References
- G. Hetsroni and R. Rozenblit, “Heat transfer to a liquid—solid mixture in a flume,” Int. J. Multiphase Flow, vol. 20, no. 4, pp.671–689, 1994. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-9322(94)90038-8.
- A. S. Ahuja, “Augmentation of heat transport in laminar flow of polystyrene suspensions. II. Analysis of the data,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 46, no. 8, pp.3417–3425, 1975b. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.322062.
- S. D. Barewar and S. S. Chougule, “Heat transfer characteristics and boiling heat transfer performance of novel Ag/ZnO hybrid nanofluid using free surface jet impingement,” Exp. Heat Transfer, pp. 1–16, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08916152.2020.1792587.
- W. S. Sarsam, S. N. Kazi, and A. Badarudin, “A review of studies on using nanofluids in flat-plate solar collectors,” Solar Energy, vol. 122, pp. 1245–1265, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2015.10.032.
- S. U. S. Choi and J. A. Eastman, Enhancing Thermal Conductivity of Fluids with Nanoparticles, in ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress & Exposition, San Francisco, CA, 1995.
- M. Ali, O. Zeitoun, and S. Almotairi, “Natural convection heat transfer inside vertical circular enclosure filled with water-based Al2O3 nanofluids,” Int. J. Therm. Sci., vol. 63, pp. 115–124, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2012.07.008.
- S. K. Singh and J. Sarkar, “Experimental hydrothermal characteristics of concentric tube heat exchanger with V-cut twisted tape turbulator using PCM dispersed mono/hybrid nanofluids,” Exp. Heat Transfer, pp. 1–22, 2020. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/08916152.2020.1772412.
- M. Attalla and H. M. Maghrabie, “An experimental study on heat transfer and fluid flow of rough plate heat exchanger using Al2O3/water nanofluid,” Exp. Heat Transfer, vol. 33, no. 3, pp.261–281, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08916152.2019.1625469.
- S. A. Kalogirou, Solar Energy Engineering - Processes and Systems. 1st ed. Academic Press, 2009.
- W. Daungthongsuk and S. Wongwises, “A critical review of convective heat transfer of nanofluids,” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., vol. 11, no. 5, pp.797–817, 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2005.06.005.
- L. S. Sundar, M. K. Singh, and A. C. M. Sousa, “Enhanced heat transfer and friction factor of MWCNT–Fe3O4/water hybrid nanofluids,” Int. Comm. Heat Mass Transfer, vol. 52, pp. 73–83, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2014.01.012.
- S. E. B. Maïga, S. J. Palm, C. T. Nguyen, G. Roy, and N. Galanis, “Heat transfer enhancement by using nanofluids in forced convection flows,” Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow, vol. 26, no. 4, pp.530–546, 2005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2005.02.004.
- E. Natarajan and R. Sathish, “Role of nanofluids in solar water heater,” Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., vol. 1, pp. 3–7, 2009.
- W. Yu, D. M. France, J. L. Routbort, and S. U. S. Choi, “Review and comparison of nanofluid thermal conductivity and heat transfer enhancements,” Heat Transfer Eng., vol. 29, no. 5, pp.432–460, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01457630701850851.
- W. Xiaowu and H. Ben, “Exergy analysis of domestic-scale solar water heaters,” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., vol. 9, no. 6, pp.638–645, 2005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2004.04.007.
- V. Khullar and H. Tyagi. Application of nanofluids as the working fluid in concentrating parabolic solar collectors. in 37th National & 4th International Conference on Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Power. 2010., Chennai, India.
- T. Yousefi, F. Veisy, E. Shojaeizadeh, and S. Zinadini, “An experimental investigation on the effect of MWCNT-H2O nanofluid on the efficiency of flat-plate solar collectors,” Exp. Therm Fluid Sci., vol. 39, pp. 207–212, 2012a. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2012.01.025.
- T. Yousefi, F. Veysi, E. Shojaeizadeh, and S. Zinadini, “An experimental investigation on the effect of Al2O3–H2O nanofluid on the efficiency of flat-plate solar collectors,” Renewable Energy, vol. 39, no. 1, pp.293–298, 2012b. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2011.08.056.
- S. Polvongsri and T. Kiatsiriroat, “Enhancement of flat-plate solar collector thermal performancewith silver nano-fluid,” in The Second TSME International Conference on Mechanical Engineering, Krabi, Thailand, 2011.
- H. Chaji et al., “Experimental study on thermal efficiency of flat plate solar collector using TiO2/water nanofluid,” Mod. Appl. Sci., vol. 7, no. 10, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/mas.v7n10p60.
- J. J. Michael and S. Iniyan, “Performance of copper oxide/water nanofluid in a flat plate solar water heater under natural and forced circulations,” Energy Convers. Manage., vol. 95, pp. 160–169, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.02.017.
- S. K. Verma, A. K. Tiwari, S. Tiwari, and D. S. Chauhan, “Performance analysis of hybrid nanofluids in flat plate solar collector as an advanced working fluid,” Solar Energy, vol. 167, pp. 231–241, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2018.04.017.
- H. J. Jouybari, M. E. Nimvari, and S. Saedodin, “Thermal performance evaluation of a nanofluid‐based flat‐plate solar collector,” J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., vol. 137, no. 5, pp.1757–1774, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-019-08077-z.
- N. Majeed, B. Abdulmajeed, and A. Yaseen, “The influence of the preparation and stability of nanofluids for heat transfer,” J. Eng., vol. 25, no. 4, pp.45–54, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2019.04.04.
- O. Zeitoun and M. Ali, “Nanofluid impingement jet heat transfer,” Nanoscale Res Lett., vol. 7, no. 1, pp.139, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1556-276X-7-139.
- M. Ali, A. El-Leathy, and Z. Al-Sofyany, “The effect of nanofluid concentration on the cooling system of vehicles radiator,” Adv. Mech. Eng., vol. 6, pp. 962510, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/962510.
- I. Sarkar, et al. “Application of TiO2 nanofluid-based coolant for jet impingement quenching of a hot steel plate,” Exp. Heat Transfer, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 322–336, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08916152.2018.1517835.
- W. S. Sarsam, A. Amiri, S. N. Kazi, and A. Badarudin, “Stability and thermophysical properties of non-covalently functionalized graphene nanoplatelets nanofluids,” Energy Convers. Manage., vol. 116, pp. 101–111, 2016a. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.02.082.
- W. S. Sarsam, et al. “Stability and thermophysical properties of water-based nanofluids containing triethanolamine-treated graphene nanoplatelets with different specific surface areas,” Colloids. Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp., vol. 500, pp. 17–31, 2016b. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.04.016.
- W. S. Sarsam, S. N. Kazi, and A. Badarudin, “Thermal performance of a flat-plate solar collector using aqueous colloidal dispersions of graphene nanoplatelets with different specific surface areas,” Appl. Therm. Eng., vol. 172, pp. 115142, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115142.
- A. Ghozatloo, A. Rashidi, and M. Shariaty-Niassar, “Convective heat transfer enhancement of graphene nanofluids in shell and tube heat exchanger,” Exp. Therm Fluid Sci., vol. 53, pp. 136–141, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2013.11.018.
- J. Nanda, et al. “Thermal conductivity of single-wall carbon nanotube dispersions: role of interfacial effects,” J. Phys. Chem. C, vol. 112, no. 3, pp. 654–658, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jp711164h.
- Z. Sun, et al. “Quantitative evaluation of surfactant-stabilized single-walled carbon nanotubes: dispersion quality and its correlation with zeta potential,” J. Phys. Chem. C, vol. 112, no. 29, pp. 10692–10699, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jp8021634.
- W. S. Sarsam, et al. “Synthesis, stability, and thermophysical properties of aqueous colloidal dispersions of multi-walled carbon nanotubes treated with beta-alanine,” Int. Comm. Heat Mass Transfer, vol. 89, pp. 7–17, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2017.09.006.
- N. K. Nawayseh, M. M. Farid, A. A. Omar, and A. Sabirin, “Solar desalination based on humidification process—II. Computer simulation,” Energy Convers. Manage., vol. 40, no. 13, pp.1441–1461, 1999. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-8904(99)00017-5.
- D. S. Codd, A. Carlson, J. Rees, and A. H. Slocum, “A low cost high flux solar simulator,” Solar Energy, vol. 84, no. 12, pp.2202–2212, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2010.08.007.
- A. A. Badran, M. F. Mustafa, W. K. Dawood, and Z. K. Ghazzawi, “On the measurement of bond conductance in solar collector absorber plate,” Energy Convers. Manage., vol. 49, no. 11, pp.3305–3310, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2008.01.041.
- ASHRAE Standard 93, Methods of Testing to Determine the Thermal Performance of Solar Collectors, Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 2003.
- J. A. Duffie and W. A. Beckman, Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, 4th ed. New York: John Willey & Sons, 2013.
- M. Vakili, S. M. Hosseinalipour, S. Delfani, S. Khosrojerdi, and M. Karami, “Experimental investigation of graphene nanoplatelets nanofluid-based volumetric solar collector for domestic hot water systems,” Solar Energy, vol. 131, pp. 119–130, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2016.02.034.
- H. K. Gupta, G. D. Agrawal, and J. Mathur, “Investigations for effect of Al2O3–H2O nanofluid flow rate on the efficiency of direct absorption solar collector,” Case Stud. Therm. Eng., vol. 5, pp. 70–78, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2015.01.002.
- Y. A. Cengel and J. M. Cimbala, Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals and Applications, vol. 2, McGraw-Hill Publication, 2006, pp. 136–138.
- P. Razi, M. A. Akhavan-Behabadi, and M. Saeedinia, “Pressure drop and thermal characteristics of CuO–base oil nanofluid laminar flow in flattened tubes under constant heat flux,” Int. Comm. Heat Mass Transfer, vol. 38, no. 7, pp.964–971, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2011.04.010.
- J. P. Holman, Experimental Methods for Engineers, 8th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill series in mechanical engineering, 2012.
- S. J. Kline and F. McClintock, “Describing uncertainties in single-sample experiments,” Mech. Eng., vol. 75, pp. 3–8, 1953.
- R. J. Moffat, “Using Uncertainty Analysis in the Planning of an Experiment,” J. Fluids Eng., vol. 107, no. 2, pp.173–178, 1985. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3242452.
- D. J. Faulkner, D. R. Rector, J. J. Davidson, and R. Shekarriz, “Enhanced heat transfer through the use of nanofluids in forced convection,” in ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition IMECE04, Anaheim, CA, 2004.
- Y. Kwon, et al. “Temperature Dependence of Convective Heat Transfer with Al2O3 Nanofluids in the Turbulent Flow Region,” J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., vol. 13, no. 12, pp. 7902–7905, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2013.8109.
- S. K. Das, S. U. Choi, W. Yu, and T. Pradeep. Nanofluids: Science and Technology. John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
- X. Fang, Q. Ding, L.-W. Fan, H. Lu, and Z.-T. Yu, “Effects of inclusion size on thermal conductivity and rheological behavior of ethylene glycol-based suspensions containing silver nanowires with various specific surface areas,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 81, pp. 554–562, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2014.10.043.
- S. Sen Gupta, et al. “Thermal conductivity enhancement of nanofluids containing graphene nanosheets,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 110, no. 8, pp. 084302, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3650456.
- Y. Xuan and Q. Li, “Heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids,” Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow, vol. 21, no. 1, pp.58–64, 2000. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-727X(99)00067-3.