The environmental fate and behaviour of antifouling paint booster biocides: A review

References

• Albanis , TA , Danis , TG and Kourgia , MK . 1994 . Transportation of pesticides in estuaries of the Axios, Loudias and Aliakmon Rivers (Thermaikos Gulf), Greece . Sci Total Environ , 156 : 11 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biselli , S , Bester , K , Hühnerfuss , H and Fent , K . 2000 . Concentrations of the antifouling compound Irgarol 1051 and of organotins in water and sediments of German North and Baltic Sea marinas . Mar Pollut Bull , 40 : 233 – 243 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brownlee , BG , Carey , JH , Maclnnis , GA and Pellizzari , IT . 1992 . Aquatic environmental chemistry of 2‐(thiocyano‐methylthio) benzothiazole and related benzothiazoles . Environ Toxicol Chem , 11 : 1153 – 1168 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callow , ME and Finlay , JA . 1995 . A simple method to evaluate the potential for degradation of antifouling biocides . Biofouling , 9 : 153 – 165 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callow , ME and Willingham , GL . 1996 . Degradation of antifouling biocides . Biofouling , 10 : 239 – 249 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caux , PY , Kent , RA , Fan , GT and Stephenson , GL . 1996 . Environmental fate and effects of chlorothalonil: a Canadian perspective . Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol , 26 : 45 – 93 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geigy , Ciba . 1995 . Irgarol 1051 Material Safety Data Sheet 638/9501. , Basel, , Switzerland : Ciba Geigy Limited . Additives Division
   Google Scholar
• Dahl , B and Blanck , H . 1996 . Toxic effects of the antifouling agent Irgarol 1051 on periphyton communities in coastal water microcosms . Mar Pollut Bull , 32 : 342 – 350 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies , PE . 1987 . Disappearance rates of chlorothalonil in the aquatic environment . Bull. Environ Contain Toxicol , 4 : 405 – 410 .
   Google Scholar
• Duinker , JC . 1986 . The role of small, low density particles on the partition of selected PCB congeners between water and asuspended matter (North Sea Area) . Neth) Sea Res , 20 : 229 – 238 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis , P and Camper , N . 1982 . Aerobic degradation of diuron by aaquatic micro‐organisms . J Environ Sci Health B , 17 : 277 – 288 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Environment Australia . 1999 . Environmental Assessment Report , Australia : Sea Victor 50 Environment . Australia
   Google Scholar
• EXTOXNET (Accessed 2000) www.ace.ace.orst.edu/info/extoxnet/pips/thiram
   Google Scholar
• Ferrer , I , Ballesteros , B , Marco , MP and Barceló , D . 1997 . Pilot survey for determination of the antifouling agent Irgarol 1051 in enclosed sea water samples by a direct enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and solid‐phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography‐diode array detection . Environ Sci Technol , 31 : 3530 – 3535 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrer , I and Barceló , D . 1999 . Simultaneous determination of antifouling herbicides in marina water samples by on‐line SPE followed by LC/MS . J Chromatog A , 854 : 197 – 206 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gough , MA , Fothergill , J and Hendrie , JD . 1994 . A survey of southern England coastal waters for the 1‐triazine antifouling compound Irgarol 1051 . Mar Pollut Bull , 28 : 613 – 620 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haglund , K , Pettersson , A , Pettersson , M , Kylin , H , Lord , SC and Dollenmeier . 2001 . Seasonal distribution of the antifouling compound Irgarol 1051 outside a marina in the Stockholm archipelago . Bull Environ Contain Toxicol , 66 : 50 – 58 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , LW Jr. , Giddings , JM , Solomon , KR and Balcomb , R . 1999 . An ecological risk assessment for the use of Irgarol 1051 as an algicide for antifouling paints . Crit Rev Toxicol , 29 : 367 – 437 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Health and Safety Database . 1997 . (HSDB‐US National Library of Medicine) (database) , Norwood, MA, , USA : Silver Platter Information .
   Google Scholar
• House , WA , Leach , D , Long , JLA , Cranwell , P , Smith , C , Bharwaj , L , Meharg , A , Ryland , G , Orr , DO and Wright , J . 1997 . Micro‐organic compounds in the Humber rivers . Sci Tot Environ , 194–195 : 357 – 371 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter , JE and Evans , LV . 1991 . Degradation of the biocide Zineb in marine culture medium . Biofouling , 3 : 113 – 137 .
   Google Scholar
• Karickhoff , SW . 1981 . Semi‐empirical estimation of sorption of hydrophobic pollutants on natural sediments and soils . Chemosphere , 10 : 833 – 846 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenaga , EE . 1980 . Predicted bioconcentration factors and soil sorption coefficients of pesticides and other chemicals . Ecotoxicol Environ Saf , 4 : 26 – 38 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klisenko , MA and Vekshtein , M Sh . 1970 . Kinetics of the hydrolysis of metal derivatives of dialkylthiocarbamic and ethylenebisdithiocarbamic acids and their dependence on the pH of the medium, and identification of their transformation products . Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii , 41 : 1122 – 1127 .
   Google Scholar
• Liu , D , Maguire , RJ , Lau , YL , Pacepavicius , GJ , Okamura , H and Aoyama , I . 1997 . Transformation of the new antifouling compound Irgarol 1051 by Phanerochaete chrysosporium . Water Res , 31 : 2363 – 2369 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , D , Pacepavicius , GJ , Maguire , RJ , Lau , YL , Okamura , H and Aoyama , I . 1999a . Survey for the occurrence of the new antifouling compound Irgarol 1051 in the aquatic environment . Water Res , 33 : 2833 – 2843 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , D , Pacepavicius , GJ , Maguire , RJ , Lau , YL , Okamura , H and Aoyama , I . 1999b . Mercuric chloride catalysed hydrolysis of the new antifouling compound Irgarol 1051 . Water Res , 33 : 155 – 163 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madsen , T , Samsoe‐Petersen , L , Gustavson , K and Rasmussen , D . 2000 . Ecotoxicological assessment of antifouling biocides and non‐biocidal antifouling paints , DHI Water and Environment . Danish EPA Report No 531 2000
   Google Scholar
• Okamura , H , Aoyama , I , Liu , D , Maguire , J , Pacepavicius , GL and Lau , YL . 1999 . Photodegradation of Irgarol 1051 in water . J Environ Sci Health B , 34 : 225 – 238 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okamura , H , Aoyama , I , Liu , D , Maguire , J , Pacepavicius , GL and Lau , YL . 2000a . Fate and ecotoxicity of the new antifouling compound Irgarol 1051 in the aquatic environment . Water Res , 34 : 3523 – 3530 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okamura , H , Aoyama , I , Liu , D , Takami , T , Maruyama , T , Suzuki , Y , Matsumotos , M , Katsuyama , I , Hamada , J , Beppu , T , Tanaka , O , Maguire , RJ , Liu , D , Lau , Y and Pacepavicius , GJ . 2000b . Phytotoxicity of the new antifouling compound Irgarol 1051 and a major degradation product . Mar Pollut Bull , 40 : 754 – 763 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Readman , JW , Kwong , LLW , Grondin , D , Bartocci , J , Villeneuve , JP and Mee , LD . 1993 . Coastal water contamination for a triazine herbicide used in antifouling paints . Environ Sri Technol , 27 : 1940 – 1942 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers , HR , Watts , CD and Johnson , I . 1996 . Comparative predictions of Irgarol 1051 and atrazine fate and toxicity . Environ Technol , 17 : 553 – 556 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarlett , A , Donkin , MA , Fileman , TW and Donkin , P . 1997 . Occurrence of the marine antifouling agent Irgarol 1051 within the Plymouth Sound locality: implications for the green macroalga Enteromorpha intestinalis . Mar Pollut Bull , 34 : 645 – 651 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarlett , A , Donkin , P , Fileman , TW and Morris , RJ . 1999 . Occurrence of the antifouling herbicide, Irgarol 1051, within coastal water seagrasses from Queensland, Australia . Mar Pollut Bull , 38 : 687 – 691 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steen , RJCA , Leonards , PEG , Brinckman , UAT and Confino , WP . 1996 . Ultra‐trace level determination of the antifouling agent Irgarol 1051 by gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection . J Chromatog , 766 : 153 – 158 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas , KV . 1998 . Determination of selected antifouling paint booster biocides by high performance liquid chro‐matography‐atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry . J Chromatog A , 825 : 29 – 35 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas , KV . 1999 . Determination of the antifouling agent zinc pyrithione in water samples by copper chelate formation and high performance liquid chromatography‐atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry . J Chromatog A , 833 : 105 – 109 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas , KV and Waldock , MJ . 1999 . “ A Study of the effects of environmental factors on the leaching rates of biocides from antifouling coatings in order to improve environmental risk assessment. Part 2 ” . In International competence testing and evaluation in natural environments , Health and Safety Executive Contract Report R51.120 Sheffield, , UK
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , KV , Blake , S and Waldock , M . 2000 . Antifouling paint booster biocide contamination in UK marine sediments . Mar Pollut Bull , 40 : 739 – 745 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas , KV , Chadwick , J , Raymond , K and Waldock , M . 1999a . The effects of short‐term changes in environmental parameters on the release of biocides from antifouling coatings: cuprous oxide and tributyltin . Appl Organometal Chem , 13 : 1 – 8 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas , KV , Waldock , MJ , Readman , J and Fileman , TW . 1999b . “ Monitoring of antifouling paint booster biocides and tributyltin in UK marinas, estuaries and coastal waters ” . In A Final Report for the Department of the Environment , This report also constitutes the Environment Agency's Technical Report No P313 Transport and the Regions and the Environment Agency . (EPG 1/5/90 & P2–118)
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , KV , Fileman , TW , Readman , J and Waldock , MJ . in press . Antifouling paint booster biocides in the UK coastal environment and potential risks of biological effects . Mar Pollut Bull ,
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tolosa , I , Readman , JW , Blaevoet , A , Ghilini , S , Bartocci , J and Horvat , M . 1996 . Contamination of Mediterranean (Cote d'Azur) coastal waters by organotins and Irgarol 1051 used in antifouling paints . Mar Pollut Bull , 32 : 335 – 341 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tóth , S , Becker‐van Slooten , K , Spack , L , de Alencastro , LF and Tarradellas , J . 1996 . Irgarol 1051, an antifouling compound in fresh water sediment and biota of Lake Geneva . Bull Environ Contain Toxicol , 57 : 426 – 433 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turley , PA , Fenn , RJ , Figura , PM and Ritter , JC . 2000 . Pyrithiones as antifoulants: environmental chemistry and risk assessment . Biofouling , 15 : 175 – 182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verschueren , K . 1996 . Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals , New York, , USA : Van Norstrand & Reinhold .
   Google Scholar
• Walker , WW , Cripe , CR and Prichard , PH . 1988 . Biological and abiotic degradation of xenobiotic compounds in in‐vitro estuarine water and sediment/water systems . Chemosphere , 17 : 2255 – 2271 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh , AR and O'Halloran , J . 1997 . The toxicity of leather tannery effluent to a population of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis . Ecotoxicology , 6 : 137 – 152 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willingham , GL and Jacobson , AH . 1996 . “ Designing an environmentally safe marine antifoulant ” . In Designing Safer Chemicals , Edited by: Devito , SC and Garrett , RL . 224 – 233 . American Chemical Society .
   Google Scholar
• Zhou , JL , Fileman , TW , Evans , S , Donkin , P , Mantoura , RFC and Rowland , SJ . 1996 . Seasonal distribution of dissolved pesticides and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the Humber Estuary and Humber coastal zone . Mar Pollut Bull , 32 : 599 – 608 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar