An investigation into the effects of marine biofilm on the roughness and drag characteristics of surfaces coated with different sized cuprous oxide (Cu₂O) particles

References

• Atlar M, Bashir M, Turkmen S, Yeginbayeva I, Carchen A, Politis G. 2015. Design, manufacture and operation of a strut system deployed on a research catamaran to collect samples of dynamically grown biofilms in-service. The 4th International Conference on Advanced Model Measurement Technology for the Maritime Industry (AMT’15), Istanbul. Istanbul Technical University Press. p. 67–82.
   Google Scholar
• Atlar M, Turkmen S, Bashir M. 2015. Design of a strut system for RV-The Princess Royal to collect samples of dynamically grown biofilms in-service. SEAFRONT project Deliverable D5.10.
   Google Scholar
• Atlar M, Turkmen S, Yeginbayeva I, Carchen A. 2015. Commissioning and deployment of a strut arrangement on board The Princess Royal for dynamic biofilm sample collection. SEAFRONT project Deliverable D5.11.
   Google Scholar
• Aupoix B. 2015. Roughness corrections for the k–ω shear stress transport model: status and proposals. Journal of Fluids Engineering. 137:021202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baier RE. 1973. Influence of the initial surface condition of materials on bioadhesion. In The Third International Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling; Gaithersburg, MD, USA: Northwestern University Press; p. 633–639.
   Google Scholar
• Boyde A, Vesely P. 1972. Comparison of fixation and drying procedures for preparation of some cultured cell lines for examination in the SEM. Scan Electr Microsc. 1972:265–272.
   Google Scholar
• Carlton JN. 1998. Composite cuprous oxide powder. US Patent 5,707,438.
   Google Scholar
• Casse F, Swain GW. 2006. The development of microfouling on four commercial antifouling coatings under static and dynamic immersion. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation. 57:179–185. doi:10.1016/j.ibiod.2006.02.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Characklis WG. 1971. Effect of hypochlorite on microbial slimes. 26th Industrial Waste Conference; Indiana, USA. Purdue University. 171–181.
   Google Scholar
• Characklis WG, McFeters GA, Marshall KC. 1990. Physiological ecology in biofilm systems. Biofilms. 37:67–72.
   Google Scholar
• Chen CL, Maki JS, Rittschof D, Teo SLM. 2013. Early marine bacterial biofilm on a copper-based antifouling paint. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation. 83:71–76. doi:10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.04.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clauser FH. 1954. Turbulent boundary layers in adverse pressure gradients. J Aeronaut Sci. 21:91–108. doi:10.2514/8.2938
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colebrook CF, Blench T, Chatley H, Essex EH, Finniecome JR, Lacey G, Williamson J, Macdonald GG. 1939. Correspondence turbulent flow in pipes, with particular reference to the transition region between the smooth and rough pipe laws (include plates). J Inst Civil Eng. 12:393–422. doi:10.1680/ijoti.1939.14509
   Google Scholar
• Coleman HW, Steele G. Jr 1990. Experimentation and uncertainty analysis for engineers. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Curtis EJC, Curds CR. 1971. Sewage fungus in rivers in the United Kingdom: the slime community and its constituent organisms. Water Res. 5:1147–1159. doi:10.1016/0043-1354(71)90080-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dean RB. 1978. Reynolds number dependence of skin friction and other bulk flow variables in two-dimensional rectangular duct flow. J Fluids Eng. 100:215–223. doi:10.1115/1.3448633
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demirel YK. 2015. Modelling the roughness effects of marine coatings and biofouling on ship frictional resistance [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Strathclyde.
   Google Scholar
• Dempsey MJ. 1981. Colonisation of antifouling paints by marine bacteria. Bot Mar. 24:185–192.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donlan RM, Pipes WO, Yohe TL. 1994. Biofilm formation on cast iron substrata in water distribution systems. Water Res. 28:1497–1503. doi:10.1016/0043-1354(94)90318-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fera P, Siebel MA, Characklis WG, Prieur D. 1989. Seasonal variations in bacterial colonisation of stainless steel, aluminium and polycarbonate surfaces in a sea water flow system. Biofouling 1:251–261. doi:10.1080/08927018909378112
   Google Scholar
• Fratesi SE, Lynch FL, Kirkland BL, Brown LR. 2004. Effects of SEM preparation techniques on the appearance of bacteria and biofilms in the carter sandstone. J Sediment Res. 74:858–867. doi:10.1306/042604740858
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froude W. 1872. Experiments on the surface-friction experienced by a plane moving through water. Br Assoc Adv Sci. 42:118–124.
   Google Scholar
• Geesey GG, Gillis RJ, Avci R, Daly D, Hamilton M, Shope P, Harkin G. 1996. The influence of surface features on bacterial colonization and subsequent substratum chemical changes of 316L stainless steel. Corros Sci. 38:73–95. doi:10.1016/0010-938X(96)00105-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granville PS. 1958. The frictional resistance and turbulent boundary layer of rough surfaces. J Ship Res. 2:52–74.
   Google Scholar
• Granville PS. 1987. Three indirect methods for the drag characterization of arbitrarily rough surfaces on flat plates. J Ship Res. 31:70–77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hama FR. 1954. Boundary-layer characteristics for smooth and rough surfaces. SNAME. 62:333–358.
   Google Scholar
• Hartenberger J, Gose J, Ceccio S. 2018. Flow and drag measuremenst over soft biofilms. Paper presented at: The 32nd Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics (SNH), Hamburg, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Haslbeck EG, Bohlander GS. 1992. Microbial biofilm effects on drag-lab and field. No. CONF-PAPER-3A-1.
   Google Scholar
• Heukelekian H, Crosby ES. 1956a. Slime formation in polluted waters: II. Factors affecting slime growth. Sewage Ind Wastes. 28:78–92.
   Google Scholar
• Heukelekian H, Crosby ES. 1956b. Slime formation in sewage: III. Nature and composition of slimes. Sewage Ind Wastes. 28:206–210.
   Google Scholar
• Holm E, Schultz M, Haslbeck E, Talbott W, Field A. 2004. Evaluation of hydrodynamic drag on experimental fouling-release surfaces, using rotating disks. Biofouling 20:219–226. doi:10.1080/08927010400011245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horbund HM, Freiberger A. 1970. Slime films and their role in marine fouling: a review. Ocean Eng. 1:631–634. doi:10.1016/0029-8018(70)90006-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kornegay BH, Andrews JF. 1968. Kinetics of fixed-film biological reactors. J Water Pollut Control Fed. 40:R460–R468.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis JA. 1998. Marine biofouling and its prevention. Mater Forum. 22:41–61.
   Google Scholar
• Lewthwaite JC, Molland AF, Thomas KW. 1985. An investigation into the variation of ship skin frictional resistance with fouling. Royal Inst Naval Arch Trans. 127: 16.
   Google Scholar
• Li C, Atlar M, Haroutunian M, Anderson C, Turkmen S. 2018. An experimental investigation into the effect of Cu2O particle size on antifouling roughness and hydrodynamic characteristics by using a turbulent flow channel. Ocean Eng. 159:481–495. doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.01.042
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ligrani PM, Moffat RJ. 1986. Structure of transitionally rough and fully rough turbulent boundary layers. J Fluid Mech. 162:69–98. doi:10.1017/S0022112086001933
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loeb GI, Neihof RA. 1975. Marine conditioning films. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, vol. 145, p. 319–335.
   Google Scholar
• Maier WJ. 1968. Mass transfer and growth kinetics on a slime layer, a simulation of the trickling filter [Doctoral dissertation]. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
   Google Scholar
• McEntee W. 1916. Variation of Frictional Resistance of Ships with Condition of Wetted Surface. Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers. 28:311–314.
   Google Scholar
• Mittelman MW. 1996. Adhesion to biomaterials. In Bacterial adhesion: molecular and ecological diversity. New York: Wiley-Liss, Inc, p. 89–127.
   Google Scholar
• Moffat RJ. 1988. Describing the uncertainties in experimental results. Exp Therm Fluid Sci. 1:3–17. doi:10.1016/0894-1777(88)90043-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikuradse J. 1933. Laws of flow in rough pipes. NACA Techn Memorandum. 1292:60–68.
   Google Scholar
• Ofek I, Doyle RJ. 2012. Bacterial adhesion to cells and tissues. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media.
   Google Scholar
• Patel VC, Yoon JY. 1995. Application of turbulence models to separated flow over rough surfaces. J Fluids Eng. 117:234–241. doi:10.1115/1.2817135
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piatek A. 1967. Preventing filamentous scale in well water. Water and Wastes Engineering. 4:54–55.
   Google Scholar
• Picologlou BF, Zelver N, Characklis WG. 1980. Biofilm growth and hydraulic performance. J Hydraul Div. 106:733–746.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rijnaarts HHM, Norde W, Bouwer EJ, Lyklema J, Zehnder AJB. 1993. Bacterial adhesion under static and dynamic conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol. 59:3255–3265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz MP. 1998. The effect of biofilms on turbulent boundary layer structure [Doctoral dissertation]. Florida Institute of Technology Melbourne, FL.
   Google Scholar
• Schultz MP. 2007. Effects of coating roughness and biofouling on ship resistance and powering. Biofouling 23:331–341. doi:10.1080/08927010701461974
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz MP. 2004. Frictional resistance of antifouling coating systems. J Fluids Eng. 126:1039–1047. doi:10.1115/1.1845552
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz MP, Bendick JA, Holm ER, Hertel WM. 2011. Economic impact of biofouling on a naval surface ship. Biofouling. 27:87–98. doi:10.1080/08927014.2010.542809
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz MP, Walker JM, Steppe CN, Flack KA. 2015. Impact of diatomaceous biofilms on the frictional drag of fouling-release coatings. Biofouling. 31:759–773. doi:10.1080/08927014.2015.1108407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Standard ISO 4287. 1997. Geometrical product specifications (GPS)–Surface texture: profile method–terms, definitions and surface texture parameters.
   Google Scholar
• Stoodley P, Boyle J, Cunningham AB, Dodds I, Lappin-Scott HM, Lewandowski Z. 1999. Biofilm structure and influence on biofouling under laminar and turbulent flows. Special Publication-Royal Soc Chem. 242:13–24.
   Google Scholar
• Swain GW, Kovach B, Touzot A, Casse F, Kavanagh CJ. 2007. Measuring the performance of today's antifouling coatings. J Ship Prod. 23:164–170.
   Google Scholar
• Turkmen S, Yeginbayeva I, Atlar M. 2016. Evaluation of pressure drop methodology. SEAFRONT project Deliverable D4.19.
   Google Scholar
• Yeginbayeva I, Atlar M, Turkmen S, Kidd B, Finnie AA. 2016. Investigating the impact of surface condition on the frictional resistance of fouling control coating technologies. Paper presented at: The 31 Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics (SNH), Monterey, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Zanoun ES, Nagib H, Durst F. 2009. Refined cf relation for turbulent channels and consequences for high-Re experiments. Fluid Dyn Res. 41:021405. doi:10.1088/0169-5983/41/2/021405
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng D, Taylor GT, Gyananath G. 1994. Influence of laminar flow velocity and nutrient concentration on attachment of marine bacterioplankton. Biofouling 8:107–120. doi:10.1080/08927019409378266
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zobell CE. 1943. The effect of solid surfaces upon bacterial activity. J Bacteriol. 46:39.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar