Enzyme-based antifouling coatings: a review

References

• Allermann , K , Schneider , I , Walstrøm , E , Andersen , B H , Andersen , T T and Højenvang , J . 2004 . Substitution af biocider i bundmaling til skibe med enzymer. Danish Environmental protection Agency . Miljøprojekt Nr , 910 [in Danish]. Accessed via the Internet at: http://www.mst.dk/
   Google Scholar
• Allermann , K and Schneider , I . 2000 . Antifouling paint composition comprising rosin and enzyme US patent Application Publication. US2002/0166237A1
   Google Scholar
• Allermann , K and Schneider , I . 2006 . Coatzyme Product of Biolocus A/S. Accessed January 2007 at: http://www.biolocus.com/
   Google Scholar
• Bolle , R and Aehle , W . 1993 . Lignin based paint US Patent number: 6072015
   Google Scholar
• Bonaventura , C , Bonaventura , J and Hooper , I R . 1991 . Anti-fouling methods using enzyme coatings US patent number 5998200
   Google Scholar
• Brejning , J . 2006 . Ny dansk bundmaling med enzymer [in Danish] Accessed February 2007 at: http://www.baadmagasinet.dk/online/content/v3/index.php?SectionID=1&ContentID=5355&1140714479
   Google Scholar
• Budavari , S , O'Neil , M J , Smith , A and Heckelman , P E . 1989 . The Merck Index , 11th ed , New York : Merck & Co. Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Callow , J A and Callow , M E . 2006 . “ The Ulva Spore adhesive system ” . In Biological adhesives , Edited by: Smith , A M and Callow , J A . 61 – 78 . Berlin Heidelberg : Springer Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Chiovitti , A , Dugdale , T M and Wetherbee , R . 2006 . “ Diatom adhesives: molecular and mechanical properties ” . In Biological adhesives , Edited by: Smith , A M and Callow , J A . 79 – 103 . Berlin Heidelberg : Springer Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Clare , A S , Freet , R K and Mclary , M J . 1994 . On the antennular secretion of Balanus amphitrite amphitrite and its role as a settlement pheromone . J Mar Biol Assoc UK , 74 : 243 – 250 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobretsov , S , Dahms , H-U and Qian , P-Y . 2006 . Inhibition of biofouling by marine microorganisms and their metabolites . Biofouling , 22 : 43 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EU . 1998 . Official journal of the European Communities Directive 98/8/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 February 1998 concerning the placing of biocidal products on the market
   Google Scholar
• EU . 2000 . “ Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1896/2000 of 7 September 2000 on the first phase of the programme referred to in Article 16(2) of Directive 98/8/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on biocidal products ” . Official Journal No. L228/6,8.9.2000
   Google Scholar
• Felby , C and Hansen , T T . 1996 . Process for impregnating solid wood and product obtainable by the process European patent specification EP0934142B1
   Google Scholar
• Fullbrook , P D . 1996 . “ Practical kinetics ” . In Industrial enzymology , 2nd ed , Edited by: Godfrey , T and West , S . 483 – 540 . Stockton Press/Macmillan Press Ltd. .
   Google Scholar
• Hamade , K R , Yamammori , T N and Yoshio , K O . 1996 . Glucoxide derivatives for enzyme modification, lipid-coated enzymes, method of producing such enzymes and antifouling paint composition US patent 5770188
   Google Scholar
• Hamade , R , Kadoma-dhi , Yamammori and Kyotanabe-shi . 1997 . Method for controlled release of compounds having antimicrobial activity, and coating composition US patent 6150146
   Google Scholar
• Hatcher , H J , Truda , R J , Lechner , T G , Elmo , L and McDuff , C R . 1970 . Sätt och komposition för att motverka slembilding i vatten Swedish patent SE375347
   Google Scholar
• Howell , D and Behrends , B . 2006a . A review of surface roughness in antifouling coatings illustrating the importance of cutoff length . Biofouling , 22 : 401 – 410 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howell , D and Behrends , B . 2006b . A methodology for evaluating biocide release rate, surface roughness and leach layer formation in a TBT-free, self-polishing antifouling coating . Biofouling , 22 : 303 – 315 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huijs , F M , Klijnstra , J W and van Zanten , J . 2004 . Antifouling coating comprising a polymer with functional groups bonded to an enzyme European patent application EP1661955A1
   Google Scholar
• IMO . 2001 . International convention on the control of harmful anti-fouling systems on ships Available at: http://www.imo.org/home.asp
   Google Scholar
• International Coatings Ltd. 2003. Accessed March 2007 at: http://www.antifoulingpaint.com/downloads/regulatory.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Iwamura , G , Kuwamura , S , Shoji , A and Kito , K . 1989 . Antifouling coating materials containing immobilized enzymes Japanese patent JP02227471
   Google Scholar
• Kamino , K . 2006 . “ Barnacle underwater attachement ” . In Biological adhesives , Edited by: Smith , A M and Callow , J A . 145 – 166 . Berlin Heidelberg : Springer Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Kato , N . 1987 . Enzyme-containing antifouling emulsion coating compositions Japanese patent JP63202677
   Google Scholar
• Kiil , S , Dam-Johansen , K , Weinell , C E and Pedersen , M S . 2001 . Analysis of self-polishing antifouling paints using rotary experiments and mathematical modelling . Ind Eng Chem Res , 40 : 3906 – 3920 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiil , S , Dam-Johansen , K , Weinell , C E and Pedersen , M S . 2002a . Seawater-soluble pigments and their potential use in self-polishing antifouling paints: simulation based screening tool . Prog Org Coat , 45 : 423 – 434 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiil , S , Dam-Johansen , K , Weinell , C E , Pedersen , M S and Codolar , A C . 2002b . Dynamic simulations of a self-polishing antifouling paint exposed to seawater . J Coat Technol , 74 : 45 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Kuwamura , S , Iwamura , G , Shoji , A and Kito , K . 1989 . Antifouling coatings containing enzymes Japanese patent JP02227465
   Google Scholar
• Madigan , M T and Martinko , J M . 2006 . “ Cell structure/function ” . In Brock biology of micro-organisms , 11th ed , Edited by: Madigan , M T and Martinko , J M . 55 – 101 . London : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Manual of decisions for BPD-98/EC . 2005 . Manual of decisions for implementations of directive 98/8/EC concerning the placing on the market of biocidal products Last modified 12.12.2005. Accessed at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/biocides/pdf/mod.pdf
   Google Scholar
• McDaniel , C S , McDaniel , J , Wales , M E and Wild , J R . 2006 . Enzyme-based additives for paints and coatings . Prog Org Coat , 55 : 182 – 188 .
   Google Scholar
• Noel , R . 1984 . Composite anti-salissure pour adjonction aux revêtements des corps immergés et revêtemenet la contenant French patent FR2562554
   Google Scholar
• Okamoto , K , Shiraki , Y and Yasuyoshi , M . 1991 . Coating compound composition Japanese patent JP19910026643
   Google Scholar
• Pereira , M B . Regulation in EU: The BPD. International Paint & Printing Ink Council . Global Forum Marine Coatings . February 2 – 3 2006 , Tokyo.
   Google Scholar
• Pettitt , M E , Henry , S L , Callow , M E , Callow , J A and Clare , A S . 2004 . Activity of commercial enzymes on settlement and adhesion of cypris larvae of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite, spores of the green alga Ulva linza and the diatom Navicula perminuta . Biofouling , 20 : 299 – 311 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phang , Y , Aldred , N , Clare , A S , Callow , J A and Vansco , G J . 2006 . An in situ study of the nanomechanical properties of barnacle (Balanus amphitrite) cyprid cement using atomic force microscopy (AFM) . Biofouling , 22 : 245 – 250 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polsenski , M J and Leavitt , R I . 2002 . Coatings with enhanced microbial performance US patent application US2004/0009159
   Google Scholar
• Poulsen , C H and Kragh , K M . 1999 . HOx as antifouling US patent application US2002/0166237
   Google Scholar
• Redfield , A C , Hutchins , L W and Deevy , E S Jr . 1952 . “ Mechanism of release of toxics from paints ” . In Marine antifouling and its prevention , Edited by: Redfield , A C , Hutchins , L W and Deevy , E S Jr . 277 – 301 . George Banta Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• Sagert , J , Sun , C and Waite , J H . 2006 . “ Chemical subtleties of mussel and polychaete holdfasts ” . In Biological adhesives , Edited by: Smith , A M and Callow , J A . 125 – 144 . Berlin Heidelberg : Springer Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Schasfoort , A , Eversdijk , J , Allermann , K and Schneider , I . 2004 . Self-polishing anti-fouling coating compositions comprising an enzyme PCT application WO2006/002630A1
   Google Scholar
• Schneider , I and Allermann , K . 2002 . Antifouling composition comprising an enzyme in the absence of its substrate US patent application US2005/0147579A1
   Google Scholar
• Selvig , T A , Leavitt , R I and Powers , W P . 1996 . Marine antifouling methods and compositions US patent 5919689
   Google Scholar
• Stupak , M E , Garcia , M T and Pérez , C . 2003 . Non-toxic alternative compounds for marine antifouling paints . Int Biodetetior Biodegr , 52 : 49 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swain , G , Herpe , S , Ralston , E and Tribou , M . 2006 . Short-term testing of antifouling surfaces: the importance of colour . Biofouling , 22 : 425 – 429 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wever , R , Dekker , L H , Van Schijndel , J WPM and Vollenbroek , E GM . 1994 . Antifouling paint containing haloperoxidases and method to determine halide concentrations PCT application WO95/27009
   Google Scholar
• Yebra , D M , Kiil , S and Dam-Johansen , K . 2004 . Review: Antifouling technology – past, present and future steps towards efficient and environmentally friendly antifouling coatings . Prog Org Coat , 50 : 75 – 104 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yebra , D M , Kiil , S , Weinell , C E and Dam-Johansen , K . 2006 . Mathematical modeling of tin-free chemically-active antifouling paint behavior . Am Inst Chem Eng J , 52 : 1926 – 1940 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan , J and Shiller , A M . 2001 . The distribution of hydrogen peroxide in the southern and central Atlantic Ocean . Deep Sea Res II , 48 : 2947 – 2970 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar