Helicobacter pylori, liver cirrhosis, and portal hypertension: an updated appraisal

References

• Ierardi E, Goni E, Losurdo G, Di Mario F. Helicobacter pylori and nonmalignant diseases. Helicobacter 2014;19:27–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franceschi F, Zuccalà G, Roccarina D, Gasbarrini A. Clinical effects of Helicobacter pylori outside the stomach. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014;11:234–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zullo A, Hassan C, Morini S. Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with liver cirrhosis: facts and fictions. Dig Liver Dis 2003;35:197–205.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Francavilla A, Ierardi E. Helicobacter species in liver and biliary diseases. Dig Liver Dis 2000;32:S217–S219.
   Google Scholar
• Francavilla A, Ierardi E, Francavilla R, et al. Immunohistochemical detection of Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin in the hepatocytes of patients with isolated hypertransaminasaemia. Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999;31:669–674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng H, Zhou X, Zhang G. Association between cirrhosis and Helicobacter pylori infection: a meta-analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014;26:1309–1319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen JJ, Changchien CS, Tai DI, et al. Role of Helicobacter pylori in cirrhotic patients with peptic ulcer. Aserological study. Dig Dis Sci 1994;39:1565–1568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spinzi G, Pellicano R, Minoli G, et al. Helicobacter pylori seroprevalence in hepatitis C virus positive patients with cirrhosis. The Como cross-sectional study. Panminerva Med 2001;43:85–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nardone G, Coscione P, D’Armiento FP, et al. Cirrhosis negatively affects the efficiency of serologic diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. Ital J Gastroenterol 1996;28:332–336.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sanchez-Mete L, Zullo A, Hassan C, et al. Helicobacter pylori diagnosis in patients with liver cirrhosis. Dig Liver Dis 2003;35:566–570.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fox JG, Wang TC. Helicobacter and liver disease. Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1997;29:5–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ierardi E, Giorgio F, Losurdo G, et al. How antibiotic resistances could change Helicobacter pylori treatment: a matter of geography? World J Gastroenterol 2013;19:8168–8180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mete R, Oran M, Alpsoy S, et al. Carotid intima-media thickness and serum paraoxonase-1 activity in patients with Helicobacter pylori. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2013;17:2884–2889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ras RT, Streppel MT, Draijer R, Zock PL. Flow-mediated dilation and cardiovascular risk prediction: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol 2013;168:344–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Principi M, Mastrolonardo M, Scicchitano P, et al. Endothelial function and cardiovascular risk in active inflammatory bowel diseases. J Crohns Colitis 2013;7:e427–e433.
   Google Scholar
• Ciccone MM, Principi M, Ierardi E, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease, liver diseases and endothelial function: is there a linkage? J Cardiovasc Med 2015;16:11–21.
   Google Scholar
• Principi M, Montenegro L, Losurdo G, et al. Endothelial function and cardiovascular risk in patients with inflammatory bowel disease in remission phase. Scand J Gastroenterol 2016;51:253–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blum A, Tamir S, Mualem K, et al. Endothelial dysfunction is reversible in Helicobacter pylori-positive subjects. Am J Med 2011;124:1171–1174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbas Z, Yakoob J, Usman MW, et al. Effect of Helicobacter pylori and its virulence factors on portal hypertensive gastropathy and interleukin (IL)-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2014;20:120–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Innocenti M, Thoreson AC, Ferrero RL, et al. Helicobacter pylori-induced activation of human endothelial cells. Infect Immun 2002;70:4581–4590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki T, Ina K, Nishiwaki T, et al. Differential roles of interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-8 in neutrophil transendothelial migration in patients with Helicobacter pylori infection. Scand J Gastroenterol 2004;39:313–321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akimoto M, Hashimoto H, Shigemoto M, Yokoyama I. Relationship between recurrence of gastric ulcer and the microcirculation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1998;31:S507–S508.
   Google Scholar
• Mehta G, Gustot T, Mookerjee RP, et al. Inflammation and portal hypertension – the undiscovered country. J Hepatol 2014;61:155–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwakiri Y. Endothelial dysfunction in the regulation of cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Liver Int 2012;32:199–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu LS, George J, Wang JH. Current concepts on the role of nitric oxide in portal hypertension. World J Gastroenterol 2013;19:1707–1717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theodorakis NG, Wang YN, Wu JM, et al. Role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the development of portal hypertension in the carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis model. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009;297:G792–G799.
   Google Scholar
• Trebicka J, Hennenberg M, Laleman W, et al. Atorvastatin lowers portal pressure in cirrhotic rats by inhibition of RhoA/Rho-kinase and activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Hepatology 2007;46:242–253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serin E, Pourbagher MA, Gümürdülü Y, et al. The effect of decrease in serum nitric oxide concentration on portal hemodynamics after Helicobacter pylori treatment: an open-label pilot study. Turk J Gastroenterol 2008;19:158–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arafa UA, Fujiwara Y, Higuchi K, et al. No additive effect between Helicobacter pylori infection and portal hypertensive gastropathy on inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in gastric mucosa of cirrhotic patients. Dig Dis Sci 2003;48:162–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherdantseva LA, Potapova OV, Sharkova TV, et al. Association of Helicobacter pylori and iNOS production by macrophages and lymphocytes in the gastric mucosa in chronic gastritis. J Immunol Res 2014;2014:762514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang HC, Haq O, Utsumi T, et al. Intestinal and plasma VEGF levels in cirrhosis: the role of portal pressure. J Cell Mol Med 2012;16:1125–1133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin HC, Huang YT, Yang YY, et al. Beneficial effects of dual vascular endothelial growth factor receptor/fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor brivanib alaninate in cirrhotic portal hypertensive rats. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014;29:1073–1082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan WD, Liu Y, Lin N, Xu R. The expression of PEDF and VEGF in the gastric wall of prehepatic portal hypertensive rats. Hepatogastroenterology 2011;58:2152–2155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang MJ, Song EJ, Kim BY, et al. Helicobacter pylori induces vascular endothelial growth factor production in gastric epithelial cells through hypoxia-inducible factor-1α-dependent pathway. Helicobacter 2014;19:476–483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strowski MZ, Cramer T, Schäfer G, et al. Helicobacter pylori stimulates host vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) gene expression via MEK/ERK-dependent activation of Sp1 and Sp3. FASEB J 2004;18:218–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuccillo C, Cuomo A, Rocco A, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor and neo-angiogenesis in H. pylori gastritis in humans. J Pathol 2005;207:277–284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muti LA, Pârvu AE, Crăciun AM, et al. Nitro-oxidative stress, VEGF and MMP-9 in patients with cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic portal hypertension. Clujul Med 2015;88:140–145.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yakut M, Örmeci N, Erdal H, et al. The association between precancerous gastric lesions and serum pepsinogens, serum gastrin, vascular endothelial growth factor, serum interleukin-1 Beta, serum toll-like receptor-4 levels and Helicobacter pylori Cag A status. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2013;37:302–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hao Q, Zhang C, Gao Y, et al. FOXP3 inhibits NF-κB activity and hence COX2 expression in gastric cancer cells. Cell Signal 2014;26:564–569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu N, Wu Q, Wang Y, et al. Helicobacter pylori promotes VEGF expression via the p38 MAPK-mediated COX-2-PGE2 pathway in MKN45 cells. Mol Med Rep 2014;10:2123–2129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura M, Takahashi S, Matsui H, et al. Microcirculatory alteration in low-grade gastric mucosa-associated lymphoma by Helicobacter heilmannii infection: its relation to vascular endothelial growth factor and cyclooxygenase-2. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;23:S157–S160.
   Google Scholar
• Kovaleva OI, Khomeriki SG, Zhukov AG, Koviazina IO, Golovanova EV. [Capillary collusion of gastric mucosa in patients with Helicobacter pylori gastritis and portal hypertension]. Eksp Klin Gastroenterol 2010;(2):13–18.
   Google Scholar
• Sterzenbach T, Bartonickova L, Behrens W, et al. Role of the Helicobacter hepaticus flagellar sigma factor fliA in gene regulation and murine colonization. J Bacteriol 2008; 190:6398–6408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hynes SO, Ferris JA, Szponar B, et al. Comparative chemical and biological characterization of the lipopolysaccharides of gastric and enterohepatic Helicobacters. Helicobacter 2004; 9:313–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boonyanugomol W, Chomvarin C, Baik SC, et al. Role of cagA-positive Helicobacter pylori on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammation in biliary cells. Dig Dis Sci 2011;56:1682–1692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakamoto Y, Oho K, Toyonaga A, et al. Effect of Helicobacter pylori infection on esophagogastric variceal bleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis andportalhypertension. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;28:1444–1449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen CT, Wang TF, Chan CC, et al. Role of chronic Helicobacter pylori infection in hyperdynamic circulation of cirrhotic patients. Hepatogastroenterology 2002;49:208–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeh JL, Peng YC, Tung CF, et al. Role of Helicobacter pylori in cirrhotic patients with dyspepsia: a 13C-urea breath test study. Adv Ther 2001;18:140–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpinelli L, Primignani M, Preatoni P, et al. Portal hypertensive gastropathy: reproducibility of a classification, prevalence of elementary lesions, sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of cirrhosis of the liver. A NIEC multicentre study. New Italian Endoscopic Club. Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1997;29:533–540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson M, Hally RJ, McCue PA, et al. Gastric antral vascular ectasia (watermelon stomach) in patients with systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 1996;39:341–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gostout CJ, Viggiano TR, Ahlquist DA, et al. The clinical and endoscopic spectrum of the watermelon stomach. J Clin Gastroenterol 1992;15:256–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobin RW, Hackman RC, Kimmey MB, et al. Bleeding from gastric antral vascular ectasia in marrow transplant patients. Gastrointest Endosc 1996;44:223–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payen JL, Calès P. [Gastric modifications in cirrhosis]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1991;15:285–295.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jabbari M, Cherry R, Lough JO, et al. Gastric antral vascular ectasia: the watermelon stomach. Gastroenterology 1984;87:1165–1170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee FI, Costello F, Flanagan N, Vasudev KS. Diffuse antralvascular ectasia. Gastrointest Endosc 1984;30:87–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spahr L, Villeneuve JP, Dufresne MP, et al. Gastric antral vascular ectasia in cirrhotic patients: absence of relation with portal hypertension. Gut 1999;44:739–742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farinati F, De Bona M, Floreani A, et al. Helicobacter pylori and the liver: any relationship? Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998;30:124–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parikh SS, Desai SB, Prabhu SR, et al. Congestive gastropathy: factors influencing development, endoscopic features, Helicobacter pylori infection, and microvessel changes. Am J Gastroenterol 1994;89:1036–1042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahnacy A, Kupcsulik P, Elés Z, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection in congestive gastropathy. Helicobacter 1996;1:168–171.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Batmanabane V, Kate V, Ananthakrishnan N. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in patients with portal hypertensive gastropathy – a study from south India. Med Sci Monit 2004;10:CR133–CR136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittle BJ, Morschl E, Pozsar J, et al. Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide provokes iNOS-mediated acute systemic microvascular inflammatory responses in rat cardiac, hepatic, renal, and pulmonary tissues. J Physiol Paris 2001;95:257–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalia N, Bardhan KD, Reed MW, et al. Effects of chronic administration of Helicobacter pylori extracts on rat gastric mucosal microcirculation in vivo. Dig Dis Sci 2000;45:1343–1351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quintero E, Pique JM, Bombi JA, et al. Gastric mucosal vascular ectasias causing bleeding in cirrhosis. A distinct entity associated with hypergastrinemia and low serum levels of pepsinogen I. Gastroenterology 1987;93:1054–1061.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franceschi F, Annalisa T, Teresa DR, et al. Role of Helicobacter pylori infection on nutrition and metabolism. World J Gastroenterol 2014;20:12809–12817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dohmen K, Shigematsu H, Miyamoto Y, et al. Atrophic corpus gastritis and Helicobacter pylori infection in primary biliary cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci 2002;47:162–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumida Y, Kanemasa K, Yamaoka Y, et al. Influence of Helicobacter pylori infection on iron accumulation in hepatitis C. Liver Int 2006;26:827–833.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalafateli M, Triantos CK, Nikolopoulou V, Burroughs A. Non-variceal gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis: a review. Dig Dis Sci 2012;57:2743–2754.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urso G, Interlandi D, Puglisi M, et al. Role of Helicobacter pylori in patients with portal hypertensive gastropathy by liver cirrhosis hepatitis C virus-related. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol 2006;52:303–308.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rabelo-Gonçalves EM, Roesler BM, Zeitune JM. Extragastric manifestations of Helicobacter pylori infection: possible role of bacterium in liver and pancreas diseases. World J Hepatol 2015;7:2968–2979.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar