The association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin antibody: A new insight from SPECT-China study

References

• Meli R, Mattace Raso G, Calignano A. Role of innate immune response in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: metabolic complications and therapeutic tools. Front Immunol. 2014;5:177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratziu V, Bugianesi E, Dixon J, et al. Histological progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a critical reassessment based on liver sampling variability. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;26:821–830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vernon G, Baranova A, Younossi ZM. Systematic review: the epidemiology and natural history of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in adults. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;34:274–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung J, Lee CK, Chan M, et al. High prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the Chinese – results from the Hong Kong liver health census. Liver Int. 2015;35:542–549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai W, Song JM, Zhang B, et al. The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and relationship with serum uric acid level in Uyghur population. Sci World J. 2014;2014:1.
   Google Scholar
• Tao Y, Gu H, Wu J, Sui J. Thyroid function is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in euthyroid subjects. Endocr Res. 2015;40:74–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browning JD, Szczepaniak LS, Dobbins R, et al. Prevalence of hepatic steatosis in an urban population in the United States: impact of ethnicity. Hepatol. 2004;40:1387–1395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki A, Lindor K, St Saver J, et al. Effect of changes on body weight and lifestyle in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 2005;43:1060–1066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arrese M, Cabrera D, Kalergis AM, et al. Innate immunity and inflammation in NAFLD/NASH. Dig Dis Sci. 2016;61:1294–1303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutti S, Bruzzi S, Albano E. The role of immune mechanisms in alcoholic and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a 2015 update. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;10:243–253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang MC, Cheng L, Qiu L, et al. Efficacy of Tiopronin in treatment of severe non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2014;18:160–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Min HK, Mirshahi F, Verdianelli A, et al. Activation of the GP130-STAT3 axis and its potential implications in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2015;308:G794–G803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayter SM, Cook MC. Updated assessment of the prevalence, spectrum and case definition of autoimmune disease. Autoimmun Rev. 2012;11:754–765.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brcic L, Baric A, Gracan S, et al. Association of established thyroid peroxidase autoantibody (TPOAb) genetic variants with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Autoimmunity. 2016;49:480–485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merrill SJ, Mu Y. Thyroid autoimmunity as a window to autoimmunity: An explanation for sex differences in the prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity. J Theor Biol. 2015;375:95–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carle A, Laurberg P, Knudsen N, et al. Thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin auto-antibodies in patients with newly diagnosed overt hypothyroidism. Autoimmunity. 2006;39:497–503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pagadala MR, Zein CO, Dasarathy S, et al. Prevalence of hypothyroidism in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2012;57:528–534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung GE, Kim D, Kim W, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease across the spectrum of hypothyroidism. J Hepatol. 2012;57:150–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim D, Kim W, Joo SK, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism and low-normal thyroid function are associated with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and fibrosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;16:123–131 e121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang N, Cheng J, Han B, et al. Exposure to severe famine in the prenatal or postnatal period and the development of diabetes in adulthood: an observational study. Diabetologia. 2017;60:262–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang N, Zhang K, Han B, et al. Follicle stimulating hormone, its novel association with sex hormone binding globulin in men and postmenopausal women. Endocrine. 2017;56(3):649–657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Chen Y, Xia F, et al. A higher ratio of estradiol to testosterone is associated with autoimmune thyroid disease in males. Thyroid. 2017;27:960–966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Chen Y, Wang N, et al. Are thyroid nodules associated with sex-related hormones? A cross-sectional SPECT-China study. BMJ Open. 2017;7:e015812.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang N, Chen Y, Ning Z, et al. Exposure to famine in early life and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adulthood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101:2218–2225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi YM, Kim WG, Kim TY, et al. Low levels of serum vitamin D3 are associated with autoimmune thyroid disease in pre-menopausal women. Thyroid. 2014;24:655–661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muscogiuri G, Mari D, Prolo S, et al. 25 Hydroxyvitamin D deficiency and its relationship to autoimmune thyroid disease in the elderly. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016;13:850.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li H, Dong K, Fang Q, et al. High serum level of fibroblast growth factor 21 is an independent predictor of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a 3-year prospective study in China. J Hepatol. 2013;58:557–563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J, Group IDFETFC. The metabolic syndrome – a new worldwide definition. Lancet. 2005;366:1059–1062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson DL, Gange SJ, Rose NR, et al. Epidemiology and estimated population burden of selected autoimmune diseases in the United States. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1997;84:223–243.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Effraimidis G, Badenhoop K, Tijssen JG, et al. Vitamin D deficiency is not associated with early stages of thyroid autoimmunity. Eur J Endocrinol. 2012;167:43–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cogni G, Chiovato L. An overview of the pathogenesis of thyroid autoimmunity. Hormones (Athens). 2013;12:19–29.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Massoudi MS, Meilahn EN, Orchard TJ, et al. Prevalence of thyroid antibodies among healthy middle-aged women. Findings from the thyroid study in healthy women. Ann Epidemiol. 1995;5:229–233.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ballestri S, Romagnoli D, Nascimbeni F, et al. Role of ultrasound in the diagnosis and treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its complications. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;9:603–627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin-Rodriguez JL, Gonzalez-Cantero J, Gonzalez-Cantero A, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of serum alanine aminotransferase as biomarker for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance in healthy subjects, using 3T MR spectroscopy. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96:e6770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bril F, Sninsky JJ, Baca AM, et al. Hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance, but not steatohepatitis, promote atherogenic dyslipidemia in NAFLD. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101:644–652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaggini M, Morelli M, Buzzigoli E, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its connection with insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Nutrients. 2013;5:1544–1560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Targher G, Marra F, Marchesini G. Increased risk of cardiovascular disease in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: causal effect or epiphenomenon? Diabetologia. 2008;51:1947–1953.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anstee QM, Targher G, Day CP. Progression of NAFLD to diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease or cirrhosis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;10:330–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finelli C, Tarantino G. Is visceral fat reduction necessary to favour metabolic changes in the liver? J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2012;21:205–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Dai M, Bi Y, et al. Active smoking, passive smoking, and risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a population-based study in China. J Epidemiol. 2013;23:115–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chavez-Tapia NC, Lizardi-Cervera J, Perez-Bautista O, et al. Smoking is not associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12:5196–5200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ittermann T, Haring R, Wallaschofski H, et al. Inverse association between serum free thyroxine levels and hepatic steatosis: results from the Study of Health in Pomerania. Thyroid. 2012;22:568–574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bano A, Chaker L, Plompen EP, et al. Thyroid function and the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the Rotterdam study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101:3204–3211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lleo A, Battezzati PM, Selmi C, et al. Is autoimmunity a matter of sex?. Autoimmun Rev. 2008;7:626–630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golden LC, Voskuhl R. The importance of studying sex differences in disease: the example of multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci Res. 2017;95:633–643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue N, Katsumata Y, Watanabe M, et al. Polymorphisms and expression of toll-like receptors in autoimmune thyroid diseases. Autoimmunity. 2017;50:182–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mori K, Yoshida K, Mihara M, et al. Effects of interleukin-6 blockade on the development of autoimmune thyroiditis in nonobese diabetic mice. Autoimmunity. 2009;42:228–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar