Empowering Stakeholders to Manage Stinging Jellyfish: A Perspective

References

• Anderson, K., and K. J. Gaston. 2013. Lightweight unmanned aerial vehicles will revolutionize spatial ecology. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 11:138–46. doi:10.1890/120150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arai, M. N. 1997. A functional biology of scyphozoa. London: Chapman and Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Araya, J. F., J. A. Alliaga, and M. E. Araya. 2015. On the distribution of Physalia physalis (hydrozoa: Physaliidae) in Chile Marine Biodiversity. doi:10.1007/s12526-015-0417-6.
   Google Scholar
• Atwood, L., A. L. Erwin, and A.-M. Major. 1998. Exploring the “Cry Wolf” hypothesis. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 16:279–302 .
   Google Scholar
• Bentlage, B., P. Cartwright, A. A. Yanagihara, C. Lewis, G. S. Richards, and A. G. Collins. 2010. Evolution of box jellyfish (Cnidaria: Cubozoa), a group of highly toxic invertebrates. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277:493–501. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohannon, J. 2016. Twitter can predict hurricane damage as well as emergency agencies. Science. doi:10.1126/science.aaf4182.
   Google Scholar
• Bordehore, C., C. Alonso, L. Sanchez-Fernandez, A. Canepa, M. Acevedo, S. Nogue, and V. L. Fuentes. 2016. Lifeguard assistance at Spanish Mediterranean beaches: Jellyfish prevail and proposals for improving risk management. Ocean & Coastal Management 131:45–52. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.08.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bordehore, C., V. L. Fuentes, D. Atienza, C. Barbera, D. Fernandez-Jover, M. Roig, M. J. Acevedo-Dudley, A. J Canepa, and J. M. Gili. 2011. Detection of an unusual presence of the cubozoan Carybdea marsupialis at shallow beaches located near Denia, Spain (south-western Mediterranean). Marine Biodiversity Records 4:1–6. doi:10.1017/S1755267211000650.
   Google Scholar
• Canepa, A., V. Fuentes, A. Sabatés, S. Piraino, F. Boero, and J.-M. Gili. 2014. Pelagia noctiluca in the Mediterranean Sea. In Jellyfish blooms, ed. K. A. Pitt and C. H. Lucas, 237–66. Netherlands: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Carrette, T. J., P. Cullen, M. Little, P. L. Peiera, and J. E. Seymour. 2002. Temperature effects on box jellyfish venom: A possible treatment for envenomed patients? Medical Journal of Australia 177:654–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiaverano, L. M., B. S. Holland, G. L. Crow, L. Blair, and A. A. Yanagihara. 2013. Long-term fluctuations in circalunar beach aggregations of the box jellyfish Alatina moseri in Hawaii, with links to environmental variability. PLoS One 8:e77039. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung, J. J., L. A. Ratnapala, I. M. Cooke, and A. A. Yanagihara. 2001. Partial purification and characterization of a hemolysin (cah1) from Hawaiian box jellyfish (Carybdea alata) venom. Toxicon 39:981–90. doi:10.1016/S0041-0101(00)00237-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins A. G., B. Bentlage, W. Gillan, T. H. Lynn, A. C. Morandini, and A. C. Marques. 2011. Naming the Bonaire banded box jelly, Tamoya ohboya, n. Sp. (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida: Tamoyidae). Zootaxa 2753:53–68.
   Google Scholar
• Conservation International. 2008. Economic values of coral reefs, mangroves and seagrasses: A global compilation. Arlington, VA, USA: Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International.
   Google Scholar
• Courtney, R., and J. Seymour. 2013. Seasonality in polyps of a tropical cubozoan: Alatina nr mordens. PLoS One 8: doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069369.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Courtney, R., S. Browning, and J. Seymour. 2016. Early life history of the ‘Irukandji’ jellyfish Carukia barnesi. PLoS One 11: doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crow, G. L., L. M. Chiaverano, J. Crites, M. A. Khramov, and B. S. Holland. 2015. Box jellyfish (Cubozoa: Carybdeida) in Hawaiian Waters, and the first record of Tripedalia cystophora in Hawai‘i. Bishop Museum Bulletin in Zoology 9:93–108.
   Google Scholar
• Decker, M. B., C. W. Brown, R. R. Hood, J. E. Purcell, T. F. Gross, J. C. Matanoski, R. O. Bannon, and E. M. Setzler-Hamilton. 2007. Predicting the distribution of the scyphomedusa Chrysaora quinquecirrha in Chesapeake Bay. Marine Ecology Progress Series 329:99–113. doi:10.3354/meps329099.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deloitte Access Economics. 2013. Economic contribution of the Great Barrier Reef. GBRMPA, Townsville.
   Google Scholar
• Dow, K., and S. L. Cutter. 1998. Crying wolf: repeat responses to hurricane evacuation orders. Coastal Management 26:237–52. doi:10.1080/08920759809362356.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duarte, C. M., K. A. Pitt, C. H. Lucas, J. E. Purcell, S. Uye, K. Robinson, L. Brotz, M. B. Decker, K. R. Sutherland, A. Malej, et al. 2013. Is global ocean sprawl a cause of jellyfish blooms? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 11:91–97. doi:10.1890/110246.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2014. A European strategy for more growth and jobs in coastal and marine tourism. https://ec.europa.eu/maritimeaffairs/sites/maritimeaffairs/files/docs/body/coastal-and-maritime-tourism_en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Fenner, P. J., and Harrison, S. 2000. Irukandji and Chironex fleckeri jellyfish envenomation in tropical Australia. Wilderness and Environmental Medicine 11:233–40. doi:10.1580/1080-6032(2000)011%5b0233:IACFJE%5d2.3.CO;2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank, K. T., and W. C. Leggett. 1982. Coastal water mass replacement: Its effect on zooplankton dynamics and the predator-prey complex associated with larval capelin (Mallotus villosus). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 39:991–1003. doi:10.1139/f82-134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fosså, J. H. 1992. Mass occurrence of Periphylla-periphylla (Scyphozoa, Coronatae) in a Norwegian fjord. Sarsia 77:237–51. doi:10.1080/00364827.1992.10413509.
   Google Scholar
• Gershwin, L. A., S. A. Condie, J. V. Mansbridge, and A. J. Richardson. 2014. Dangerous jellyfish blooms are predictable. Journal of the Royal Society Interface 11 doi:10.1098/rsif.2013.1168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gershwin, L. A., A. J. Richardson, K. D. Winkel, P. J. Fenner, J. Lippmann, R. Hore, G. Avila-Soria, D. Brewer, R. J. Kloser, A. Steven, et al. 2013. Biology and ecology of Irukandji jellyfish (Cnidaria: Cubozoa). In Advances in marine biology, ed., M. Lesser, vol. 66. 1–85. San Diego: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Gibbons, M. J., and D. Thibault-Botha. 2002. The match between ocean circulation and zoogeography of epipelagic siphonophores around southern Africa. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 82:801–10. doi:10.1017/S0025315402006161.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon, M. R., and J. Seymour. 2012. Growth, development and temporal variation in the onset of six Chironex fleckeri medusae seasons: A contribution to understanding jellyfish ecology. PLoS One 7:1–11. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031277.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon, M. R., and J. E. Seymour. 2009. Quantifying movement of the tropical Australian cubozoan Chironex fleckeri using acoustic telemetry. Hydrobiologia 616:87–97. doi:10.1007/s10750-008-9594-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, W. M., S. Gelcich, K. L. Robinson, C. M. Duarte, L. Brotz, J. E. Purcell, L. P. Madin, H. Mianzan, K. R. Sutherland, S. Uye, et al. 2014. Linking human well-being and jellyfish: Ecosystem services, impacts, and societal responses. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 12:515–23. doi:10.1890/130298.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grondahl, F. 1988. A comparative ecological study on the scyphozoans (Aurelia aurita, Cyanea capillata and C. lamarckii} in the Gullmar fjord, western Sweden, 1982–1986. Marine Biology 97:541–50. doi:10.1007/BF00391050.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarms, G., H. Tiemann, and U. Bamstedt, U. 2002. Development and biology of Periphylla periphylla (Scyphozoa: Coronatae) in a Norwegian fjord. Marine Biology 141:647–57. doi:10.1007/s00227-002-0858-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keeler, B. L., S. A. Wood, S. Polasky, C. Kling, C. T. Filstrup, and J. A. Downing. 2015. Recreational demand for clean water: Evidence from geotagged photographs by visitors to lakes. The Ecological Society of Marica 13:76–81.
   Google Scholar
• Kingsford, M. J., K. Pitt, L. Llewellyn, M. D. O'Callaghan, J. Seymour, and A. Richardson. 2016. Establishing a research framework for future NESP investment into better understanding the presence of box jellyfishes (Irukandji) and risks in the Great Barrier Reef. Report to the National Environmental Science Program, 41 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Kingsford, M. J., and C. M. Mooney. 2014. The ecology of box jellyfishes (Cubozoa). In Jellyfish blooms. ed., K. A. Pitt and C. H. Lucas, 267–302. Netherlands: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Kingsford, M. J., J. E. Seymour, and M. D. O'Callaghan. 2012. Abundance patterns of cubozoans on and near the Great Barrier Reef. Hydrobiologia 690:257–68. doi:10.1007/s10750-012-1041-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, S. G., K. A. Pitt, K. A. Rathjen, and J. E Seymour. 2014. Irukandji jellyfish polyps exhibit tolerance to interacting climate change stressors. Global Change Biology 20:28–37. doi:10.1111/gcb.12408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llewellyn, L. E., S. Bainbridge, G. Page, M. D. O'Callaghan, and M. J. Kingsford. 2016. StingerCam: A tool for ecologists and stakeholders to detect the presence of venomous tropical jellyfish. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods. doi:10.1002/lom3.10119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas, C. H., and M. N. Dawson. 2014. What are jellyfishes and thaliaceans and why do they bloom? In Jellyfish blooms, ed., K. A. Pitt and C. H. Lucas, 9–14. Netherlands: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Lotan, A., M. Fine, and R. Ben-Hillel. 1994. Synchronization of the life cycle and dispersal pattern of the tropical invader scyphomedusan Rhopilema nomadica is temperature dependent. Marine Ecology Progress Series 109:59–65. doi:10.3354/meps109059.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotan, C., B. Stokes, D. Worsley, J. E. Seymour, S. Jiang, and G. K. Isbister. 2006. Randomised controlled trial of hot water (45°C) immersion versus ice packs for pain relief in bluebottle stings. The Medical Journal of Australia 184:329–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackie, G. O., P. R. Pugh, and J. E. Purcell. 1987. Siphonophore biology. Advances in Marine Biology 24:97–262. doi:10.1016/S0065-2881(08)60074-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, R. 2015. How the USGS detects earthquakes using Twitter. The Atlantic. http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/10/how-the-usgs-detects-earthquakes-using-Twitter/409909/ (accessed May 15, 2016).
   Google Scholar
• Mianzan, H., J. Quinones, S. Palma, A. Schiariti, E. Marcelo Acha, K. L. Robinson, and W. M. Graham. 2014. Chrysaora plocamia: A poorly understood jellyfish from South American waters. In Jellyfish blooms, ed., K. A. Pitt and C. H. Lucas, 219–36. Netherlands: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Min-Jung, P., L. Hyunkyoung, B. Seong Kyong, H. Yunwi, C. Indu, Y Won Duk, K. Changkeun, and K. Euikyung. 2016. Modulation of jellyfish nematocyst discharges and management of human skin stings in Nemopilema nomurai and Carybdea mora. Toxicon 109:26–32. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.10.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mooney, C. J., and M. J. Kingsford. 2016. The influence of salinity on box jellyfish (Chironex fleckeri, cubozoa) statolith elemental chemistry. Marine Biology 165:1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Robson, H. L. A., T. H. Noble, R. J. Saunders, S. K. A. Robson, D. W Burrows, and D. R. Jerry. 2016. Fine-tuning for the tropics: Application of eDNA technology for invasive fish detection in tropical freshwater ecosystems. Molecular Ecology Resources 16:922–32. doi:10.1111/1755-0998.12505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sornes, T. A., D. L Aksnes, U. Bamstedt, and M. J. Youngbluth. 2007. Causes for mass occurrences of the jellyfish Periphylla periphylla: A hypothesis that involves optically conditioned retention. Journal of Plankton Research 29:157–67. doi:10.1093/plankt/fbm003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sotje, I., H. Tiemann, and U. Bamstedt. 2007. Trophic ecology and the related functional morphology of the deepwater medusa Periphylla periphylla (Scyphozoa, Coronata). Marine Biology 150:329–43. doi:10.1007/s00227-006-0369-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tillera, R. G., J. Mork, R. Richards, L. Eisenhauerd, Y. Liu, J. F. Nakken, and A. L. Borgersen. 2014. Something fishy: Assessing stakeholder resilience to increasing jellyfish (Periphylla periphylla) in Trondheimsfjord, Norway. Marine Policy 46:72–83. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2013.12.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiller, R. G., Borgersen, A. L., Knutsen, O., Bailey, J., Bjelland, H. V., Mork, J., Eisenhauer, L., and Liu, Y. J.. 2017. Coming soon to a fjord near you: Future jellyfish scenarios in a changing climate. Coastal Management 45:1–23. doi:10.1080/08920753.2017.1237239.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Underwood, A. H., and J. E. Seymour. 2007. Venom ontogeny, diet and morphology in Carukia barnesi, a species of Australian box jellyfish that causes Irukandji syndrome. Toxicon 49:1073–82. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.01.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNWTO. 2014. Nassau declaration on tourism as a key sector for development in island states. http://www.sids2014.org/content/documents/27NassauDeclarationFinal_EN.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Uye, S.-I. 2014. The giant jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai in East Asian marginal seas. In Jellyfish blooms. ed., K. A., Pitt and C. H. Lucas, 185–206. Netherlands: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• van der Veer, H. W., and W. Oorthysen. 1985. Abundance, growth and food demand of the scyphomedusa Aurelia aurita in the western Wadden Sea Netherlands. Journal of Sea Research 19:38–44. doi:10.1016/0077-7579(85)90041-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilcox, C. L., and A. A Yanagihara. 2016a. Evaluating First-Aid responses to cnidarian stings: A critical review of the literature and a novel assay array to standardize testing. Toxicon 119:372–73. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.06.028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilcox, C. L., and A. A. Yanagihara. 2016b. Heated debates: Hot-water immersion or ice packs as first aid for cnidarian envenomations? Toxins 8:97. doi:10.3390/toxins8040097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson, J., P. J. Fenner, J. W. Burnett, and J. E. Rifkin. 1996. Venomous and poisonous marine animals: A medical and biological handbook. Sydney: UNSW Press.
   Google Scholar
• Yanagihara A. A., and C. L. Wilcox. 2017. Cubozoan sting-site seawater rinse, scraping, and ice can increase venom load: Upending current First Aid recommendations. Toxins 9:105. doi: 10.3390/toxins9030105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanagihara, A. A., and R. V. Shohet. 2012. Cubozoan venom-induced cardiovascular collapse is caused by hyperkalemia and prevented by zinc gluconate in mice. PLoS One 7:e51368 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanagihara, A. A., C. Wilcox, R. King, K. Hurwitz, and A. M. Castelfranco. 2016b. Experimental assays to assess the efficacy of vinegar and other topical first-aid approaches on cubozoan (Alatina alata) tentacle firing and venom toxicity. Toxins (Basel) 8:1. doi:10.3390/toxins8010019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanagihara, A. A., C. Wilcox, J. Smith, and G. W. Surrett. 2016a. Cubozoan envenomations: Clinical features, pathophysiology and management. In The cnidaria, past, present and future. The world of medusa and her sisters, ed., S. Goffredo and Z. Dubinsky, 1st ed. 637–52. ISBN 978-3-319-31305-4.
   Google Scholar
• Yoshimoto, C. M., and A. A. Yanagihara. 2002. Cnidarian (coelenterate) envenomations in Hawai'i improve following heat application. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 96:300–3. doi:10.1016/S0035-9203(02)90105-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar