Mini-review: microbial problems in paper production

References

• Appling , JW . 1955 . Microbiology of pulp and paper. TAPPI monograph series No. 15 , New York , NY : TAPPI Press . BCIN Number: 136465
   Google Scholar
• Bajpai , P . 2012 . Biotechnology of pulp and paper processing , Heidelberg : Springer International . p. 263–305
   Google Scholar
• Barton , LL and Fauque , GD . 2009 . Biochemistry, physiology and biotechnology of sulfate-reducing bacteria . Adv Appl Microbiol , 58 : 41 – 98 .
   Google Scholar
• Beauchamp , C , Simao-Beaunoir , A-M , Beaulieu , C and Chalifour , P . 2006 . Confirmation of E. coli among other thermotolerant coliform bacteria in paper mill effluents, wood chips screening rejects and paper sludges . Water Res , 40 : 2452 – 2462 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckwith , TD . 1931 . The bacteriology of pulp slime . J Bacteriol , 22 : 15 – 22 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bennett , C . 1988 . The control of microbial problems in the paper industry . Int Biodet , 24 : 381 – 386 .
   Google Scholar
• Blanco , MA , Negro , C , Gaspar , I and Tijero , J . 1996 . Slime problems in the paper and board industry . Appl Microbiol Biotechnol , 46 : 203 – 208 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Böckelmann , U , Jahnke , A , Kuhn , R , Neu , TR , Wecke , J , Lawrence , JR and Szewzyk , U . 2006 . Bacterial extracellular DNA forming a defined network-like structure . FEMS Microbiol Lett , 262 : 31 – 38 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bösner , J-P , Hamm , U and Schabel , S . 2011 . Explosionsgefahr in Bütten und Behältern durch Gase aus anaerobem Abbau [Danger of explosion in paper mills by gases generated by anaerobic degradation] . BG RCI Mag , 11/12 : 28 – 29 .
   Google Scholar
• Boulos , L , Prévost , M , Barbeau , B , Coallier , J and Desjardins , R . 1999 . LIVE/DEAD BacLight: application of a new rapid staining method for direct enumeration of viable and total bacteria in drinking water . J Microbiol Methods , 37 : 77 – 86 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridier , A , Dubois-Brissonet , F , Greub , G , Thomas , V and Briandet , R . 2011 . Dynamics of the action of biocides in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms . Antimicrob Ag Chemother , 55 : 2648 – 2654 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bura , R , Cheung , M , Liao , B , Finlayson , J , Lee , BC , Droppo , IG , Leppard , GG and Liss , SN . 1998 . Composition of extracellular polymeric substances in the activated sludge floc matrix . Water Sci Technol , 37 : 325 – 333 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambless , JD , Hunt , SM and Stewart , PS . 2006 . A three dimensional computer model of four hypothetical mechanisms protecting biofilms from antimicrobials . Appl Environ Microbiol , 72 : 2005 – 2013 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Characklis WG. 1990. Biofilms. New York (NY): John Wiley International. Chapter 14, Microbial fouling; p. 523–584.
   Google Scholar
• Chaudhary , A , Gupta , LK , Gupta , JK and Banerjee , UC . 1998 . Levanases for control of slime in paper manufacture . Biotechnol Adv , 16 : 899 – 912 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , X and Stewart , PP . 2000 . Biofilm removal caused by chemical treatments . Water Res , 17 : 4229 – 4233 .
   Google Scholar
• Costerton , JW , Cheng , K-J , Geesey , GG , Ladd , TI , Nickel , JC , Dasgupta , M and Marrie , TJ . 1987 . Bacterial biofilms in nature and disease . Ann Rev Microbiol , 41 : 435 – 464 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covin , KL , Irle , Y , Tart , CS , Urbano , R , Whitney , JC , Ryder , C , Howell , PL , Wozniak , DJ and Parsek , MR . 2012 . The Pel and Psl polysaccharides provide Pseudomonas aeruginosa structural redundancy within the biofilm matrix . Environ Microbiol , 14 : 1913 – 1928 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies , D . 2003 . Understanding biofilm resistance to antibacterial agents . Nat Rev Drug Discov , 2 : 114 – 122 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Beer , D , Glut , A , Epping , G and Kuhl , M . 1997 . A fast-responding CO2 microelectrode for profiling sediments, microbial mats, and biofilms . Limnol Oceanogr , 42 : 1590 – 1600 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Beer , D , Srinivasan , R and Stewart , PS . 1994 . Direct measurement of chlorine penetration into biofilms during disinfection . Appl Environ Microbiol , 60 : 4339 – 4344 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denner , EBM , Kolari , M , Hoornstra , D , Tsitko , I , Kämpfer , P , Busse , H-J and Salkinoja-Salonen , M . 2006 . Rubellimicrobium thermophilum gen. nov. sp. Nov., a red-pigmented, moderately thermophilic bacterium isolated from colored slime deposits in paper machines . Int J Syst Evolut Microbiol , 56 : 1355 – 1362 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desjardins , E and Beaulieu , C . 2003 . Identification of bacteria contaminating pulp and a paper machine in a Canadian paper mill . J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol , 30 : 141 – 145 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Disnard , J , Beaulieu , C and Villemur , R . 2011 . Composition of the bacterial biota in slime developed in two machines at a Canadian paper mill . Can J Microbiol , 57 : 91 – 104 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekman , J , Kosonen , M , Jokela , S , Kolari , M , Korhonen , P and Salkinoja-Salonen , M . 2007 . Detection and quantification of colored deposit-forming Meiothermus spp. in paper industry processes and end products . J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol , 34 : 203 – 211 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emmerichs , N , Wingender , J , Flemming , H-C and Mayer , C . 2004 . Interactions between alginate and manganese cations: identification of preferred binding sites . J Biol Macromol , 34 : 73 – 79 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flemming , H-C . 2002 . Biofouling in water systems – cases, causes, countermeasures . Appl Environ Biotechnol , 59 : 629 – 640 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flemming , H-C . 2003 . Role and levels of real time monitoring for successful anti-fouling strategies . Water Sci Technol , 47 : 1 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flemming H-C. 2011a. Biofilm highlights. Heidelberg: Springer International. Chapter 8, Microbial biofouling – unsolved problems, insufficient approaches and possible solutions; p. 81–109.
   Google Scholar
• Flemming , H-C . 2011b . The perfect slime . Colloids Surf, B: Biointerf , 86 : 251 – 259 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flemming H-C, Greenalgh M. 2009. Marine and industrial biofouling. Heidelberg: Springer International. Chapter 10, Concept and consequences of EU biocide guideline; p. 189–200.
   Google Scholar
• Flemming , H-C , Neu , TR and Wozniak , DJ . 2007 . The EPS matrix: the house of biofilm cells . J Bacteriol , 189 : 7945 – 7947 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flemming , H-C and Wingender , J . 2010 . The biofilm matrix . Nat Rev Microbiol , 8 : 623 – 633 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frølund , B , Palmgren , R , Keiding , K and Nielsen , PH . 1996 . Extraction of extracellular polymers from activated sludge using a cation exchange resin . Water Res , 30 : 1749 – 1758 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gauthier , F and Archibald , F . 2001 . The ecology of ‘fecal indicator’ bacteria commonly found in pulp and paper mill systems . Water Res , 35 : 2207 – 2218 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gendron , LM , Trudel , L , Moineau , S and Duchaine , C . 2012 . Evaluation of bacterial contaminants found on unused paper towels and possible post contamination after handwashing . Am J Infect Control , 40 : e5 – e9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gopal , K , Tripathy , SS , Bersillon , J-L and Dubey , SP . 2007 . Chlorination byproducts, their toxicodynamics and removal from drinking water . J Hazard Mater , 140 : 1 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granhall , U , Welsh , A , Noredal Throbäck , I , Hjort , K , Hansson , M and Hallin , S . 2010 . Bacterial community diversity in paper mills processing recycled paper . J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol , 37 : 1061 – 1069 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guélon T, Mathias J-D, Stoodley P. 2011. Biofilm highlights. Heidelberg: Springer International. Chapter 6, Advances in biofilm mechanics; p. 111–139.
   Google Scholar
• Harrison , JJ , Ceri , H and Turner , RJ . 2007 . Multimetal resistance and tolerance in microbial biofilms . Nat Rev Microbiol , 5 : 928 – 938 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassler , T , Lindberg , M and Schenker , A . 2007 . Slime and again. New knowledge and regulations spark the need for new ways to inhibit microbial growth . Paper 360° , 8 : 28 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Haug , T , Søstrand , P and Langård , S . 2002 . Exposure to culturable microorganisms in paper mills and presence of symptoms associated with infections . Am J Ind Med , 41 : 498 – 505 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hengge-Aronis R. 1996. Escherichia coli and Salmonella: cellular and molecular biology. Washington (DC): ASM Press. Chapter 93, Regulation of gene expression during entry into stationary phase; p. 1497–1512.
   Google Scholar
• Hernandez-Mena , R and Friend , PL . 1993 . Analysis of microbial exopolysaccharides from industrial water systems . J Ind Microbiol , 12 : 109 – 113 .
   Google Scholar
• Hill , M , Saviello , T and Groves , S . 2002 . The greening of a pulp and paper mill . J Ind Ecol , 6 : 107 – 120 .
   Google Scholar
• Hillman RE, Anson D, Corliss JM, Vigon BW, Gray RH, Bomelburg HJ. 1985. Biofouling detection monitoring devices: status assessment. Final report. Report No. EPR1-CS-3914. Duxbury (MA): Battelle New England Marine Research Laboratory; p. 119. Available from: http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=5875191
   Google Scholar
• Hu W, Sharma S, Wang J, McHardy ILux R, Yang Z, He X, Gimzewski JK, Li Y, Shi W. 2012. DNA builds and strengthens the extracellular matrix in Myxococcus xanthus biofilms by interacting with exopolysaccharides. PLoS ONE. 7: e51905. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051905.
   Google Scholar
• Jaeger-Zuern , I and Grubert , M . 2000 . Podostemaceae depend on sticky biofilms with respect to attachment to rocks in waterfalls . Int J Plant Sci , 161 : 599 – 607 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahnknecht , P and Melo , L . 2003 . Online biofilm monitoring . Rev Environ Sci Bio/Tech , 2 : 269 – 283 .
   Google Scholar
• Kanto Öqvist , L , Kurola , J , Pakarinen , J , Ekman , J , Ikävalko , S , Simell , J and Salkinoja-Salonen , M . 2008 . Prokaryotic microbiota of recycled paper mills with low or zero effluent . J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol , 35 : 1165 – 1173 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klahre , J and Flemming , H-C . 2000 . Monitoring of biofouling in paper mill water systems . Water Res , 34 : 3657 – 3665 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klahre , J , Lustenberger , M and Flemming , H-C . 1996 . Mikrobielle Probleme in der Papierindustrie. Teil I: Schadensfälle, Ursachen, Kosten, Grundlagen [Microbial problems in paper production. Part I; case histories, causes, costs and fundamentals] . Das Papier , 50 : 47 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• Koch A. 1990. Advances in microbial ecology. New York (NY): Plenum Press. Chapter 2, Diffusion: The crucial process in many aspects of the biology of bacteria; p. 37–70.
   Google Scholar
• Kolari , M , Nuutinen , J , Rainey , FA and Salkinoja-Salonen , MS . 2003 . Colored moderately thermophilic bacteria in paper-machine biofilms . J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol , 30 : 225 – 238 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolari , M , Schmidt , U , Kuismanen , E and Salkinoja-Salonen , MS . 2002 . Firm but slippery attachment of Deinococcus geothermalis . J Bacteriol , 184 : 2473 – 2480 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Körstgens , V , Flemming , H-C , Wingender , J and Borchard , W . 2001 . Uniaxial compression measurement device for the investigation of the mechanical stability of biofilms . J Microbiol Methods , 46 : 9 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurissery , SR , Kanavillil , N , Leung , KT , Chen , A , Davey , L and Schraft , H . 2010 . Electrochemical and microbiological characterization of paper mill biofilms . Biofouling , 26 : 799 – 808 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lahtinen , T , Kosonen , M , Tiirola , M , Vuento , M and Oker-Blom , C . 2006 . Diversity of bacteria contaminating paper machines . J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol , 33 : 734 – 740 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindberg , LE , Holmbom , BR , Väisänen , OM , Weber , AM and Salkinoja-Salonen , MS . 2001 . Sugar composition of biofilms produced by paper mill bacteria . Appl Microbiol Biotechnol , 55 : 638 – 643 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma , L , Wang , S , Wang , D , Parsek , MR and Wozniak , DJ . 2012 . The roles of biofilm matrix polysaccharide Psl in mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms . FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol , 65 : 377 – 380 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macuch , PJ and Rice , LE . 2008 . Improved paper machine efficiency and product quality through online, real-time monitoring and control of microbial activity and deposit formation . TAPPI Press – Pap Conf 2008 , 4 : 2637 – 2661 .
   Google Scholar
• Mah , T-FC and O’Toole , GA . 2001 . Mechanisms of biofilm resistance to antimicrobial agents . Trends Microbiol , 9 : 34 – 39 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann , EE and Wozniak , D . 2012 . Pseudomonas biofilm matrix composition and niche biology . FEMS Microbiol Rev , 36 : 893 – 916 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattila , K , Weber , A and Salkinoja-Salonen , MS . 2002 . Structure and on-site formation of biofilms in paper machine water flow . J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol , 28 : 268 – 279 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maukonen , J , Saarela , M and Raaska , L . 2006 . Desulfovibriales-related bacteria in a paper mill environment as detected with molecular techniques and culture . J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol , 33 : 45 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer , C , Moritz , R , Kirschner , C , Borchard , W , Maibaum , R , Wingender , J and Flemming , H-C . 1999 . The role of intermolecular interactions: studies on model systems for bacterial biofilms . Int J Biol Macromol , 26 : 3 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercato-Romain , CE , Pechaud , Y , Paul , E , Girbal-Neuhauser , E and Dossat-Létisse , V . 2012 . Removal of microbial multi-species biofilms from the paper industry by enzymatic treatments . Biofouling , 28 : 305 – 314 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milferstedt , K , Godon , J-J , Escudié , R , Prasse , S , Neyret , C and Bernet , N . 2012 . Heterogeneity and spatial distribution of bacterial background contamination in pulp and process water of a paper mill . J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol , 39 : 1751 – 1759 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno , Y , Sánchez-Contreras , J , Montes , RM , García-Hernández , J , Ballesteros , L and Ferrús , MA . 2012 . Detection and enumeration of viable Listeria monocytogenes cells from ready-to-eat and processed vegetable foods by culture and DVC-FISH . Food Control , 27 : 374 – 379 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nimelä , SI and Väätänen , P . 1982 . Survival in lake water of Klebsiella pneumoniae discharged by a paper mill . Appl Environ Microbiol , 44 : 264 – 269 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nocker , A , Sossa-Fernandez , P , Burr , MD and Camper , A . 2007 . Use of propidium monoazide for live/dead distinction in microbial ecology . Appl Environ Microbiol , 73 : 5111 – 5117 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oppong , D , King , VM and Bowen , JA . 2003 . Isolation and characterization of filamentous bacteria from paper mill slimes . Int Biodet Biodegr , 52 : 53 – 62 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orgad , O , Oren , Y , Walker , SL and Herzberg , M . 2011 . The role of alginate in Pseudomonas aeruginosa EPS adherence, viscoelastic properties and cell attachment . Biofouling. , 28 : 787 – 789 .
   Google Scholar
• Pellegrin , V , Juretschko , S , Wagner , M and Cottenceau , G . 1999 . Morphological and biochemical properties of a Sphaerotilus sp. isolated from paper mill slimes . Appl Environ Microbiol , 65 : 156 – 162 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peltola , M , Kanto Öqvist , L , Ekman , J , Kosonen , M , Jokela , S , Kolari , M , Korhonen , P and Salkinoja-Salonen , MS . 2005 . Quantitative contributions of bacteria and of Deinococcus geothermalis to deposits and slimes in paper industry . J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol , 35 : 1651 – 1657 .
   Google Scholar
• Poole , NJ , Wildish , DJ , Kristmanson , DD and Waldichuk , M . 1977 . The effects of the pulp and paper industry on the aquatic environment . CRC Crit Rev Environ Control , 8 : 153 – 195 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prince , V , Simao-Beaunoir , AM and Beaulieu , C . 2009 . Amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis of free-living bacteria present in the headbox of a Canadian paper machine . Can J Microbiol , 55 : 810 – 817 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rättö , M , Mustranta , A and Siika-aho , M . 2001 . Strains degrading polysaccharides produced by bacteria from paper machines . Appl Microbiol Biotechnol , 57 : 182 – 185 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rättö , M , Suihko , M-L and Siika-aho , M . 2005 . Polysaccharide-producing bacteria isolated from paper machine slime deposits . J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol , 32 : 109 – 114 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rättö , M , Verhoef , EP , Suihko , M-L , Blanco , A , Schols , HA , Voragen , GJ , Wilting , R , Siika-aho , M and Buchert , J . 2006 . Colanic acid is an exopolysaccharide common to many enterobacteria . J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. , 33 : 359 – 367 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice L, Schild T. 2009. The use of pro-active monitoring strategies for optimized control of coating and additive spoilage. Paper published in the Proceedings of TAPPI/PIMA Paper Con 2009; St Louis, MO. Available from: http://www.tappi.org/Downloads/Conference-Papers/2009/09PAPERCON/09pap139.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Robertson L. 2009. TAPPI Microbiology and Microbial Technology Committee (2007): monograph on microbiology of papermaking systems. Norcross, GA: TAPPI Press. ISBN 1-59510-162-0.
   Google Scholar
• Rowbottom , RS . 1989 . Bacteria cause fatal explosion at corrugating mill . Pulp Pap Can , 90 : 75 – 81 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rupp , CJ , Fux , CA and Stoodley , P . 2005 . Viscoelasticity of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms in response to fluid shear allows resistance to detachment and facilitates rolling migration . Appl Environ Microbiol , 71 : 2175 – 2178 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachidanandham , R and Gin , KY-H . 2009 . A dormancy state for nonspore-forming bacteria . Appl Environ Microb , 81 : 927 – 941 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salzburger , W . 1994 . Microbial destruction of materials – case histories and countermeasures . Werkst Korr , 45 : 180 – 184 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanborn , JR . 1944 . Slime producing coliform and coliform-like bacteria . J Bact. , 48 : 211 – 217 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sanborn , JR . 1951 . Relation of red slimes to general paper mill slime control . TAPPI J. , 34 : 490 – 493 .
   Google Scholar
• Sand , W and Gehrke , T . 2006 . Extracellular polymeric substances mediate bioleaching/biocorrosion via interfacial processes involving iron(III) ions and acidophilic bacteria . Res Microbiol , 157 : 49 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrijver , J and Wirth , B . 2006 . Biocides for deposit control of corrugated base paper . Wochenbl Papierfabr , 22 : 37 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Schulte S, Wingender J, Flemming H-C. 2005. Directory of microbicides for the protection of materials and processes. Dordrecht: Kluwer Acad. Chapter 6, Efficacy of biocides against biofilms; p. 90–120.
   Google Scholar
• Simões , LC , Lemos , M , Pereira , AM , Abreu , AC , Saavedra , MJ and Simões , M . 2011 . Persister cells in a biofilm treated with a biocide . Biofouling , 27 : 403 – 441 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simons , B and Da Silva Santos , C . 2005 . The hidden costs of oxidants in microbial deposit control in papermaking . Pulp Pap , 87 : 166 – 169 .
   Google Scholar
• Stewart , PS . 2012 . Mini-review: convection around biofilms . Biofouling , 28 : 187 – 198 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoodley , P , Cargo , R , Rupp , CJ , Wilson , S and Klapper , I . 2003 . Biofilm material properties as related to shear-induced deformation and detachment phenomena . J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol , 29 : 361 – 367 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strathmann , M. , Mittenzwey , K. , Sinn , G. , Papadakis , W. and Flemming , H.-C . 2013 . Simultaneous monitoring of biofilm growth, microbial activity and inorganic deposits on surfaces with an in-situ, on-line, real-time, non-destructive, optical sensor . Biofouling , 29 : 573 – 583 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suihko , M-L , Sinkko , H , Partanen , L , Mattila-Sandholm , T and Salkinoja-Salonen , MS . 2004 . Description of heterotrophic bacteria occurring in paper mills and paper products . J Appl Microbiol , 97 : 1228 – 1235 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suihko , M-L and Stackebrandt , E . 2003 . Identification of aerobic mesophilic bacilli isolated from board and paper products containing recycled fibers . J Appl Microbiol , 94 : 25 – 34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland , IW . 2001 . Biofilm exopolysaccharides: a strong and sticky framework . Microbiology , 147 : 3 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland IW. 2007. Comprehensive glycoscience. Vol. 2. Dordrecht: Elsevier. Chapter, Exopolysaccharides; p. 521–558.
   Google Scholar
• Szomolay , B , Klapper , I , Dockery , J and Stewart , P . 2005 . Adaptive responses to antimicrobial agents in biofilms . Environ Microbiol , 7 : 1186 – 1191 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiirola , M , Lahtinen , T , Vuento , M and Oker-Blom , C . 2009 . Early succession of bacterial biofilms in paper machines . J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol , 36 : 929 – 937 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres , CE , Gibello , A , Nande , M , Martin , M and Blanco , A . 2008 . Fluorescent in situ hybridization and flow cytometry as tool to evaluate the treatments for the control of slime-forming enterobacteria in paper mills . Appl Microbiol Biotechnol , 78 : 889 – 897 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vachavake , D . 2012 . Preventing bacterial-generated gas explosions . Paper 360° , 7 : 24 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Väisänen , OM , Mentu , J and Salkinoia-Salonen , MS . 1991 . Bacteria in food packaging paper and board . J Appl Bacteriol , 71 : 130 – 133 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Väisänen , OM , Nurmiaho-Lassila , E , Marmo , SA and Salkinoja-Salonen , MS . 1994 . Structure and composition of biological slimes on paper and board machines . Appl Environ Microbiol , 60 : 641 – 653 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veiga , MC , Jain , MK , Wu , W , Hollingsworth , RI and Zeikus , JG . 2012 . Composition and role of extracellular polymers in methanogenic granules . Appl Environ Microbiol , 78 : 403 – 407 .
   Google Scholar
• Verhoef , R , Schols , HA , Blanco , A , Siika-aho , M , Rättö , M , Buchert , J , Lenon , G and Voragen , AGJ . 2005 . Sugar composition and FT-IR analysis of exopolysaccharides produced by microbial isolates from paper mill slime deposits . Biotechnol Bioeng , 91 : 91 – 105 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vu , B , Chen , M , Crawford , RJ and Ivanova , EP . 2009 . Bacterial extracellular polysaccharides involved in biofilm formation . Molecules , 14 : 2535 – 2554 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson , K , Shaw , G , Leusch , FDL and Knight , NL . 2012 . Chlorine disinfection by-products in wastewater effluent: bioassay-based assessment of toxicological impact . Water Res , 46 : 6069 – 6083 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitchurch , CB , Tolker-Nielsen , T , Ragas , PS and Mattick , JS . 2002 . Extracellular DNA required for bacterial biofilm formation . Science , 295 : 1487
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilking , JN , Angelini , TE , Seminara , A , Brenner , MP and Weitz , DA . 2011 . Biofilms as complex fluids . MRS Bull , 36 : 385 – 391 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wingender J, Neu TR, Flemming H-C. 1999. Microbial extracellular substances. Heidelberg: Springer International. Chapter 1, What are bacterial extracellular polymeric substances?; p. 1–19.
   Google Scholar
• Wingender J, Strathmann M, Rode A, Leis A, Flemming H-C. 2001. Methods in enzymology 336, Biofilms II. Dordrecht: Elsevier. Chapter 25, Isolation and biochemical characterization of extracellular polymeric substances from P. aeruginosa; p. 302–314.
   Google Scholar
• Wloka , M , Rehage , H , Flemming , H-C and Wingender , J . 2004 . Rheological properties of viscoelastic biofilm EPS and comparison to the behavior of calcium alginate gels . Colloid Polym Sci , 282 : 1067 – 1107 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar