Prevention of biofilm growth on man-made surfaces: evaluation of antialgal activity of two biocides and photocatalytic nanoparticles

References

• Arora , A , Sairam , R K and Srivastava , G C . 2002 . Oxidative stress and antioxidative system in plants . Curr Sci , 82 : 1227 – 1238 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barberousse , H , Lombardo , R J , Tell , G and Coute , A . 2006 . Factors involved in the colonisation of building facades by algae and cyanobacteria in France . Biofouling , 22 : 69 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barranguet , C , van Beusekom , S AM , Veuger , B , Neu , T R , Manders , E MM , Sinke , J J and Admiraal , W . 2004 . Studying undisturbed autotrophic biofilms: still a technical challenge . Aquat Microb Ecol , 34 : 1 – 9 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bold , H C . 1949 . The morphology of Chlamydomonas chlamydogama sp. nov . Bull Torrey Bot Club , 76 : 101 – 108 .
   Google Scholar
• Briand , J-F . 2009 . Marine antifouling laboratory bioassays: an overview of their diversity . Biofouling , 25 : 297 – 311 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brill , H . 1995 . Mikrobielle Materialzerstörung und Materialschutz – Schädigungsmechanismen und Schutzmaßnahmen , Stuttgart : Gustav Fischer Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Brotas , V and Plante-Cuny , M R . 1996 . Identification and quantification of chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments in marine sediments. A protocol for HPLC analysis . Oceanol Acta , 19 : 623 – 634 .
   Google Scholar
• Callow , M E and Willingham , G L . 1996 . Degradation of antifouling biocides . Biofouling , 10 : 239 – 249 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collier , P J , Ramsey , A , Waigh , R D , Douglas , K T , Austin , P and Gilbert , P . 1990 . Chemical-reactivity of some isothiazolone biocides . J Appl Bacteriol , 69 : 578 – 584 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Darienko , T , Gustavs , L , Mudimu , O , Rad Menendez , C , Schumann , R , Karsten , U , Friedl , T and Pröschold , T . Forthcoming 2009 . Chloroidium, a common terrestrial coccoid green alga previously assigned to Chlorella (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta) . Eur J Phycol ,
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devilla , R A , Brown , M T , Donkin , M , Tarran , G A , Aiken , J and Readman , J W . 2005 . Impact of antifouling booster biocides on single microalgal species and on a natural marine phytoplankton community . Mar Ecol Prog Ser , 286 : 1 – 12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DIN 28 692 . 1993 . Wasserbeschaffenheit. „Wach's-tumshemm-test mit den Süßwasseralgen Scenedesmus subspicatus und Selenastrum capricornutum“ (ISO 8692, 1989) Deutsche Fassung EN 28 692
   Google Scholar
• Dressler , M , Hübener , T , Görs , S , Werner , P and Selig , U . 2007 . Multi-proxy reconstruction of trophic state, hypolimnetic anoxia and phototrophic sulphur bacteria abundance in a dimictic lake in northern Germany over the past 80 years . J Paleolimnol , 37 : 205 – 219 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eggert , A , Häubner , N , Klausch , S , Karsten , U and Schumann , R . 2006 . Quantification of algal biofilms colonising building materials: chlorophyll a measured by PAM-fluorometry as a biomass parameter . Biofouling , 22 : 79 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frosali , S , Leonini , A , Ettorre , A , Di Maio , G , Nuti , S , Tavarini , S , Di Simplicio , P and Di Stefano , A . 2009 . Role of intracellular calcium and S-glutathionylation in cell death induced by a mixture of isothiazolinones in HL60 cells . Biochim Biophys Acta – Molec Cell Res , 1793 : 572 – 583 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujishima , A , Zhang , X and Tryk , D A . 2007 . Heterogeneous photocatalysis: from water photolysis to applications in environmental cleanup . Int J Hydrogen Energy , 32 : 2664 – 2672 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaylarde , C , Silva , M R and Warscheid , T . 2003 . Microbial impact on building materials: an overview . Mater Struct , 36 : 342 – 352 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaylarde , C C and Morton , L HG . 1999 . Deteriogenic biofilms on buildings and their control: a review . Biofouling , 14 : 59 – 74 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gondal , M A and Sayeed , M N . 2008 . Laser-enhanced photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants from water using ZnO semiconductor catalyst . J Environ Sci Health Part A – Toxic/Haz Subs Environ Eng , 43 : 70 – 77 .
   Google Scholar
• Gopal , J , George , R P , Muraleedharan , P and Khatak , H S . 2004 . Photocatalytic inhibition of microbial adhesion by anodized titanium . Biofouling , 20 : 167 – 175 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorsuch , S , Bavetsias , V , Rowlands , M G , Aherne , G W , Workman , P , Jarman , M and McDonald , E . 2009 . Synthesis of isothiazol-3-one derivatives as inhibitors of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) . Bioorg Medic Chem , 17 : 467 – 474 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustavs , L , Eggert , A , Michalik , D and Karsten , U . 2009a . Physiological and biochemical responses of aeroterrestrial green algae (Trebouxiophyceae) to osmotic and matric stress . Protoplasma , DOI: 10.1007/s00709-009-0060-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustavs , L , Schumann , R , Eggert , A and Karsten , U . 2009b . In vivo growth fluorometry: accuracy and limits of this method to measure growth of microalgae in ecophysiological investigations . Aquat Microb Ecol , 55 : 95 – 104 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Handy , R D , Owen , R and Valsami-Jones , E . 2008 . The ecotoxicology of nanoparticles and nanomaterials: current status, knowledge gaps, challenges, and future needs . Ecotoxicology , 17 : 315 – 325 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashimoto , K , Irie , H and Fujishima , A . 2005 . TiO2 photocatalysis: a historical overview and future prospects . Japn J Appl Phys Part 1 , 44 : 8269 – 8285 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Häubner , N , Schumann , R and Karsten , U . 2006 . Aeroterrestrial microalgae growing in biofilms on facades – response to temperature and water stress . Microb Ecol , 51 : 285 – 293 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heath , C R , Leadbeater , B SC and Callow , M E . 1996 . The control of calcification of antifouling paints in hard waters using a phosphonate inhibitor . Biofouling , 9 : 317 – 325 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Illmer , P and Mutschlechner , W . 2004 . Effect of temperature and pH on the toxicity of aluminium towards two new, soil born species of Arthrobacter sp . J Basic Microbiol , 44 : 98 – 105 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isnard , P , Flammarion , P , Roman , G , Babut , M , Bastien , P , Bintein , S , Essermeant , L , Ferard , J F , Gallotti-Schmitt , S Saouter , E . 2001 . Statistical analysis of regulatory ecotoxicity tests . Chemosphere , 45 : 659 – 669 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakubowski , W and Bartosz , G . 2000 . 2,7-dichlorofluorescin oxidation and reactive oxygen species: what does it measure? . Cell Biol Int , 24 : 757 – 760 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffrey , S W , Mantoura , R FC and Wright , S W . 1997 . Phytoplankton pigments in oceanography: guidelines to modern methods , Paris : UNESCO Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Karsten , U , Klimant , I and Holst , G . 1996 . A new in vivo fluorimetric technique to measure growth of adhering phototrophic microorganisms . Appl Environ Microbiol , 62 : 237 – 243 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karsten , U , Schumann , R and Mostaert , A . 2007a . “ Aeroterrestrial algae growing on man-made surfaces – what are the secrets of their ecological success? ” . In Algae and cyanobacteria growing in extreme environments , Edited by: Seckbach , J . 585 – 597 . Berlin : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Karsten , U , Lembcke , S and Schumann , R . 2007b . The effects of ultraviolet radiation on photosynthetic performance, growth and sunscreen compounds in aeroterrestrial biofilm algae isolated from building facades . Planta , 225 : 991 – 1000 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karsten , U , Friedl , T , Schumann , R , Hoyer , K and Lembcke , S . 2005 . Mycosporine-like amino acids and phylogenies in green algae: Prasiola and its relatives from the Trebouxiophyceae (Chlorophyta) . J Phycol , 41 : 557 – 566 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiwi , J and Nadtochenko , V . 2004 . New evidence for TiO2 photocatalysis during bilayer lipid peroxidation . J Phys Chem B , 108 : 17675 – 17684 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kühn , K P , Chaberny , I F , Massholder , K , Stickler , M , Benz , V W , Sonntag , H G and Erdinger , L . 2003 . Disinfection of surfaces by photocatalytic oxidation with titanium dioxide and UVA light . Chemosphere , 53 : 71 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen , D K , Wagner , I , Gustavson , K , Forbes , V E and Lund , T . 2003 . Long-term effect of Sea-Nine on natural coastal phytoplankton communities assessed by pollution induced community tolerance . Aquat Toxicol , 62 : 35 – 44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , S H , Pumprueg , S , Moudgil , B and Sigmund , W . 2005 . Inactivation of bacterial endospores by photocatalytic nanocomposites . Colloids Surf B – Biointerfaces , 40 : 93 – 98 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewitus , A J and Kana , T M . 1995 . Light respiration in 6 estuarine phytoplankton species – contrasts under photoautotrophic and mixotrophic growth-conditions . J Phycol , 31 : 754 – 761 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liehr , S K , Suidan , M T and Eheart , J W . 1990 . A modeling study of carbon and light limitation in algal biofilms . Biotechnol Bioeng , 35 : 233 – 243 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , J H , Kao , W C , Tsai , K P and Chen , C Y . 2005 . A novel algal toxicity testing technique for assessing the toxicity of both metallic and organic toxicants . Water Res , 39 : 1869 – 1877 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linkous , C A , Carter , G J , Locuson , D B , Ouellette , A J , Slattery , D K and Smitha , L A . 2000 . Photocatalytic inhibition of algae growth using TiO2, WO3, and cocatalyst modifications . Environ Sci Technol , 34 : 4754 – 4758 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louda , J W , Liu , L and Baker , E W . 2002 . Senescence- and death-related alteration of chlorophylls and carotenoids in marine phytoplankton . Org Geochem , 33 : 1635 – 1653 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallick , N and Mohn , F H . 2000 . Reactive oxygen species: response of algal cells . J Plant Physiol , 157 : 183 – 193 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maness , P C , Smolinski , S , Blake , D M , Huang , Z , Wolfrum , E J and Jacoby , W A . 1999 . Bactericidal activity of photocatalytic TiO2 reaction: toward an understanding of its killing mechanism . Appl Environ Microbiol , 65 : 4094 – 4098 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKnight , D M , Howes , B L , Taylor , C D and Goehringer , D D . 2000 . Phytoplankton dynamics in a stably stratified Antarctic lake during winter darkness . J Phycol , 36 : 852 – 861 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miao , A J , Wang , W X and Juneau , P . 2005 . Comparison of Cd, Cu, and Zn toxic effects on four marine phytoplankton by pulse-amplitude-modulated fluorometry . Environ Toxicol Chem , 24 : 2603 – 2611 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , A Z , Laiz , L , Gonzalez , J M , Dionisio , A , Macedo , M F and Saiz-Jimenez , C . 2008 . Reproducing stone monument photosynthetic-based colonization under laboratory conditions . Sci Total Environ , 405 : 278 – 285 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills , A and Le Hunte , S . 1997 . An overview of semiconductor photocatalysis . J Photochem Photobiol A – Chem , 108 : 1 – 35 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novis , P M , Beer , T and Vallance , J . 2008 . New records of microalgae from the New Zealand alpine zone, and their distribution and dispersal . NZ J Bot , 46 : 347 – 366 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OECD . 2006 . OECD guideline 201. Freshwater alga and cyanobacteria, growth inhibition test , Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development .
   Google Scholar
• Oettmeier , W . 1992 . “ Herbicides and photosystem. II ” . In Topics in photosynthesis , Edited by: Barber , J . 349 – 408 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Okamura , H , Aoyama , I , Liu , D , Maguire , J , Pacepavicius , G J and Lau , Y L . 1999 . Photodegradation of Irgarol 1051 in water . J Environ Sci Health Part B – Pestic Food Contam Agric Wastes , 34 : 225 – 238 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ophir , T and Gutnick , D L . 1994 . A role for exopolysaccharides in the protection of microorganisms from desiccation . Appl Environ Microbiol , 60 : 740 – 745 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortega-Calvo , J J , Arino , X , Hernandez-Marine , M and Saiz-Jimenez , C . 1995 . Factors affecting the weathering and colonisation of monuments by phototrophic microorganisms . Sci Total Environ , 167 : 329 – 341 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osmond , C B . 1994 . “ What is photoinhibition? Some insights from comparison of shade and sun plants ” . In Photoinhibition: molecular mechanisms to the field , Edited by: Baker , N R and Bowyer , J R . 1 – 24 . Oxford, , UK : BIOS Scientific Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Pawlik-Skowronska , B . 2000 . Relationships between acid-soluble thiol peptides and accumulated Pb in the green alga Stichococcus bacillaris . Aquat Toxicol , 50 : 221 – 230 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rashid , A , Camm , E L and Ekramoddoullah , A KM . 1994 . Molecular mechanism of action of Pb2+ and Zn2+ on water oxidizing complex of photosystem-Ii . FEBS Lett , 350 : 296 – 298 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rindi , F . 2007 . “ Diversity, distribution and ecology of green algae and cyanobacteria in urban habitats ” . In Algae and cyanobacteria growing in extreme environments , Edited by: Seckbach , J . 619 – 638 . Berlin : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Schreiber , U , Muller , J F , Haugg , A and Gademann , R . 2002 . New type of dual-channel PAM chlorophyll fluorometer for highly sensitive water toxicity biotests . Photosynthesis Res , 74 : 317 – 330 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schumann , R , Häubner , N , Klausch , S and Karsten , U . 2005 . Chlorophyll extraction methods for the quantification of green microalgae colonizing building facades . Int Biodeterior Biodegr , 55 : 213 – 222 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siebert , J . 1994 . Microbial deterioration of materials – case-histories and countermeasures for plastics and natural materials – coating systems . Mater Corros , 45 : 172 – 177 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigaud-Kutner , T CS , Pinto , E , Okamoto , O K , Latorre , L R and Colepicolo , P . 2002 . Changes in superoxide dismutase activity and photosynthetic pigment content during growth of marine phytoplankters in batch-cultures . Physiol Plant , 114 : 566 – 571 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon , K R , Baker , D B , Richards , R P , Dixon , D R , Klaine , S J , LaPoint , T W , Kendall , R J , Weisskopf , C P , Giddings , J M Giesy , J P . 1996 . Ecological risk assessment of atrazine in North American surface waters . Environ Toxicol Chem , 15 : 31 – 74 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart , P S and Franklin , M J . 2008 . Physiological heterogeneity in biofilms . Nat Rev Microbiol , 6 : 199 – 210 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Utgikar , V P , Chen , B Y , Chaudhary , N , Tabak , H H , Haines , J R and Govind , R . 2001 . Acute toxicity of heavy metals to acetate-utilizing mixed cultures of sulfate-reducing bacteria: EC100 and EC50 . Environ Toxicol Chem , 20 : 2662 – 2669 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veldhuis , M JW , Kraay , G W and Timmermans , K R . 2001 . Cell death in phytoplankton: correlation between changes in membrane permeability, photosynthetic activity, pigmentation and growth . Eur J Phycol , 36 : 167 – 177 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasmund , N . 1989 . Micro-autoradiographic determination of the viability of algae inhabiting deep sediment layers . Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci , 28 : 651 – 656 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warkentin , M , Freese , H M , Karsten , U and Schumann , R . 2007 . New and fast method to quantify respiration rates of bacterial and plankton communities in freshwater ecosystems by using optical oxygen sensor spots . Appl Environ Microbiol , 73 : 6722 – 6729 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar