Sea Cucumber Moratorium and Livelihood Diversity in Papua New Guinea

References

• Acock, A. 2012. A gentle introduction to Stata. 3rd ed. College Station, TX: Stata Press.
   Google Scholar
• Allison, E., and F. Ellis. 2001. The livelihoods approach and management of small-scale fisheries. Marine Policy 25:377–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, S., J. Flemming, R. Watson, and H. Lotze. 2011. Serial exploitation of global sea cucumber fisheries. Fish and Fisheries 12:317–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrew, N., C. Bene, S. Hall, E. Allison, S. Heck, and B. Ratner. 2007. Diagnosis and management of small-scale fisheries in developing countries. Fish and Fisheries 8:227–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aswani, S. 1999. Common property models of sea tenure: a case study from the Roviana and Vonavona Lagoons. New Georgia. Solomon Islands. Human Ecology 27:417–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aswani, S. 2005. Customary sea tenure in oceania as a case of rights-based fishery management: Does it work?. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 15:285–307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aswani, S., P. J. Mumby, A. C. Baker, P. Christie, L. J. McCook, R. S. Steneck, and R. H. Richmond. 2015. Scientific frontiers in the management of coral reefs. Frontiers in Marine Science 2:1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Aswani, S., and K. Ruddle. 2013. Design of realistic hybrid marine resource management programs in oceania. Pacific Science 67:461–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, J., K. M. Leber, H. L. Blankenship, N. R. Loneragan, and R. Masuda. (2008). A new era for restocking, stock enhancement and sea ranching of coastal fisheries resources. Reviews in Fisheries Science 16(1–3):1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, J., S. Purcell, and W. Nash. 2008. Restoring small-scale fisheries for tropical sea cucumbers. Ocean and Coastal Management 51:589–93.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett, G. 2012. Customary marine tenure and contemporary resource management in Solomon Islands. Paper presented at the 12th International Coral Reef Symposium, Cairns, Australia, 9–13 July 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Brewer, T., J. Cinner, A. Green, and J. Pandolfi. 2009. Thresholds and multiple scale interaction of environment, resource use, and market proximity on reef fishery resources in the Solomon Islands. Biological Conservation 142:1797–807.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrier, J. 1981. Ownership of productive resources on Ponam Island, Manus Province. Journal de la Société des Océanistes 37:205–17.
   Google Scholar
• Carrier, J., and A. Carrier. 1989. Marine tenure and economic reward on Ponam Island, Manus Province. In A sea of small boats, ed. J. Cordell. Cambridge, UK: Cultural Survival.
   Google Scholar
• Chan, K. M. A., P. Balvanera, K. Benessaiah, M. Chapman, S. Diaz, E. Gomez-Baggethun, and N. J. Turner. 2016. Why protect nature? Rethinking values and the environment. PNAS 113:1462–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, K. M. A., J. Goldstein, T. Satterfield, N. Hannahs, K. Kikiloi, R. Naidoo, N. Vadeboncoeur, and U. Woodside. 2011. Cultural services and non-use values. In Natural capital: Theory and practice of mapping ecosystem services, eds. P. Kareiva, H. Tallis, T. Ricketts, G. Daily and S. Polaski. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chan, K. M. A., T. Satterfield, and J. Goldstein. 2012. Rethinking ecosystem services to better address and navigate cultural values. Ecological Economics 74:8–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman, M. 1987. Women's fishing in Oceania. Human Ecology 15:267–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choo, P., and M. Williams. 2014. Avoiding Pitfalls in development projects that aspire to empower women: A Review of the Asian fisheries society gender and fisheries symposium papers. Asian Fisheries Science 27S:15–31.
   Google Scholar
• Church, A., R. Fish, R. Haines-Young, S. Mourato, J. Tratalos, L. Stapleton, and J. O. Kenter. 2014. UK national ecosystem assessment Follow-on. Work Package Report 5: Cultural ecosystem services and indicators. Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC, LWEC.
   Google Scholar
• Cinner, J. E. 2005. Socioeconomic factors influencing customary marine tenure in the Indo-Pacific. Ecology and Society 10:36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cinner, J. E. 2009. Migration and coastal resource use in Papua New Guinea. Ocean and Coastal Management 52:411–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cinner, J. E. 2011. Social-ecological traps in reef fisheries. Global Environmental Change 21:835–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cinner, J. E. 2014. Coral reef livelihoods. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 7:65–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cinner, J. E., and S. Aswani. 2007. Integrating customary management into marine conservation. Biological Conservation 140:201–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cinner, J. E., X. Basurto, P. Fidelman, J. Kuange, R. Lahari, and A. Mukminin. 2012b. Institutional designs of customary fisheries management arrangements in Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Mexico. Marine Policy 36:278–85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cinner, J. E., C. Folke, T. Daw, and C. C. Hicks. 2011. Responding to change: Using scenarios to understand how socioeconomic factors may influence amplifying or dampening exploitation feedbacks among Tanzanian fishers. Global Environmental Change 21:7–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cinner, J. E., M. Marnane, and T. R. McClanahan. 2005. Conservation and community benefits from traditional coral reef management at Ahus Island, Papua New Guinea. Conservation Biology 19:1714–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cinner, J. E., and T. R. McClanahan. 2006. Socioeconomic factors that lead to overfishing in small-scale coral reef fisheries of Papua New Guinea. Environmental Conservation 33:73–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cinner, J. E., T. R. McClanahan, T. Daw, N. Graham, J. Maina, S. Wilson, and T. Hughes. 2009a. Linking social and ecological systems to sustain coral reef fisheries. Current Biology 19:206–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cinner, J. E., T. R. McClanahan, N. A. J. Graham, M. S. Pratchett, S. K. Wilson, and J.-B. Raina. 2009b. Gear-based fisheries management as a potential adaptive response to climate change and coral mortality. Journal of Applied Ecology 46:724–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conand, C. 1994. Sea Cucumbers and Beche-De-Mer of the tropical pacific. Noumea, New Caledonia: Secretariat of the Pacific Community.
   Google Scholar
• Di Carlo, G., and L. J. McKenzie. 2011. Seagrass training manual for resource managers. Arlington, TX, USA: Conservation International.
   Google Scholar
• Eriksson, H., C. Conand, A. Lovatelli, N. A. Muthiga, and S. W. Purcell. 2015a. Governance structures and sustainability in Indian Ocean sea cucumber fisheries. Marine Policy 56:16–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksson, H., H. Österblom, B. Crona, M. Troell, N. Andrew, J. Wilen, and C. Folke. 2015b. Contagious exploitation of marine resources. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 13:435–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksson, H., G. Robinson, M. Slater, and M. Troell. 2012. Sea cucumber aquaculture in the Western Indian Ocean: Challenges for sustainable livelihood and stock improvement. Ambio 41:109–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FAO. 1995. Code of conduct for responsible fisheries, 41. Rome: FAO.
   Google Scholar
• FAO. 2003. Fisherties Management - 2. The Ecosystem approach to fisheries. In Technical guidelines for responsible fisheries. Rome: FAO.
   Google Scholar
• FAO. 2013. Report on the FAO Workshop on sea cucumber fisheries: An Ecosystem Approach to Management in the Indian Ocean (SCEAM Indian Ocean) Zanzibar, the United Republic of Tanzania, 12–16 November 2012. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Report. No. 1038. Rome: FAO.
   Google Scholar
• Garcia, S. M., A. Zerbi, C. Aliaume, T. Do Chi, and G. Lasserre. 2003. The Ecosystem approach to fisheries, terminology, principles, institutional foundations, implementation and outlook. Technical Paper. No. 443. Rome: FAO.
   Google Scholar
• Gopal, N., M. Williams, M. Porter, K. Kusakabe, and P. Choo. 2014. Guest editorial: Gender in aquaculture and fisheries—navigating change. Asian Fisheries Science 27S:1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Hair, C., S. Foale, J. Kinch, L. Yaman, and P. C. Southgate. 2016. Beyond boom, bust and ban: The sandfish (Holothuria scabra) fishery in the Tigak Islands, Papua New Guinea. Regional Studies in Marine Science 5:69–79.
   Google Scholar
• Hamel, J., C. Conand, D. Pawson, and A. Mercier. 2001. The sea cucumber Holothuria scabra (Holothuroidea: Echinodermata): its biology and exploitation as beche-de-Mer. Advances in Marine Biology 41:129–223.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyndman, D. 1993. Sea tenure and the management of living resources in Papua New Guinea. Pacific Studies 16:99–114.
   Google Scholar
• Kenter, J. O., L. O'Brien, N. Hockley, N. Ravenscroft, I. Fazey, K.N. Irvine, and S. Williams. 2015. What are shared and social values of ecosystems? Ecological Economics 111:86–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinch, J., S. Purcell, S. Uthicke, and K. Friedman. 2008a. Population status, fisheries and trade of Sea Cucumbers in the Western Pacific. In Sea Cucumbers: A Global review of fisheries and trade, eds. V. Toral-Granda, A. Lovatelli, and M. Vasconcellos, 7–55. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organisation.
   Google Scholar
• Kinch, J., S. Purcell, S. Uthicke, and K. Friedman. 2008b. Papua New Guinea: A Hot spot of Sea cucumber Fisheries in the Western Pacific. In Sea Cucumbers: A Global review of fisheries and trade, eds. V. Toral-Granda, A. Lovatelli, and M. Vasconcellos, 55–77. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organisation.
   Google Scholar
• Kleiber, D., L. M. Harris, and A. C. J. Vincent. 2015. Gender and small-scale fisheries: A case for counting women and beyond. Fish and Fisheries 16:547–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lingam, L. 2005. Structural adjustment, gender and household survival strategies: Review of evidences and concerns. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Centre for the Education of Women, The University of Michigan.
   Google Scholar
• Long, J. S., and J. Freese. 2006. Regression models for categorical dependent variables using Stata. 2nd ed. College Station, TX: Stata Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mariano, M. J., R. Villano, and E. Fleming. 2012. Factors influencing farmers' adoption of modern rice technologies and good management practices in the Philippines. Agricultural Systems 110:41–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClanahan, T. R. 2010. Effects of fisheries closures and gear restrictions on fishing income in a Kenyan coral reef. Conservation Biology 24:1519–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monnereau, I., and R. Pollnac. 2012. Which fishers are satisfied in the Caribbean? A comparative analysis of job satisfaction among Caribbean lobster fishers. Social Indicators Research 109:95–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagelkerken, I., C. Roberts, G. Van der Velde, M. Dorenbosh, M. Van Riel, E. De la Morinere, and P. Nienhuis. 2002. How important are mangroves and seagrass beds for coral-reef fish? The nursery hypothesis tested on an island scale. Marine Ecology Progress Series 244:299–305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Statistical Office. 2011. Summary of population findings. Retrieved from http://www.nso.gov.pg/index.php/population-and-social/other-indicators
   Google Scholar
• National Statistical Office. 2013. Consumer price index—Classified by urban area. Retrieved from www.bankpng.gov.pg/statistics-mainmenu-121/505-qeb-statistical-tables-sp-18427
   Google Scholar
• NFA. 2005. Small-scale-fisheries related Socio-Economic Survey of New Ireland Province. Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, PNG: National Fisheries Authority.
   Google Scholar
• NFA. 2007. Sea cucumber survey, New Ireland province. Port Moresby, PNG: National Fisheries Authority.
   Google Scholar
• Otto, T. 1997. Baitfish royalties and customary marine tenure in Manus, Papua New Guinea. Anthropological Forum 7:667–90.
   Google Scholar
• Otto, T. 1998. Resource management in Lavongai and Tigak islands: Changing practices, changing identities. In Pacific answers to western hegemony: Cultural practices of identity construction, ed. J. Wassman. Oxford, UK: Berg.
   Google Scholar
• Pollnac, R. B., R. S. Pomeroy, and I. H. T. Harkes. 2001. Fishery policy and job satisfaction in three southeast Asian fisheries. Ocean and Coastal Management 44:531–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pomeroy, R. S. 2011. Managing overcapacity in small-scale fisheries. In Small-Scale fisheries management: Frameworks and approaches for the developing world, eds. R. S. Pomeroy and N. L. Andrew, 75–92. Wallingford, Oxfordshire: CAB International.
   Google Scholar
• Pomeroy, R. S. 2015. Linking science and people: Applying socioeconomic and governance science to solve problems and create opportunities in Caribbean fisheries. Paper presented at the 67th Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute Conference, Barbados.
   Google Scholar
• Pomeroy, R. S., and N. Andrew eds. 2011. Small-scale fisheries management: Frameworks and approaches for the developing world. Wallingford, Oxfordshire: CAB International.
   Google Scholar
• Pomeroy, R. S., J. Parks, and C. Balboa. 2006. Farming the reef: Is aquaculture a solution for reducing fishing pressure on coral reefs? Marine Policy 30:111–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purcell, S. W. 2010. Managing sea cucumber fisheries with an ecosystem approach. In FAO fisheries and aquaculture Technical Paper. No.520, eds. A. Lovatelli, M. Vasconcellos and Y. Yimin. Rome: FAO.
   Google Scholar
• Purcell, S. W., A. Lovatelli, and K. Pakoa. 2014. Constraints and solutions for managing Pacific Island sea cucumber fisheries with an ecosystem approach. Marine Policy 45:240–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purcell, S. W., A. Mercier, C. Conand, J. Hamel, A. Lovatelli, V. Toral-Granda, and S. Uthicke. 2013. Sea cucumber fisheries: Global analysis of stocks, management measures and drivers of overfishing. Fish and Fisheries 14:34–59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purcell, S. W., P. Ngaluafe, K. T. Aram, and W. Lalavanua. 2016. Trends in small-scale artisanal fishing of sea cucumbers in Oceania. Fisheries Research 183:99–110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purcell, S., and R. S. Pomeroy. 2015. Driving small-scale fisheries in developing countries. Frontiers in Marine Science 2:44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahelizatovo, N. C., and J. M. Gillespie. 2004. The adoption of best management practices by Louisiana dairy producers. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 36:229–40.
   Google Scholar
• Ramirez, O. A., and S. D. Schultz. 2000. Poisson count data models to explain the adoption of agricultural and natural resource management technologies by small farmers in Central American countries. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 32:21–33.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, G., and A. Lovatelli. 2015. Global sea cucumber fisheries and aquaculture FAO's inputs over the past few years. FAO Aquaculture Newsletter 53:55–7.
   Google Scholar
• Ruddle, K. 1996. Traditional management of reef fishing. In Reef fisheries, eds. N. C. Polunin and C. Roberts. Netherlands: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Ruddle, K. 1998. Introduction to the special issue on a modern role for traditional coastal-marine resource management systems in the Pacific Islands. Ocean and Coastal Management 40:99–103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruddle, K., E. Hviding, and R. Johannes. 1992. Marine resources management in the context of customary marine tenure. Marine Resource Economics 7:249–73.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma, A., A. Bailey, and I. Fraser. 2011. Technology adoption and pest control strategies among UK cereal farmers: Evidence from parametric and nonparametric count data models. Journal of Agricultural Economics 62:73–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unsworth, R., J. J. Bell, and D. J. Smith. 2007. Tidal fish connectivity of reef and seagrass habitats in the Indo-Pacific. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87:1287–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, M. J., M. Porter, P. Choo, K. Kusakabe, V. Vuki, N. Gopal, and M. Bondad-Reantaso. 2012. Guest editorial: Gender in aquaculture and fisheries: Moving the agenda forward. Asian Fisheries Science 25S:1–13.
   Google Scholar