EP. 2018. Western Gondwana non-marine ostracods from early Cretaceous low-latitude ephemeral lake, Northeastern Brazil. J South Am Earth Sci. 86:23–37. doi: 10.1016/j.jsames.2018.06.001.
   Google Scholar
• Sousa ADJE, Carvalho IDS, Ferreira EP. 2019. Non-marine ostracod biostratigraphy of Cretaceous rift lake deposits (Sousa Basin, Brazil): Paleogeographical implications and correlation with Gondwanic basins. J South Am Earth Sci. 96:102345. doi: 10.1016/j.jsames.2019.102345.
   Google Scholar
• Thulborn RA. 1989. The gaits of dinosaurs. In: Gillette DD, Lockley MG, editors. Dinosaur Tracks and Traces. 1st ed. Vol. 1. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; p. 39–50.
   Google Scholar
• Thulborn T. 1990. Dinosaur tracks. 1st ed. London: Chapman and Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson JA, Carrano MT. 1999. Titanosaurs and the origin of “wide-gauge” trackways: a biomechanical and systematic perspective on sauropod locomotion. Paleobiology. 25(2):252–267. doi: 10.1017/S0094837300026543.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright JL. 2005. Steps in Understanding Sauropod Biology: the Importance of Sauropod Tracks. In: Curry Rogers K, editor. The Sauropods: evolution and Paleobiology. University of California Press. doi: 10.1525/california/9780520246232.003.0010.
   Google Scholar
• Zaher H, Pol D, Carvalho AB, Nascimento PM, Riccomini C, Larson P, Juarez-Valieri R, Pires-Domingues R Jr, da NJ, Campos DDA. 2011. A Complete skull of an early cretaceous Sauropod and the evolution of advanced Titanosaurians. PLOS ONE. 6(2):e16663. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar