Roughness effects of diatomaceous slime fouling on turbulent boundary layer hydrodynamics

References

• Castro IP. 2007. Rough-wall boundary layers: mean flow universality. J Fluid Mech. 585:469–485. doi: 10.1017/S0022112007006921
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celler K, Hödl I, Simone A, Battin TJ, Picioreanu C. 2014. A mass-spring model unveils the morphogenesis of phototrophic Diatoma biofilms. Sci Rep. 4:3649. doi: 10.1038/srep03649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen KT, Adrian RJ. 2001. Statistical evidence of hairpin packets in wall turbulence. J Fluid Mech. 431:433–443. doi: 10.1017/S0022112001003512
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coceal O, Thomas TG, Castro IP, Belcher SE. 2006. Mean flow and turbulence statistics over groups of urban-like cubical obstacles. Bound-Layer Meteor. 121:491–519. doi: 10.1007/s10546-006-9076-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coles D. 1956. The law of the wake in the turbulent boundary layer. J Fluid Mech. 1:191–226. doi: 10.1017/S0022112056000135
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Beer D, Kühl M. 2001. Interfacial microbial mats and biofilms. In: Boudreau BP, Jørgensen BB, editors. The benthic boundary layer. Oxford University Press, Inc. Oxford, UK.
   Google Scholar
• de Beer D, Stoodley P, Lewandowski Z. 1996. Liquid flow and mass transport in heterogeneous biofilms. Water Res. 30:2761–2765. doi: 10.1016/S0043-1354(96)00141-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decho AW. 1990. Microbial exopolymer secretions in ocean environments: their role(s) in food webs and marine processes. Oceanogr Mar Biol Annu Rev. 28:73–153.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flack KA, Schultz MP. 2010. Review of hydraulic roughness scales in the fully rough regime. J Fuids Eng. 132:041203. doi: 10.1115/1.4001492
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flack KA, Schultz MP, Shapiro TA. 2005. Experimental support for Townsend’s Reynolds number similarity hypothesis on rough walls. Phys Fluids. 17:035102. doi: 10.1063/1.1843135
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flack KA, Schultz MP, Connelly JS. 2007. Examination of a critical roughness height for outer layer similarity. Phys Fluids. 19:095104. doi: 10.1063/1.2757708
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghisalberti M, Nepf H. 2006. The structure of the shear layer in flows over rigid and flexible canopies. Env Fl Mech. 6:277–301. doi: 10.1007/s10652-006-0002-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graba M, Moulin FY, Boulêtreau S, Garabétian F, Kettab A, Eiff O, Sánchez-Pérez JM, Sauvage S. 2010. Effect of near-bed turbulence on chronic detachment of epilithic biofilm: experimental and modeling approaches. Water Resour Res. 46:W11531. doi: 10.1029/2009WR008679
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen JCR, Reidenbach MA. 2017. Turbulent mixing and fluid transport within Florida Bay seagrass meadows. Adv Water Resour. 108:205–215. doi: 10.1016/j.advwatres.2017.08.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haslbeck EG, Bohlander G. 1992. Microbial biofilm effects on drag- lab and field. In: Proceedings of the SNAME Ship Production Symposium. Paper No. 3A-1. Jersey City, NJ: SNAME; 7p.
   Google Scholar
• Hondzo M, Wang H. 2002. Effects of turbulence on growth and metabolism of periphyton in a laboratory flume. Water Resour Res. 38:1277. doi: 10.1029/2002WR001409
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunsucker KZ, Koka A, Lund G, Swain GW. 2014. Diatom community structure on in-service cruise ship hulls. Biofouling. 30:1133–1140. doi: 10.1080/08927014.2014.974576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunsucker KZ, Vora GJ, Hunsucker JT, Gardner H, Leary DH, Kim S, Lin B, Swain GW. 2018. Biofilm community structure and the associated drag penalties of a groomed fouling release ship hull coating. Biofouling. 34:162–72. doi: 10.1080/08927014.2017.1417395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiménez J. 2004. Turbulent flows over rough walls. Annu Rev Fluid Mech. 36:173–196. doi: 10.1146/annurev.fluid.36.050802.122103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kevin K, Monty JP, Bai HL, Pathikonda G, Nugroho B, Barros JM, Christensen KT, Hutchins N. 2017. Cross-stream stereoscopic particle image velocimetry of a modified turbulent boundary layer over directional surface pattern. J Fluid Mech. 813:412–435. doi: 10.1017/jfm.2016.879
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krogstad PÅ, Antonia RA. 1999. Surface roughness effects in turbulent boundary layers. Exp Fluids. 27:450–460. doi: 10.1007/s003480050370
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewthwaite JC, Molland AF, Thomas KW. 1985. An investigation into the variation of ship skin frictional resistance with fouling. Trans R Inst Naval Architects. 127:269–284.
   Google Scholar
• Lu SS, Willmarth WW. 1973. Measurements of the structure of the Reynolds stress in a turbulent boundary layer. J Fluid Mech. 60:481–511. doi: 10.1017/S0022112073000315
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mejia-Alvarez R, Christensen KT. 2010. Low-order representations of irregular surface roughness and their impact on a turbulent boundary layer. Phys Fluids. 22:015106. doi: 10.1063/1.3291076
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mignot E, Hurther D, Barthelemy E. 2009. On the structure of shear stress and turbulent kinetic energy flux across the roughness layer of a gravel-bed channel flow. J Fluid Mech. 638:423–452. doi: 10.1017/S0022112009990772
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moin P, Kim J. 1985. The structure of the vorticity field in turbulent channel flow. Part 1: Analysis of instantaneous fields and statistical correlations. J Fluid Mech. 155:441–464. doi: 10.1017/S0022112085001896
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molino PJ, Wetherbee R. 2008. The biology of biofouling diatoms and their role in the development of microbial slimes. Biofouling. 24:365–379. doi: 10.1080/08927010802254583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monty JP, Dogan E, Hanson R, Scardino AJ, Ganapathisubramani B, Hutchins N. 2016. An assessment of the ship drag penalty arising from light calcareous tubeworm fouling. Biofouling. 32:451–464. doi: 10.1080/08927014.2016.1148140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munk T, Kane D, Yebra DM. 2009. The effects of corrosion and fouling on the performance of ocean-going vessels: a naval architectural perspective. In: Hellio C, Yebra PM, editors. Advances in marine antifouling coatings and technologies. CRC Press. Cambridge, UK. 209–235.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy EAK, Barros JM, Schultz MP, Flack KA, Steppe CN, Reidenbach MA. 2017. The turbulent boundary layer structure over diatomaceous slime fouling. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Turbulence and Shear Flow Phenomena, vol. 1, 3D-4. Chicago, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Nikora VI, Goring DG, Biggs BJ. 2002. Some observations of the effects of micro-organisms growing on the bed of an open channel on the turbulence properties. J Fluid Mech. 450:317–341. doi: 10.1017/S0022112001006486
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikuradse J. 1933. Laws of flow in rough pipes. NACA Technical Memorandum 1292.
   Google Scholar
• Perry AE, Li JD. 1990. Experimental support for the attached-eddy hypothesis in zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layers. J Fluid Mech. 218:405–438. doi: 10.1017/S0022112090001057
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picologlou BF, Zelver N, Characklis WG. 1980. Biofilm growth and hydraulic performance. ASCE J Hydraulics Div. 106:733–746.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poggi D, Katul GG, Albertson JD. 2004. A note on the contribution of dispersive fluxes to momentum transfer within canopies. Bound-Layer Meteor. 111:615–621. doi: 10.1023/B:BOUN.0000016563.76874.47
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raupach MR, Antonia RA, Rajagopalan S. 1991. Rough-wall turbulent boundary layers. Appl Mech Rev. 44:1–25. doi: 10.1115/1.3119492
   Google Scholar
• Reidenbach MA, Limm M, Hondzo M, Stacey MT. 2010. Effects of bed roughness on boundary layer mixing and mass flux across the sediment-water interface. Water Resour Res. 46:W07530. doi: 10.1029/2009WR008248
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reidenbach MA, Monismith SG, Koseff JR, Yahel G, Genin A. 2006. Boundary layer turbulence and flow structure over a fringing coral reef. Limnol Oceanogr. 51:1956–1968. doi: 10.4319/lo.2006.51.5.1956
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz MP. 2004. Frictional resistance of antifouling coating systems. J Fluids Engin. 126:1039–1047. doi: 10.1115/1.1845552
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz MP. 2007. Effects of coating roughness and biofouling on ship resistance and powering. Biofouling. 23:331–341. doi: 10.1080/08927010701461974
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz MP, Flack KA. 2007. The rough- wall turbulent boundary layer from the hydraulically smooth to the fully rough regime. J Fluid Mech. 580:381–405. doi: 10.1017/S0022112007005502
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz MP, Bendick JA, Holm ER, Hertel WM. 2011. Economic impact of biofouling on a Naval surface ship. Biofouling. 27:87–98. doi: 10.1080/08927014.2010.542809
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz MP, Walker JM, Steppe CN, Flack KA. 2015. Impact of diatomaceous biofilms on the frictional drag of fouling-release coatings. Biofouling. 31:759–773. doi: 10.1080/08927014.2015.1108407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stocking JB, Rippe JP, Reidenbach MA. 2016. Structure and dynamics of turbulent boundary layer flow over healthy and algae-covered corals. Coral Reefs. 35:1047–1059. doi: 10.1007/s00338-016-1446-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoodley P, Lewandowski Z, Boyle JD, Lappin-Scott HM, 1998. Oscillation characteristics of biofilm streamers in turbulent flowing water as related to drag and pressure drop. Biotechnol Bioeng. 57:536–544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoodley P, Lewandowski Z, Boyle JD, Lappin-Scott HM. 1999. Structural deformation of bacterial biofilms caused by short-term fluctuations in fluid shear: An in situ investigation of biofilm rheology. Biotechnol Bioeng. 65:83–92. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0290(19991005)65:1<83::AID-BIT10>3.0.CO;2-B
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swain GW, Kovach B, Touzot A, Casse F, Kavanagh CJ. 2007. Measuring the performance of today’s antifouling coatings. J Ship Prod. 23:164–170.
   Google Scholar
• Taherzadeh D, Picioreanu C, Küttler U, Simone A, Wall WA, Horn H. 2009. Computational study of the drag and oscillatory movement of biofilm streamers in fast flows. Biotechnol Bioeng. 105:600–610. doi: 10.1002/bit.22551
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Townsin RL. 2003. The ship hull fouling penalty. Biofouling. 19:9–15. doi: 10.1080/0892701031000088535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Navy. 2006. Naval Ships' Technical Manual, Chapter 081. Waterborne underwater hull cleaning of navy ships. Oct 1, Revision 5. Direction of Commander, Naval Sea Systems Command. S9086-CQ-STM-010.
   Google Scholar
• Volino RJ, Schultz MP, Flack KA. 2007. Turbulence structure in rough- and smooth-wall boundary layers. J Fluid Mech. 592:263–293. doi: 10.1017/S0022112007008518
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volino RJ, Schultz MP, Flack KA. 2009. Turbulence structure in a boundary layer with two-dimensional roughness. J Fluid Mech. 635:75–101. doi: 10.1017/S0022112009007617
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volino RJ, Schultz MP, Flack KA. 2011. Turbulence structure in boundary layers over periodic two- and three-dimensional roughness. J Fluid Mech. 676:172–190. doi: 10.1017/S0022112011000383
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker JM, Flack KA, Lust EE, Schultz MP, Luznik L. 2013a. Experimental and numerical studies of blade roughness and fouling on marine current turbine performance. Renew Energ. 66:257–267. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2013.12.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker JM, Sargison JE, Henderson AD. 2013b. Turbulent boundary-layer structure of flows over freshwater biofilms. Exp Fluids. 54:1628. doi: 10.1007/s00348-013-1628-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu Y, Christensen KT. 2010. Spatial structure of a turbulent boundary layer with irregular surface roughness. J Fluid Mech. 655:380–418. doi: 10.1017/S0022112010000960
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu S, Rempfer D, Lumley J. 2003. Turbulence over a compliant surface: numerical simulation and analysis. J Fluid Mech. 478:11–34. doi: 10.1017/S0022112002003324
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zargiel KA, Coogan JS, Swain GW. 2011. Diatom community structure on commercially available ship hull coatings. Biofouling. 27:955–965. doi: 10.1080/08927014.2011.618268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zargiel KA, Swain GW. 2014. Static versus dynamic settlement and adhesion of diatoms to ship hull coatings. Biofouling 30:115–129. doi: 10.1080/08927014.2013.847927
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar