Quantitative exploration of the contribution of settlement, growth, dispersal and grazing to the accumulation of natural marine biofilms on antifouling and fouling-release coatings

References

• Bligh EG, Dyer WJ. 1959. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can J Biochem Physiol. 37:911–917.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Borkman DG, Turner JT. 1993a. Plankton studies in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA. II. Nutrients, chlorophyll a, and phaeopigments, 1987 to 1990. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 100:27–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borkman DG, Turner JT. 1993b. Plankton studies in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA. I. Hydrography and bacterioplankton, 1987 to 1990. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 100:17–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callow JA, Callow ME. 2005. Biofilms. Prog Mol Subcell Biol. 42:141–169.
   Google Scholar
• Casse F, Swain GW. 2006. The development of microfouling on four commercial antifouling coatings under static and dynamic immersion. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad. 57:179–185.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Z-F, Matsumura K, Wang H, Arellano SM, Yan X, Alam I, Archer JAC, Bajic VB, Qian P-Y. 2011. Toward an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of barnacle larval settlement: a comparative transcriptomic approach. PLos One. 6:e22913.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung HC, Lee OO, Huang Y-L, Mok SY, Kolter R, Qian P-Y. 2010. Bacterial community succession and chemical profiles of subtidal biofilms in relation to larval settlement of the polychaete Hydroides elegans. ISME J. 4:817–828.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costerton JW, Lewandowski Z, Caldwell DE, Korber DR, Lappin-Scott HM. 1995. Microbial biofilms. Annu Rev Microbiol. 49:711–745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dafforn KA, Lewis JA, Johnston EL. 2011. Antifouling strategies: history and regulation, ecological impacts and mitigation. Mar Pollut Bull. 62:453–465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobretsov S. 2010. Marine biofilms. In: Dürr S, Thomason JC, editors. Biofouling. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell; p. 123–136.
   Google Scholar
• Dobretsov S, Abed RMM, Teplitski M. 2013. Mini-review: inhibition of biofouling by marine microorganisms. Biofouling. 29:423–441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobretsov S, Thomason JC. 2011. The development of marine biofilms on two commercial non-biocidal coatings: a comparison between silicone and fluoropolymer technologies. Biofouling. 27:869–880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ducklow H. 2000. Bacterial production and biomass in the oceans. In: Kirchman DL, editor. Microbial ecology of the ocean. New York (NY): Wiley-Liss; p. 85–120.
   Google Scholar
• Forsdyke DR. 1971. Application of the isotope-dilution principle to the analysis of factors affecting the incorporation of [3H]uridine and [3H]cytidine into cultured lymphocytes: evaluation of pools in serum and culture media. Biochem J. 125:721–732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman C, Lock MA. 1995. Isotope dilution analysis and rates of 32P incorporation into phospholipid as a measure of microbial growth rates in biofilms. Water Res. 29:789–792.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuhrman JA, Azam F. 1982. Thymidine incorporation as a measure of heterotrophic bacterioplankton production in marine surface waters: evaluation and field results. Mar Biol. 66:109–120.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadfield MG. 2011. Biofilms and marine invertebrate larvae: what bacteria produce that larvae use to choose settlement sites. Annu Rev Mar Sci. 3:453–470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holm ER. 2012. Barnacles and biofouling. Integr Comp Biol. 52:348–355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang Y, Callahan S, Hadfield MG. 2012. Recruitment in the sea: bacterial genes required for inducing larval settlement in a polychaete worm. Sci Rep. 2:228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang YL, Dobretsov S, Ki JS, Yang LH, Qian PY. 2007. Presence of acyl-homoserine lactone in subtidal biofilm and the implication in larval behavioral response in the polychaete Hydroides elegans. Microb Ecol. 54:384–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huggett MJ, Nedved BT, Hadfield MG. 2009. Effects of initial surface wettability on biofilm formation and subsequent settlement of Hydroides elegans. Biofouling. 25:387–399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jefferson KK. 2004. What drives bacteria to produce a biofilm? FEMS Microbiol Lett. 236:163–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joint I, Tait K, Callow ME, Callow JA, Milton D, Williams P, Camara M. 2002. Cell-to-cell communication across the prokaryote–eukaryote boundary. Science. 298:1207–1208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung SK, Trimarchi JT, Sanger RH, Smith PJS. 2001. Development and application of a self-referencing glucose microsensor for the measurement of glucose consumption by pancreatic β-cells. Anal Chem. 73:3759–3767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinoshita H, Yoshida D, Miki K, Usui T, Ikeda T. 1995. An amperometric-enzymatic method for assays of inorganic phosphate and adenosine deaminase in serum based on the measurement of uric acid with a dialysis membrane-covered carbon electrode. Anal Chim Acta. 303:301–307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirchman DL, Ducklow HW. 1993. Estimating conversion factors for the thymidine and leucine methods for measuring bacterial production. In: Kemp PF, Sherr BF, Sherr EB, Cole JJ, editors. Handbook of methods in microbial ecology. Boca Raton (FL): Lewis; p. 513–518.
   Google Scholar
• Larsson AI, Mattsson-Thorngren L, Granhag LM, Berglin M. 2010. Fouling-release of barnacles from a boat hull with comparison to laboratory data of attachment strength. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol. 392:107–114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lejars M, Margaillan A, Bressy C. 2012. Fouling release coatings: a nontoxic alternative to biocidal antifouling coatings. Chem Rev. 112:4347–4390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longnecker K, Lomas MW, Van Mooy BAS. 2010. Abundance and diversity of heterotrophic bacterial cells assimilating 33P-phosphate in the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean. Environ Microbiol. 12:2773–2782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDougald D, Rice SA, Barraud N, Steinberg PD, Kjelleberg S. 2011. Should we stay or should we go: mechanisms and ecological consequences for biofilm dispersal. Nat Rev Microbiol. 10:39–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Middelburg JJ, Barranguet C, Boschker HTS, Herman PMJ, Moens T, Heip CHR. 2000. The fate of intertidal microphytobenthos carbon: an in situ 13C-labelling study. Limnol Oceanogr. 45:1224–1234.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mieszkin S, Callow ME, Callow JA. 2013. Interactions between microbial biofilms and marine fouling algae: a mini review. Biofouling. 29:1097–1113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mieszkin S, Martin-Tanchereau P, Callow ME, Callow JA. 2012. Effect of bacterial biofilms formed on fouling-release coatings from natural seawater and Cobetia marina, on the adhesion of two marine algae. Biofouling. 28:953–968.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molino PJ, Campbell E, Wetherbee R. 2009. Development of the initial diatom microfouling layer on antifouling and fouling-release surfaces in temperate and tropical Australia. Biofouling. 25:685–694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molino PJ, Childs S, Eason Hubbard MR, Carey JM, Burgman MA, Wetherbee R. 2009. Development of the primary bacterial microfouling layer on antifouling and fouling release coatings in temperate and tropical environments in Eastern Australia. Biofouling. 25:149–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monds RD, O’Toole GA. 2008. The developmental model of microbial biofilms: ten years of a paradigm up for review. Trends Microbiol. 17:73–87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moons P, Michiels CW, Aertsen A. 2009. Bacterial interactions in biofilms. Crit Rev Microbiol. 35:157–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moriarty DJW, White DC, Wassenberg TJ. 1985. A convenient method for measuring rates of phospholipid-synthesis in seawater and sediments – its relevance to the determination of bacterial productivity and the disturbance artifacts introduced by measurements. J Microbiol Methods. 3:321–330.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popendorf KJ, Fredricks HF, Van Mooy BAS. 2013. Molecular-ion independent quantitation of intact polar diacylglycerolipids in marine plankton using triple quadrupole MS. Lipids. 48:185–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popendorf KJ, Lomas MW, Van Mooy BAS. 2011. Microbial sources of intact polar diacylglycerolipids in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Org Geochem. 42:803–811.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porterfield DM, Laskin JD, Jung SK, Malchow RP, Billack B, Smith PJS, Heck DE. 2001. Direct measurement of nitric oxide fluxes from macrophages using a novel self-referencing electrode. Am J Physiol. 281:L904–L912.
   Google Scholar
• Qian P-Y, Chen L, Xu Y. 2013. Mini-review: molecular mechanisms of antifouling compounds. Biofouling. 29:381–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salta M, Wharton JA, Blache Y, Stokes KR, Briand J-F. 2013. Marine biofilms on artificial surfaces: structure and dynamics. Environ Microbiol. 15:2879–2893.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz MP. 2007. Effects of coating roughness and biofouling on ship resistance and powering. Biofouling. 23:331–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz MP, Bendick JA, Holm ER, Hertel WM. 2011. Economic impact of biofouling on a naval surface ship. Biofouling. 27:87–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith PJS, Hammar K, Porterfield DM, Sanger RH, Trimarchi JR. 1999. A self-referencing, non-invasive, ion selective electrode for single cell detection of trans-plasma membrane calcium flux. Microsc Res Tech. 46:398–417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith PJS, Sanger RS, Messerli MA. 2007. Principles, development and applications of self-referencing electrochemical microelectrodes to the determination of fluxes at cell membranes. In: Michael AC, Borland LM, editors. Methods and new frontiers in neuroscience. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; p. 373–406.
   Google Scholar
• Sosik HM, Olson RJ, Neubert MG, Shalapyonok A, Solow AR. 2003. Growth rates of coastal phytoplankton from time-series measurements with a submersible flow cytometer. Limnol Oceanogr. 48:1756–1765.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spivak AC, Canuel EA, Duffy J, Richardson J. 2007. Top-down and bottom-up controls on sediment organic matter composition in an experimental seagrass ecosystem. Limnol Oceanogr. 52:2595–2607.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strickland JDH, Parsons TR. 1972. A practical handbook of seawater analysis, Bulletin 167. 2nd ed. Ottawa (ON): Fisheries Research Board of Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Swain GW. 2011. The importance of ship hull coatings and maintenence as drivers for environmental sustainibility. Quat J Ship Hull Perfor. 1:48–56.
   Google Scholar
• Thiyagarajan V. 2010. A review on the role of chemical cues in habitat selection by barnacles: new insights from larval proteomics. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol. 392:22–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiyagarajan V, Wong T, Qian P-Y. 2009. 2D gel-based proteome and phosphoproteome analysis during larval metamorphosis in two major marine biofouling invertebrates. J Proteome Res. 8:2708–2719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas T, Evans FF, Schleheck D, Mai-Prochnow A, Burke C, Penesyan A, Dalisay DS, Stelzer-Braid S, Saunders N, Johnson J, et al. 2008. Analysis of the Pseudoalteromonas tunicata genome reveals properties of a surface-associated life style in the marine environment. PLos One. 3:e3252.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tribou M, Swain G. 2009. The use of proactive in-water grooming to improve the performance of ship hull antifouling coatings. Biofouling. 26:47–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner JT, Borkman DG, Lincoln JA, Gauthier DA, Petitpas CM. 2009. Plankton studies in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA. VI. Phytoplankton and water quality, 1987 to 1998. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 376:103–122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ungerer J, Oosthuizen HM, Bissbort SH. 1993. An enzymatic assay of inorganic phosphate in serum using nucleoside phosphorylase and xanthine oxidase. Clin Chim Acta. 223:149–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Mooy BAS, Fredricks HF. 2010. Bacterial and eukaryotic intact polar lipids in the eastern subtropical South Pacific: water-column distribution, planktonic sources, and fatty acid composition. Geochim Cosmochim Acta. 74:6499–6516.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Mooy BAS, Fredricks HF, Pedler BE, Dyhrman ST, Karl DM, Lomas MW, Mincer T, Moore LR, Moutin T, Rappé MS, et al. 2009. Phytoplankton in the ocean use non-phosphorus lipids in response to phosphorus scarcity. Nature. 458:69–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Mooy BAS, Moutin T, Duhamel S, Rimmelin P, Van Wambeke F. 2008. Phospholipid synthesis rates in the eastern subtropical South Pacific Ocean. Biogeosciences. 5:133–139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Mooy BAS, Rocap G, Fredricks HF, Evans CT, Devol AH. 2006. Sulfolipids dramatically decrease phosphorus demand by picocyanobacteria in oligotrophic marine environments. Proc Nat Acad Sci. 103:8607–8612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White DC, Davis WM, Nickels JS, King JD, Bobbie RJ. 1979. Determination of the sedimentary microbial biomass by extractable lipid phosphate. Oecologia. 40:51–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White DC, Tucker AN. 1969. Phospholipid metabolism during bacterial growth. J Lipid Res. 10:220–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHOI. 1952. Marine fouling and its prevention (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution). Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Zargiel KA, Coogan JS, Swain GW. 2011. Diatom community structure on commercially available ship hull coatings. Biofouling. 27:955–965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar