28
Views
16
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Autoimmune Hepatitis: The Way We Were, the Way We Are Today and the Way We Hope to Be

&
Pages 293-305 | Published online: 07 Jul 2009

  • Krawitt, E.L. (1996) "Autoimmune hepatitis", New Engl. J. Med. 334, 897 - 903
  • Obermayer-Straub, P., Strassburg, C.P. and Manns, M.P. (2000) "Autoimmune hepatitis", J. Hepatol. 32, 181 - 197
  • Czaja, A.J. (2001) "Understanding the pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis", Am. J. Gastroenterol. 96, 1224 - 1231
  • Manns, M.P. and Strassburg, C.P. (2001) "Autoimmune hepatitis: clinical challenges", Gastroenterology 120, 1502 - 1517
  • Kita, H., Mackay, I.R., Van de Water, J. and Gershwin, M.E. (2001) "The lymphoid liver: considerations on pathways to autoimmune injury", Gastroenterology 190, 1485 - 1501
  • Barker, M.H., Capps, R.B. and Allen, F.W. (1945) "Chronic hepatitis in the Mediterranean theater: a new clinical syndrome", J. Am. Med. Assoc. 129, 653 - 659
  • Capps, R.B. (1948) "Clinical aspects of the sequelae of acute hepatitis", Gastroenterology 11, 680 - 684
  • Waldenström, J. (1950) "Leber, Blutproteine und Nahrungseiweiss", Dtsch. Z. Verdau Stoffwechselkrankh 2, 113 - 119
  • Bearn, A.G., Kunkel, H.G. and Slater, R. (1956) "The problem of chronic liver disease in young women", Am. J. Med. 21, 3 - 15
  • Kunkel, H.G., Ahrens, Jr., E.H., Eisenmenger, W.J., et al., (1951) "Extreme hypergammaglobulinaemia in young women with liver disease of unknown etiology (abstract)", J. Clin. Investig. 30, 654
  • Wood, I.J., King, W.E., Parsons, P.J., et al., (1948) "Non-suppurative hepatitis: a study of acute and chronic forms with special reference to biochemical and histological changes", Med. J. Aust. 11, 249 - 261
  • Hargraves, M.M., Richmond, H. and Morton, R.J. (1948) "Presentation of two bone marrow elements: the"tart"cell and the"L.E."cell", Proc. Mayo Clin. 23, 25 - 28
  • Joske, R.A. and King, W.E. (1965) "The L.E. cell phenomenon in active chronic viral hepatitis", Lancet 2, 878 - 879
  • Mackay, I.R., Taft, L.I. and Cowling, D.C. (1956) "Lupoid hepatitis", Lancet 2, 1323 - 1326
  • Mackay, I.R. and Gajdusek, D.C. (1958) "An 'autoimmune' reaction against human tissue antigens in certain acute and chronic diseases: II. Clinical correlations", Arch. Intern. Med. 101, 30 - 46
  • Mackay, I.R., Weiden, S. and Hasker, J. (1965) "Autoimmune hepatitis", Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 24, 767 - 780
  • Friou, C.J. (1957) "Clinical application of lupus serum nucleoprotein reaction using fluorescent antibody technique", J. Clin. Investig. 36, 890 - 897
  • Holborow, E.J., Asherson, G.L., Johnson, G.D., Barnes, R.D.S. and Carmichael, P.S. (1963) "Antinuclear factor and other antibodies in blood and liver diseases", Br. Med. J. 1, 656 - 658
  • Johnson, G.D., Holborow, E.J. and Glynn, L.E. (1965) "Antibody to smooth muscle in patients with liver disease", Lancet 2, 878 - 879
  • Whittingham, S., Mackay, I.R. and Irwin, J. (1966) "Autoimmune hepatitis. Immunofluorescence reactions with cytoplasm of smooth muscle and renal glomerular cells", Lancet 1, 1333 - 1335
  • Rizzetto, M., Swana, G. and Doniach, D. (1973) "Microsomal antibodies in active chronic hepatitis and other disorders", Clin. Exp. Immunol. 15, 331 - 344
  • Mackay, I.R. and Morris, P.J. (1972) "Association of autoimmune chronic hepatitis with HLA1,8", Lancet ii, 793 - 795
  • Mackay, I.R. and Tait, B.D. (1980) "HLA associations with autoimmune type chronic active hepatitis: identification of B8-DRw3 haplotype by family studies", Gastroenterology 79, 95 - 98
  • Donaldson, P.T., Doherty, D.G., Hayllar, K.M., et al., (1991) "Susceptibility to autoimmune chronic active hepatitis: human leucocyte antigens DR4 and A1-B8-DR3 are independent risk factors", Hepatology 13, 701 - 706
  • Mackay, I.R. (1972) "The prognoses of chronic hepatitis", Ann. Intern. Med. 77, 649 - 651
  • Blumberg, B.S., Gerstley, B.J.S., Hungerford, D.A., et al., (1967) "A serum antigen (Australia antigen) in Down's syndrome, leukemia and hepatitis", Ann. Intern. Med. 66, 927 - 931
  • Sutnick, A.I., London, W.T. and Blumberg, B.S. (1971) "Australia antigen: a genetic basis for chronic liver disease and hepatoma?", Ann. Intern. Med. 74, 442 - 444
  • Choo, Q.L., Kuo, G., Weiner, A.J., et al., (1989) "Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a bloodborne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome", Science 244, 359 - 362
  • Mackay, I.R. (2000) "Science, medicine and the future: tolerance and autoimmunity", Brit. Med. J. 321, 93 - 96
  • Bjarnason, I., Magnusson, B. and Bjornsson, S. (1982) "Idiopathic chronic active hepatitis in Iceland", Acta Med. Scand. 211, 305 - 307
  • Toda, G., Zeniya, M., Watanabe, F., et al., and the Japanese National Study Group of Autoimmune Hepatitis (1997) "Present status of autoimmune hepatitis in Japan -- correlating the characteristics with International criteria in an area with a high rate of HCV infection", J. Hepatol. 26, 1207 - 1212
  • Boberg, K.M., Aaland, E., Jahnsen, J., Raknerud, N., Stiris, M. and Bell, H. (1998) "Incidence and prevalance of autoimmune hepatitis in a Norwegian population", Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 33, 99 - 103
  • Popper, H., Paronetto, F. and Schaffner, F. (1965) "Immune processes in the pathogenesis of liver disease", Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 124, 781 - 799
  • Page, A.R. and Good, R.A. (1960) "Plasma cell hepatitis with special attention to steroid therapy", Am. J. Dis. Child. 99, 288 - 314
  • Searle, J., Harmon, B.V., Bishop, C.J. and Kerr, J.F.R. (1987) "Significance of single cell death by apoptosis in hepatobiliary disease", J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2, 77 - 96
  • O'Brien, E.N., Goble, A.J. and Mackay, I.R. (1958) "Plasma transaminase activity as an index of the effectiveness of cortisone in chronic hepatitis", Lancet i, 1245 - 1249
  • Mackay, I.R., Weiden, S. and Ungar, B. (1964) "The treatment of active chronic and lupoid hepatitis with 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine", Lancet 1, 899-902.
  • Mackay, I.R. (1968) "Chronic hepatitis: effect of prolonged suppressive treatment and comparison of azathioprine with prednisolone", Quart. J. Med. 37, 379-392.
  • Cook, G.C., Mulligan, R. and Sherlock, S. (1971) "Controlled prospective trial of corticosteroid therapy in active chronic hepatitis", Quart. J. Med. 40, 159 - 185
  • Czaja, A.J. (1986) "Autoimmune chronic active hepatitis", In: Czaja, A.J. and Dickson, E.R., eds, Chronic Active Hepatitis. The Mayo Experience (Decker, New York), pp 105 - 126
  • Parker, D.R. and Kingham, J.G.C. (1997) "Type 1 autoimmune hepatitis is primarily a disease of later life", Quart. J. Med. 90, 289 - 296
  • Homberg, J.C., Abuaf, N., Bernard, O., et al., (1987) "Chronic active hepatitis associated with anti-liver kidney microsomal antibody type 1: a second type of 'autoimmune hepatitis'", Hepatology 197, 1333 - 1339
  • Vento, S., Cainelli, F., Renzini, C. and Concia, E. (1997) "Autoimmune hepatitis type 2 induced by HCV and persisting after viral clearance", Lancet 350, 1298 - 1299
  • Alvarez, F., Berg, P.A., Bianchi, F.B., et al., (1999) "International autoimmune hepatitis group report: review of criteria for diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis", J. Hepatol. 31, 929 - 938
  • Mackay, I.R. (2000) "Autoimmune disease overlaps and the liver: Two for the price of one?", J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 15, 3 - 8
  • Lohse, A.W., Meyer zum Büschenfelde, K.-H., Franz, B., et al., (1999) "Characterization of the overlap syndrome of primary biliary cirrhosis and autoimmune hepatitis: evidence for it being a hepatitic form of PBC in genetically susceptible individuals", Hepatology 29, 1078 - 1084
  • Kinoshita, H., Omagari, K., Whittingham, S., et al., (1999) "Autoimmune cholangitis and primary biliary cirrhosis: an autoimmune enigma", Liver 14, 122 - 128
  • Czaja, A.J., Carpenter, H.A., Santrach, P.J. and Moore, S.B. (2000) "Autoimmune cholangitis within the spectrum of autoimmune liver disease", Hepatology 31, 1231 - 1238
  • Boberg, K.M., Faiusa, O., Haaland, T., et al., (1996) "Features of autoimmune hepatitis in primary sclerosing cholangitis: an evaluation of 114 primary sclerosing cholangitis patients according to a scoring system for the diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitits", Hepatology 23, 1369 - 1376
  • Van Buurren, H.R., van Hoogstraten, H.J.E., Terkivatan, T., et al., (2000) "High prevalence of autoimmune hepatitis among patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis", J. Hepatol. 33, 543 - 548
  • Gregorio, G.V., Portmann, B., Karani, J., et al., (2001) "Autoimmune hepatitis/sclerosing cholangitis overlap syndrome in childhood: a 16-year prospective study", Hepatology 33, 544 - 553
  • Park, S.Z., Nagorney, D.M. and Czaja, A.J. (2000) "Hepatocellular carcinoma in autoimmune hepatitis", Dig. Dis. Sci. 45, 1944 - 1948
  • Mackay, I.R. (2001) "Antinuclear (chromatin) autoantibodies in autoimmune hepatitis", J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 16, 245 - 247
  • Toh, B.H. (1979) "Smooth muscle autoantibodies and autoantigens", Clin. Exp. Immunol. 38, 621 - 628
  • Toh, B.H. (1991) "Anti-cytoskeletal autoantibodies", Autoimmunity 11, 119 - 125
  • Cancado, E.L.R., Vilas-Boas, L.S., Abrantes-Lemos, C.P., et al., (1996) "Heat serum inactivation as a mandatory procedure for antiactin antibody detection in cell culture", Hepatology 23, 1098 - 1104
  • Lindgren, S., Nilsson, S., Nässberger, L., et al., (2000) "Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in patients with chronic liver diseases: prevalance, antigen specificity and predictive value for diagnosis of autoimmune liver disease", J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 15, 437 - 442
  • Terjung, B., Spengler, U., Sauerbruch, T. and Worman, H.J. (2000) "'Atypical p-ANCA' in IBD and hepatobiliary disorders react with a 50 kDa nuclear envelope protein of neutrophils and myeloid cell lines", Gastroenterology 119, 310 - 322
  • Sobajima, J., Ozaki, S., Vesugi, H., et al., (1999) "High mobility group (HMG) non-histone chromosomal proteins HMG1 and HMG2 are significant target antigens of perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in autoimmune hepatitis", Gut 44, 867 - 873
  • Treichel, U., McFarlane, B., Seki, T., et al., (1994) "Demographics of anti-asialoglycoprotein receptor autoantibodies in autoimmune hepatitis", Gastroenterology 107, 799 - 804
  • Berg, P.A., Stechemesser, E., Strienz, J., et al., (1981) "Hypergammaglobulinämische chronisch aktive Hepatitis mit Nachweis von leber-pankreas-spezifischen komplemtbindenden Autoantikörpern", Virh Dtsh Ges Inn Med. 87, 921 - 927
  • Manns, M., Gerken, G., Kyriastsoulis, A., et al., (1987) "Characterisation of a new subgroup of autoimmune chronic active hepatitis by autoantibodies against a soluble liver antigen", Lancet 1, 292 - 294
  • Waechter, B., Kyriatsoulis, A., Lohse, A.W., et al., (1990) "Characterisation of liver cytokeratin as a major target antigen in autoimmune hepatitis", Hepatology 11, 232 - 239
  • Wesierska-Gadek, J., Grimm, R., Hitchman, E., et al., (1998) "Members of the glutathione S -transferase gene family are antigens in autoimmune hepatitis", Gastroenterology 114, 329 - 335
  • Wies, I., Brunner, S., Henninger, J., et al., (2000) "Identification of target antigen for SLA/LP autoantibodies in autoimmune hepatitis", Lancet 355, 1510 - 1515
  • Volkmann, M., Baurle, M.L., Strassburg, C.P., et al., (2001) "Soluble liver antigen: isolation of a 35 kd recombinant protein (SLA-p35) specifically recognising sera from patients with autoimmune hepatitis", Hepatology 33, 591 - 596
  • Costa, M., Rodriguez-Sanchez, J.L., Czaja, A.J. and Gelpi, C. (2000) "Isolation and characterisation of cDNA encoding the antigenic protein of the human tRNP (ser)sec complex recognised by autoantibodies from patients with type-1 autoimmune hepatitis", Clin. Exp. Immunol. 121, 364 - 374
  • Manns, M.P. and Obermayer-Straub, P. (1997) "Cytochromes P450 and UDP-glucuronyl transferases: model antigens to study drug-induced, virus-induced and autoimmune liver diseases", Hepatology 26, 1054 - 1066
  • Strassburg, C., Obermayer-Straub, P., Duraxxo, A.B., Rizzetto, M., Tukey, R.H., et al., (1996) "Autoantibodies against glucuronosyltransferases differ between viral hepatitis and autoimmune hepatitis", Gastroenterology 11, 1582 - 1592
  • Martini, E., Abuaf, N., Cavalli, F., et al., (1988) "Antibody to liver cytosol (anti-LC1) in patients with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis type 2", Hepatology 8, 1662 - 1666
  • Lapierre, P., Hajoui, O., Homberg, J.-C. and Alvarez, F. (1999) "Formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase is an organ-specific autoantigen recognised by sera of patients with autoimmune hepatitis", Gastroenterology 116, 643 - 649
  • Pelli, N., Fensom, A.H., Slade, C., et al., (1998) "Argininosuccinate lyase: a new autoantigen in liver disease", Clin. Exp. Immunol. 114, 455 - 461
  • Fraser, I.H., Jordan, T.W., Collins, E.C., Andrews, P. and Mackay, I.R. (1987) "Antibody to liver membrane antigens in chronic active hepatitis", Hepatology 7, 4 - 10
  • Swanson, N.R., Reed, W.D., Yarred, L.J., Shilkin, K.B. and Joske, R.A. (1990) "Autoantibodies, to isolated plasma membranes in chronic active hepatitis II specificity of autoantibodies", Hepatology 11, 613 - 621
  • Matsuo, I., Ikuno, N., Omagari, K., et al., (2000) "Autoimmune reactivity of sera to hepatocyte plasma membrane in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis", J. Gastroenterol. 35, 226 - 234
  • Tuomi, T., Rowley, M.J., Knowles, W.J., et al., (1994) "Autoantigenic properties of native and denatured qlutamic acid decarboxlyse: evidence for a conformational epitope", Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 71, 53 - 59
  • Muratori, L., Parola, M., Ripati, A., et al., (2000) "Liver/kidney microsomal antibody type 1 targets CYP2D6 on hepatocyte plasma membrane", Gut 46, 553 - 561
  • Robin, M.A., Le Roy, M., Descatoire, V. and Pessayre, D. (1997) "Plasma membrane cytochromes p450 as neoantigens and autoimmune targets in drug induced hepatitis", J. Hepatol. 26 (Suppl. 1), 23 - 30
  • Lohr, H., Manns, M., Kyriatsoulis, A., et al., (1991) "Clonal analysis of liver-infiltrating T cells in patients with LKM-1 antibody positive autoimmune chronic active hepatitis", Clin. Exp. Immunol. 84, 297 - 302
  • Nishioji, K., Okanoue, Y., Itoh, S., et al., (2001) "Increase in serum chemokine interferon-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) in the serum of patients with autoimmune liver diseases and increase in its mRNA expression in hepatocytes", Clin. Exp. Immunol. 123, 271 - 279
  • Czaja, A.J. and Donaldson, P.T. (2000) "Genetic susceptibilities for immune expression and liver cell injury in autoimmune hepatitis", Immunol. Rev. 174, 250 - 259
  • Tait, B.D., Mackay, I.R., Board, P., et al., (1989) "HLA A1, B8, DR3 extended haplotype in autoimmune chronic hepatitis", Gastroenterology 97, 479 - 481
  • Scully, L.J., Toze, C., Sengar, D.P.S. and Goldstein, R. (1993) "Early-onset autoimmune hepatitis is associated with a C4A gene deletion", Gastroenterology 104, 1478 - 1484
  • Goldberg, A.C., Bittencourt, P.L., Mougin, B., et al., (2001) "Analysis of HLA haplotypes in autoimmune hepatitis type 1: identifying the major susceptibility locus", Human Immunol. 62, 165 - 169
  • Gregersen, P.K., Silver, J. and Winchester, R.J. (1987) "The shared epitope hypothesis: an approach to understanding the molecular genetics of susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis", Arthritis Rheum. 30, 1205 - 1213
  • Agarwal, K., Czaja, A.J., Jones, D.E. and Donaldson, P.T. (2000) "Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to type 1 autoimmune hepatitis", Hepatology 31, 49 - 53
  • Vogel, A., Liermann, H., Harms, A., et al., (2001) "Autoimmune regulator AIRE: Evidence for genetic differences between autoimmune hepatitis and hepatitis as part of the autoimmune polyglandular syndrome Type 1", Hepatology 33, 1047 - 1052
  • Steven, M.M., Buckley, J.D. and Mackay, I.R. (1979) "Pregnancy in chronic active hepatitis", Quart. J. Med. 48, 519 - 531
  • Henegan, M.A., Norris, S.M., O'Gready, J.G., et al., (2000) "Management and outcome of pregnancy in autoimmune hepatitis", Gut 48, 97 - 102
  • Gonzalez-Koch, A., Czaja, A.J., Carpenter, H.A., et al., (2001) "Recurrent autoimmune hepatitis after orthotopic liver transplantation", Liver Transp. 7, 302 - 310
  • Meyer zum Buschenfelde, K.-H. (1995) "Autoimmune hepatitis", New Engl. J. Med. 333, 1004 - 1005
  • Yarze, J.C. (1996) "Autoimmune hepatitis", New Engl. J. Med. 334, 923 - 924
  • Czaja, A.J. and Homburger, H.A. (2001) "Autoantibodies in liver disease", Gastroenterology 120, 239 - 249
  • Lohr, H., Treichel, U., Poralla, T., et al., (1990) "The human asialoglycoprotein receptor is a target antigen for liver-infiltrating T cells in autoimmune chronic active hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis", Hepatology 12, 1314 - 1320
  • Lohr, H.R., Schlaak, J.F., Lohse, A.W., et al., (1996) "Autoreactive CD4+ LKM-specific and anticlonotypic T cell responses in LKM-1 antibody-positive autoimmune hepatitis", Hepatology 24, 1416 - 1421
  • Arenz, M., Pingel, S., Schirmacher, P., et al., (2001) "T cell receptor V beta chain restriction and preferred CDR3 motifs of liver-kidney microsomal antigen (LKM-1)-reactive T cells from autoimmune hepatitis patients", Liver 21, 18 - 25
  • Hickling, J. (1998) "Measuring human T-lymphocyte function", Exp. Rev. Mol. Med. http://www.ermm.cbcu.cam.ac.uk/jhc/txt001jhc.htm
  • Mehal, W.Z., Azzaroli, F. and Crispe, N. (2001) "Immunology of the healthy liver: old questions and new insights", Gastroenterology 120, 250 - 260
  • Karanikas, V., Mackay, I.R., Rowley, M.J., et al., (1995) "Hepatic portal infiltrates in mice immunized with syngeneic lymphoid cells: connotations for models of autoimmune liver disease", J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 10, 491 - 497
  • Toh, B.H., Sentry, J. and Alderuccio, F. (2000) "The causative H/K ATPase antigen in the pathogenesis of autoimmune gastritis", Immunol. Today 21, 352 - 358
  • Myozaki, M., Kamiyasu, M., Miura, T., et al., (1996) "Induction of autoimmune hepatitis and autoantibodies to liver antigens by neonatal thymectomy in mice", Clin. Exp. Immunol. 104, 133 - 143
  • Stanley, N.F., Leak, P.J., Walters, M.N.-I. and Joske, R.A. (1964) "Murine infection with reovirus: the chronic disease following reovirus type 3 infection", Brit. J. Exp. Path. 45, 142 - 149
  • Walters, M.N.-I., Stanley, N.F., Dawkins, R.L., et al., (1973) "Immunological assessment of mice with chronic jaundice and runting induced by reovirus 3", Brit. J. Exp. Path. 54, 329 - 345
  • Bhathal, P.S., Rose, N.R., Mackay, I.R. and Whittingham, S. (1983) "Genetics of carbon tetrachloride induced liver injury in mice. I Histological and functional studies", Brit. J. Exp. Pathol. 64, 524 - 533
  • Hardy, C.L., Bhathal, P.S., Snibson, K.J. and Adams, T.E. (1997) "Comparison of intrahepatic lymphocytes from normal and growth hormone transgenic mice with chronic hepatitis and liver cancer", Immunology 90, 412 - 420
  • Wolf, D., Hallman, R., Sass, G., et al., (2001) "TNFα-induced expression of adhesion molecules in the liver is under the control of TNFR1 -- relevance for concanavalin A induced hepatitis", J. Immunol. 166, 1300 - 1307
  • Chen, D., McKallip, R.N., Zeytun, A., et al., (2001) "CD44-deficient mice exhibit enhanced hepatitis after concanavalin injection: evidence for involvement of CD44 in activation induced cell death", J. Immunol. 166, 5889 - 5897
  • Coyle, A.J. and Guterrez-Ramos, J.G. (2001) "The expanding B-7 superfamily: increasing complexify in costimulatory signals regulating T cell function", Nature Immunol. 2, 203 - 209
  • Budd, R.C. (2001) "Activation-induced cell death", Curr. Opin. Immunol. 13, 356 - 362
  • Shevach, E.M. (2001) "Certified professionals: CD4(+)CD25(+) suppressor T cells", J. Exp. Med. 193, F41 - F46
  • Goodnow, G.C. (2001) "Pathways for self tolerance and the treatment of autoimmune diseases", Lancet 357, 2115 - 2121
  • Marrack, P., Kappler, J. and Kotzin, B.L. (2001) "Autoimmune disease: why and where it occurs," Nature Med., 7, 899-905.
  • Davidson, A. and Diamond, B. (2001) "Autoimmune diseases", New Engl. J. Med. 345, 340 - 350
  • Garcia-Buey, L., Garcia-Monzon, C., Rodriguez, S., et al., (1995) "Latent autoimmune hepatitis triggered during interferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C", Gastroenterology 108, 142 - 149
  • Bosi, E., Minelli, R., Bazzigaluppi, E. and Salvi, M. (2001) "Fulminant autoimmune Type 1 diabetes during interferon-alpha theraphy: a case of Th1-mediated disease?", Diabet. Med. 18, 329 - 332
  • Charles, P.J., Smeenk, R.J.T., DeJong, J., Feldman, M. and Maini, R.N. (2000) "Assessment of antibodies to ds DNA induced in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients following treatment with infliximab, a monodonal antibody to TNF alpha", Arthritis Rheum. 43, 2383 - 2390
  • Mackay, I.R. and Rose, N.R. (1998) "Autoimmunity yesterday, today and tomorrow", In: Rose, N.R. and Mackay, I.R., eds, The Autoimmune Diseases (Academic Press, San Diego), p 868

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.