Traumatic stress: A theory based on rapid loss of resources

References

• Antonovsky , A. 1979 . Health, stress, and coping. , San Francisco : Jossey-Bass. .
   Google Scholar
• Clark , M S. 1983 . “ Reactions to aid in communal and exchange relationships ” . In New directions in helping , Edited by: Fisher , J D. , Nadler , A. and DePaulo , B M. Vol. 1 , 281 – 304 . New York : Academic Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , S. and Hoberman , H M. 1983 . Positive events and social supports as buffers of life change stress . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 13 : 99 – 125 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dohrenwend , B S. , Krasnoff , L. , Askenasy , A R. and Dohrenwend , B P. 1978 . Exemplification of a method for scaling life events: The PERI life events scale . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 19 : 205 – 229 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eaton , W W. and Ritter , C. 1989 . Distinguishing anxiety and depression with field survey data . Psychological Medicine , 18 : 155 – 166 .
   Google Scholar
• Etzion , D. 1987 . Burnout: The hidden agenda of human distress (Working paper No. 930/87) , Tel Aviv University, Faculty of Management .
   Google Scholar
• Felner , R D. , Farber , S S. and Primavera , J. 1983 . “ Transitions and stressful life events: A model for primary prevention ” . In Preventive psychology: Theory, research and practice , Edited by: Felner , R D. , Jason , L A. , Moritsugu , J N. and Farber , S S. 199 – 215 . New York : Plenum. .
   Google Scholar
• Freedy , J R. , Shaw , D. , Jarrell , M P. and Bene , C. 1990 . Resource loss, coping and psychological distress: An empirical test of a theoretical model. Manuscript submitted for publication.
   Google Scholar
• Hobfoll , S E. 1985 . “ The limitations of social support in the stress process ” . In Social support: Theory, research and application , Edited by: Sarason , I G. and Sarason , B R. 391 – 414 . The Hague, The Netherlands : Martinus Nijhoff. .
   Google Scholar
• Hobfoll , S E. 1986 . Stress, social support, and women. , Washington, DC : Hemisphere. .
   Google Scholar
• Hobfoll , S E. 1988 . The ecology of stress. , Washington, DC : Hemisphere. .
   Google Scholar
• Hobfoll , S E. 1989 . Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress . American Psychologist , 44 : 513 – 524 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobfoll , S E. 1990 . Loss as the active ingredient in stress: Response to Arnold Lazarus . American Psychologist , 45 : 1275 – 1276 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobfoll , S E. , Spielberger , R D. , Breznitz , S. , Figley , C. , Folkman , S. , Lepper-Green , B. , Meichenbaum , D. , Milgram , N A. , Sandler , I. , Sarason , I. and van der Kolk , B. 1991 . War-related stress: Addressing the stress of war and other traumatic events . American Psychologist , 46 : 848 – 855 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobfoll , S E. and Leiberman , Y. 1987 . Personality and social resources in immediate and continued stress resistance among women . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 52 : 18 – 26 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobfoll , S E. and Lerman , M. 1988 . Personal relationships, personal attributes, and stress resistance: Mothers' reactions to their child's illness . American Journal of Community Psychology , 16 : 565 – 589 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobfoll , S E. and Lerman , M. 1989 . Predicting receipt of social support: A longitudinal study of parents' reactions to their child's illness . Health Psychology , 8 : 61 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobfoll , S E. , Lomranz , J. , Eyal , N. , Bridges , A. and Tzemach , M. 1989 . Pulse of a nation: Depressive mood reactions of Israelis to the Israel-Lebanon war . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 56 : 1002 – 1012 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobfoll , S E. , London , P. and Orr , E. 1988 . Mastery, intimacy, and stress resistance during war . Journal of Community Psychology , 16 : 317 – 331 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobfoll , S E. and Stokes , J P. 1988 . “ The process and mechanics of social support ” . In Handbook of personal relationships: Theory, research, and interventions , Edited by: Duck , S. , Hay , D F. , Hobfoll , S E. , Ickes , W. and Montgomery , B M. 497 – 517 . London : Wiley. .
   Google Scholar
• Holmes , T H. and Rahe , R H. 1967 . The social readjustment rating scale . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 11 : 213 – 218 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horowitz , M. , Wilner , N. and Alvarez , W. 1979 . Impact of Event Scale: A measure of subjective stress . Psychological Medicine , 41 : 209 – 218 .
   Google Scholar
• Jourard , S M. 1971 . Self-disclosure: An experimental analysis of the transparent self. , New York : Wiley (Interscience). .
   Google Scholar
• Kanner , A D. , Coyne , J C. , Schaefer , C. and Lazarus , R S. 1981 . Comparisons of two modes of stress measurement: Daily hassles and uplifts versus major life events . Journal of Behavioral Medicine , 4 : 1 – 39 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kessler , R C. , Turner , J B. and House , J S. 1989 . Unemployment, reemployment, and emotional functioning in a community sample . American Sociological Review , 54 : 648 – 657 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobasa , S C. and Puccetti , M C. 1983 . Personality and social resources in stress resistance . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 45 : 839 – 850 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus , R S. 1990 . Theory-based stress measurement . Psychological Inquiry , 1 : 3 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Lazarus , R S. and Folkman , S. 1984 . Stress, appraisal, and coping. , New York : Springer. .
   Google Scholar
• Lefcourt , H M. , Martin , R A. and Selah , W E. 1984 . Locus of control and social support: Interactive moderators of stress . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 47 : 378 – 389 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May , R. 1980 . “ Value conflicts and anxiety ” . In Handbook on stress and anxiety , Edited by: Kutash , I L. and Schlesinger , L B. 241 – 248 . San Francisco : Jossey-Bass. .
   Google Scholar
• Noy , S. , Solomon , Z. and Benbenishti , R. 1986 . “ The forward treatment of combat stress reactions: A test case in the 1982 conflict in Lebanon ” . In Stress and coping in time of war: Generalizations from the Israeli experience , Edited by: Milgram , N A. 110 – 116 . New York : Brunner/Mazel. .
   Google Scholar
• Pearlin , L I. , Leiberman , M A. , Menaghan , E G. and Mullan , J T. 1981 . The stress process . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 22 : 337 – 356 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruch , L O. and Leon , J J. 1986 . “ The victim of rape and the role of life change, coping, and social support during the rape trauma syndrome ” . In Stress, social support, and women , Edited by: Hobfoll , S E. 137 – 152 . Washington, DC : Hemisphere. .
   Google Scholar
• Sarason , I G. , Johnson , J H. and Siegel , J M. 1978 . Assessing the impact of life changes: Development of the Life Experiences Survey . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 46 : 932 – 946 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schönpflug , W. 1985 . “ Goal directed behavior as a source of stress: Psychological origins and consequences of inefficiency ” . In The concept of action in psychology , Edited by: Frese , M. and Sabini , J. 172 – 188 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum. .
   Google Scholar
• Shirom , A. 1989 . “ Burnout in work organizations ” . In International review of industrial and organizational psychology , Edited by: Cooper , C L. and Robertson , I. 25 – 48 . Chicester, England : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Solomon , Z. and Benbenishti , R. 1986 . The role of proximity, immediacy and expectancy in frontline treatment of combat stress reaction among Israelis in the Lebanon war . American Journal of Psychiatry , 143 : 613 – 617 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon , Z. , Mikulincer , M. and Hobfoll , S E. 1986 . Effects of social support and battle intensity on loneliness and breakdown during combat . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 : 1269 – 1276 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon , Z. , Oppenheimer , B. and Noy , S. 1986 . “ Subsequent military adjustment of combat stress reaction casualties: A nine year follow-up study ” . In Stress and coping in time of war: Generalizations from the Israeli experience , Edited by: Milgram , N A. 84 – 90 . New York : Brunner/Mazel. .
   Google Scholar
• Thoits , P A. 1983 . “ Dimensions of life events that influence psychological distress: An evaluation and synthesis of the literature ” . In Psychosocial stress: Trends in theory and research , Edited by: Kaplan , H B. 33 – 103 . New York : Academic Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Wilcox , B L. 1986 . “ Stress, coping and the social milieu of divorced women ” . In Stress, social support, and women , Edited by: Hobfoll , S E. 115 – 133 . Washington, DC : Hemisphere. .
   Google Scholar