A comparison of the antifouling/foul-release characteristics of non-biocidal xerogel and commercial coatings toward micro- and macrofouling organisms

References

• Allion , A , Baron , J-P and Boulange-Petrmann , L . 2006 . Impact of surface energy and roughness on cell distribution and viability . Biofouling , 22 : 269 – 278 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ASTM D 5618-94 . 1994 . “ Standard test method for measurement of barnacle adhesion strength in shear ” . In ASTM, paint-tests for formulated products and applied coatings 06.01 , West Conshohocken , PA : American Society for Testing and Materials International .
   Google Scholar
• ASTM D 6990-05 . 2005 . “ Standard practice for evaluating biofouling resistance and physical performance of marine coating systems ” . In ASTM, paint-Tests for formulated products and applied coatings 06.01 , West Conshohocken , PA : American Society for Testing and Materials International .
   Google Scholar
• Avnir , D . 1995 . Organic chemistry within ceramic matrices: doped sol-gel materials . Acc Chem Res , 28 : 328 – 341 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baier , RE . 1984 . “ Initial events in microbial film formation ” . In Marine biodeterioration: an interdisciplinary study , Edited by: Costlow , JD and Tipper , RC . 57 – 62 . Annapolis , MD : US Naval Institute Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baier , RE , Shaffin , EG and Zisman , WA . 1968 . Adhesion: mechanisms that assist or impede it . Science , 162 : 1360 – 1368 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlow , D , Dickinson , GH , Orihuela-Diaz , B , Kulp , J , Rittschof , D and Wahl , K . 2010 . Functional amyloid and bio-adhesion: characterization of amyloid-like nanofibrils composing the adhesive plaque of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite . Langmuir , 26 : 6549 – 6556 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker K . 1998 . Detachment studies of microfouling in natural biofilms on subtrata with different surface tensions . Int Biodeterior Biodegr , 41 : 93 – 100 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett , SM , Finlay , JA , Gunari , N , Wells , DD , Meyer , AE , Walker , GC , Callow , ME , Callow , JA , Bright , FV and Detty , MR . 2010 . The role of surface energy and water wettability in aminoalkyl/fluorocarbon/hydrocarbon-modified xerogel surfaces in the control of marine biofouling . Biofouling , 26 : 235 – 246 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berglin , M and Gatenholm , P . 1999 . The nature of bioadhesive bonding between barnacles and fouling-release silicone coatings . J Adhes Sci Technol , 13 : 713 – 727 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berglin , M , Lönn , N and Gatenholm , P . 2003 . Coating modulus and barnacle bioadhesion . Biofouling , 19 ( Suppl ) : 63 – 69 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berglin , M , Larsson , A , Jonsson , PR and Gatenholm , P . 2001 . The adhesion of the barnacle, Balanus improvisus, to poly (dimethylsiloxane) fouling-release coatings and poly(methyl methacrylate) panels: the effect of barnacle size on strength and failure mode . J Adhes Sci Technol , 15 : 1485 – 1502 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhushan , B and Jung , YC . 2010 . Natural and biomimetic artificial surfaces for superhydrophobicity, self-cleaning, low adhesion, and drag reduction . Prog Mater Sci , 56 : 1 – 108 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brady , RF and Singer , IL . 2000 . Mechanical factors favoring release from fouling release coatings . Biofouling , 15 : 73 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brinker , CJ and Scherer , GW . 1990 . Sol-gel science: the physics and chemistry of sol-gel processing , New York , NY : Academic Press. 908 pp .
   Google Scholar
• Callow , JA , Osborne , MP , Callow , ME , Baker , F and Donald , AM . 2002 . Use of environmental scanning electron microscopy to image the spore adhesive of the marine alga Enteromorpha in its natural hydrated state . Biocolloids Surf B Interfaces , 27 : 315 – 321 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callow , ME and Callow , JA . 2002 . Marine biofouling: a sticky problem . Biologist , 49 : 1 – 5 .
   Google Scholar
• Cassé , F , Stafslien , SJ , Bahr , JA , Daniels , J , Finlay , JA , Callow , JA and Callow , ME . 2007 . Combinatorial materials research applied to the development of new surface coatings V. Application of a spinning water-jet for the semi-high throughput assessment of the attachment strength of marine fouling algae . Biofouling , 23 : 121 – 130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooksey , KE and Wigglesworth-Cooksey , B . 1995 . Adhesion of bacteria and diatoms to surfaces in the sea: a review . Aquat Microb Ecol , 9 : 87 – 96 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickinson , GH , Vega , IE , Wahl , KJ , Orihuela , B , Beyley , V , Rodriguez , EN , Everett , RK , Bonaventura , J and Rittschof , D . 2009 . Barnacle cement: a polymerization model based on evolutionary concepts . J Exp Biol , 212 : 3499 – 3510 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobretsov , A and Thomason , JC . 2011 . The development of marine biofilms on two commercial non-biocidal coatings: a comparison between silicone and fluoropolymer technologies . Biofouling , 27 : 869 – 880 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feinberg , AW , Gibson , AL , Wilkerson , WR , Seegert , CA , Wilson , LH , Zhao , LC , Baney , RH , Callow , JA , Callow , ME and Brennan , AB . 2003 . “ Investigating the energetics of bioadhesion on microengineered siloxane elastomers: characterizing the topography, mechanical properties, and surface energy and their effect on cell contact guidance ” . In Synthesis and properties of silicones and silicone-modified materials Edited by: Clarson , SJ , Fitzgerald , JJ , Owen , MF , Smith , SD and van Dyke , ME . Am Chem Soc 838:196–211
   Google Scholar
• Finlay , JA , Bennett , SM , Brewer , LH , Sokolova , A , Clay , G , Gunari , N , Meyer , AE , Walker , GC , Wendt , DE Callow , ME . 2010 . Barnacle settlement and the adhesion of protein and diatom microfouling to xerogel films with varying surface energy and water wettability . Biofouling , 27 : 657 – 666 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guillard , RRL and Ryther , JH . 1962 . Studies of marine planktonic diatoms. I. Cyclotella nana Hustedt and Detonula confervacea Cleve . Can J Microbiol , 8 : 229 – 239 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunari , N , Brewer , LH , Bennett , SM , Sokolova , A , Kraut , ND , Finlay , JA , Meyer , AE , Walker , GC , Wendt , DE Callow , ME . 2011 . The control of marine biofouling on xerogel surfaces with nanometer-scale topography . Biofouling , 27 : 137 – 149 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingersoll , CM and Bright , FV . 1997 . Using sol-gel-based platforms for chemical sensors . Chemtech , 27 : 26 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Kamino , K , Odo , S and Maruyama , T . 1996 . Cement proteins of the acorn barnacle, Megabalanus rosa . Biol Bull , 190 : 403 – 409 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavanagh , KJ , Quinn , RD and Swain , GW . 2005 . Observations of barnacle detachment from silicones using high-speed video . J Adhesion , 81 : 843 – 868 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , J , Chisholm , BJ and Bahr , J . 2007 . Adhesion study of silicone coatings: the interaction of thickness, modulus, and shear rate on adhesion force . Biofouling , 23 : 113 – 120 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majumdar , P , Lee , E , Patel , N , Ward , K , Stafslien , SJ , Daniels , J , Boudjouk , P , Callow , ME , Callow , JA and Thompson , SEM . 2008 . Combinatorial materials research applied to the development of new surface coatings IX: an investigation of novel antifouling/fouling-release coatings containing quaternary ammonium salt groups . Biofouling , 24 : 185 – 200 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMaster , DM , Bennett , SM , Tang , Y , Finlay , JA , Kowalke , GL , Nedved , B , Bright , FV , Callow , ME , Callow , JA Wendt , DE . 2009 . Antifouling character of ‘active’ hybrid xerogel coatings with sequestered catalysts for the activation of hydrogen peroxide . Biofouling , 25 : 21 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitik-Dineva , N , Wang , J , Truong , VK , Stoddart , PR , Malherbe , F , Crawford , RJ and Ivanova , EP . 2009 . Differences in colonisation of five marine bacteria on two types of glass surfaces . Biofouling , 25 : 621 – 623 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molino , PJ and Wetherbee , R . 2008 . Mini-review: The biology of biofouling diatoms and their role in the development of microbial slimes . Biofouling , 24 : 365 – 379 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myint , AA , Lee , W , Mun , S , Ahn , CH , Lee , S and Yoon , J . 2010 . Influence of membrane surface properties on the behavior of initial bacterial adhesion and biofilm development onto nanofiltration membranes . Biofouling , 26 : 313 – 321 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newby , BZ , Chaudhury , MK and Brown , HR . 1995 . Macroscopic evidence of the effect of interfacial slippage on adhesion . Science , 269 : 1407 – 1409 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owens , DK and Wendt , RC . 1969 . Estimation of the surface free energy of polymers . J Appl Polymer Sci , 13 : 1741 – 1747 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patent GB1470465 . 1975 . Intersleek 700 finish: Coated marine surfaces. Filed 20 Jan 1975 , International Paint Co Ltd. UK Patent office .
   Google Scholar
• Patent WO2002074870 . 2002 . Antifouling compositions with a fluorinated alkyl-or alkoxy-containing polymer or oligomer. Filed 18 March 2002 , Akzo Nobel NV. UK Patent office .
   Google Scholar
• Ramsay , DB , Dickinson , GH , Orihuela , B , Rittschof , D and Wahl , KJ . 2008 . Base plate mechanics of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite (=Amphibalanus amphitrite) . Biofouling , 24 : 109 – 118 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rittschof , D , Orihuela , B , Staflsien , S , Daniels , J , Christianson , D , Chisholm , B and Holm , E . 2008 . Barnacle reattachment: a tool for studying barnacle adhesion . Biofouling , 24 : 1 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schumacher , JF , Carman , ML , Estes , TG , Feinberg , AW , Wilson , LH , Callow , ME , Callow , JA , Finlay , JA and Brennan , AB . 2007 . Engineered antifouling microtopographies – effect of feature size, geometry, and roughness on settlement of zoospores of the green alga Ulva . Biofouling , 23 : 55 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selvaggio , P , Tusa , S , Detty , MR , Bright , FV , Ciriminna , R and Pagliaro , M . 2009 . Ecofriendly protection from biofouling of the monitoring system at Pantelleria's Cala Gadir underwater archaeological site, Sicily . Int J Naut Arch , 38 : 417 – 421 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sokolova , A , Bailey , JJ , Waltz , GT , Finlay , JA , Meyer , AE , Fornalik , J , Wendt , DE , Callow , ME , Callow , JA and Bright , FV . 2012 . Spontaneous multiscale phase separation within fluorinated xerogel coatings for fouling-release surfaces . Biofouling , 28 : 143 – 157 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stafslien , S , Daniels , J , Chisholm , B and Christianson , D . 2007a . Combinatorial materials research applied to the development of new surface coatings III. Utilization of a high-throughput multiwell plate screening method to rapidly assess bacterial biofilm retention on antifouling surfaces . Biofouling , 23 : 37 – 44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stafslien , SJ , Bahr , J , Daniels , J , Christianson , DA and Chisholm , BJ . 2011 . High-throughput screening of fouling-release properties: an overview . J Adhes Sci Technol , 25:2239–2253. DOI:10.11 63/016942411X574934
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stafslien , SJ , Bahr , JA , Feser , JM , Weisz , JC , Chisholm , BJ , Ready , TE and Boudjouk , P . 2006 . Combinatorial materials research applied to the development of new surface coatings I: a multiwell plate screening method for the high-throughput assessment of bacterial biofilm retention on surfaces. J . Comb Chem , 8 : 156 – 162 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stafslien , SJ , Bahr , JA , Daniels , JW , Vander Wal , L , Nevins , J , Smith , J , Schiele , K and Chisholm , B . 2007b . Combinatorial materials research applied to the development of new surface coatings VI: an automated spinning water jet apparatus for the high-throughput characterization of fouling-release marine coatings . Rev Sci Instrum , 78 : 1 – 6 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun , Y , Guo , S , Walker , GC , Kavanagh , KJ and Swain , GW . 2004 . Surface elastic modulus of barnacle adhesive and release characteristics from silicone surfaces . Biofouling , 20 : 279 – 289 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swain , G . 1999 . Redefining antifouling coatings . J Protect Coat Lin – Protect Mar Coat (JPCL-PMC) Sept , 1999 : 26 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Swain , GW . 1997 . Field evaluations of non-toxic antifouling coatings: new field technologies and performance criteria . Naval Res Rev , XLIX : 46 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Swain , GW and Schultz , MP . 1996 . The testing and evaluation of non-toxic surfaces . Biofouling , 10 : 187 – 197 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swain , GWJ , Schultz , MP and Vincent , HL . 1994 . “ Shear force measurements of barnacle adhesion for field evaluation of non-toxic foul release surfaces ” . In Recent developments in biofouling control , Edited by: Thompson , M-F , Nagabhushanam , R , Sarojini , R and Fingerman , M . New Delhi (India) : Oxford & IBH Publishing Company. p. 335–344 .
   Google Scholar
• Tang , Y , Finlay , JA , Kowalke , GL , Meyer , AE , Bright , FV , Callow , ME , Callow , JA , Wendt , DE and Detty , MR . 2005 . Hybrid xerogel films as novel coatings for antifouling and fouling release . Biofouling , 21 : 59 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tribou , M and Swain , GM . 2010 . The use of proactive in-water grooming to improve the performance of ship hull antifouling coatings . Biofouling , 26 : 47 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker , G . 1981 . The adhesion of barnacles . J Adhesion , 12 : 51 – 58 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilker , JJ . 2010 . The iron-fortified adhesive system of marine mussels . Angew Chem Int Ed , 49 : 8076 – 8078 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar