Enhancement of chlorhexidine activity against planktonic and biofilm forms of oral streptococci by two Croton spp. essential oils from the Caatinga biome

References

• Abranches J, Zeng L, Kajfasz JK, Palmer SR, Chakraborty B, Wen ZT, Richards VP, Brady LJ, Lemos JA. 2018. Biology of oral streptococci. Microbiol Spectr. 6:6–11. doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.GPP3-0042-2018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams RP. 2007. Identification of essential oil components by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. 4th ed. Illinois (USA): Allured publishing corporation. Carol Stream.
   Google Scholar
• Albuquerque VQ, Soares MJC, Matos MNC, Cavalcante RMB, Guerrero JAP, Rodrigues THS, Gomes GA, Guedes RFM, Castelo-Branco DSCM, Silva ING, et al. 2021. Anti-staphylococcal activity of Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil against planktonic and biofilm cells isolated from canine otological infections. Antibiotics. 11:4. doi:10.3390/antibiotics11010004
   Google Scholar
• Aleksic V, Knezevic P. 2014. Antimicrobial and antioxidative activity of extracts and essential oils of Myrtus communis L. Microbiol Res. 169:240–254. doi:10.1016/j.micres.2013.10.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alencar Filho JMd, Araújo LdC, Oliveira AP, Guimarães AL, Pacheco AG, Silva FS, Cavalcanti LS, Lucchese AM, Almeida JRdS, Araújo ECdC 2017. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oil from leaves of Croton heliotropiifolius in different seasons of the year. Braz J Pharmacog. 27:440–444. doi:10.1016/j.bjp.2017.02.004
   Google Scholar
• Alexa VT, Galuscan A, Popescu I, Tirziu E, Obistioiu D, Floare AD, Perdiou A, Jumanca D. 2019. Synergistic/antagonistic potential of natural preparations based on essential oils against Streptococcus mutans from the oral cavity. Molecules. 24:4043. doi:10.3390/molecules24224043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almeida-Pereira CS, Nogueira PCdL, Barbosa AAT, Nizio DAdC, Arrigoni-Blank MdF, Sampaio TS, Alves RP, Araujo-Couto HGSd, Feitosa-Alcantara RB, Melo JOd, et al. 2019. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils of a Croton tetradenius Baill. Germ plasm. J Essent Oil Res. 31:379–389. doi:10.1080/10412905.2019.1607785
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araújo SS, Santos MIS, Dias AS, Ferro JNS, Lima RN, Barreto EO, Corrêa CB, Araújo BS, Lauton-Santos S, Shan AYK, et al. 2014. Chemical composition and cytotoxicity analysis of the essential oil from leaves of Croton argyrophyllus Kunth. J Essent Oil Res. 26:446–451. doi:10.1080/10412905.2014.956233
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araújo LG, Veras G, Alves JVO, Veras BO, Silva MV, Rodrigues JFB, Fook MVL, Amoah SKS, Torres MCM. 2020. Chemodiversity and antibacterial activity of the essential oil of leaves of Croton argyrophyllus Kunth. Chem Biodivers. 17:e2000575. doi:10.1002/cbdv.202000575
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Back CR, Sztukowska MN, Till M, Lamont RJ, Jenkinson HF, Nobbs AH, Race PR. 2017. The Streptococcus gordonii adhesin CshA protein binds host fibronectin via a catch-clamp mechanism. J Biol Chem. 292:1538–1549. doi:10.1074/jbc.M116.760975
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behbahani BA, Noshad M, Falah F. 2019. Cumin essential oil: phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial activity and investigation of its mechanism of action through scanning electron microscopy. Microb Pathog. 136:103716. doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bescos R, Ashworth A, Cutler C, Brookes ZL, Belfield L, Rodiles A, Agustench PC, Farnham G, Liddle L, Burleigh M, et al. 2020. Effects of chlorhexidine mouthwash on the oral microbiome. Sci Rep. 10:1–8. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-61912-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brito SSS, Silva F, Malheiro R, Baptista P, Pereira JA. 2018. Croton argyrophyllus Kunth and Croton heliotropiifolius Kunth: phytochemical characterization and bioactive properties. Ind Crops Prod. 113:308–315. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.01.044
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brookes ZLS, Bescos R, Belfield LA, Ali K, Roberts A. 2020. Current uses of chlorhexidine for management of oral disease: a narrative review. J Dent. 103:103497. doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carneiro VA, Melo RS, Pereira AMG, Azevedo AMA, Matos MNC, Cavalcante RMB, Rocha RR, Albuquerque VQ, Guerrero JAP, Junior FEAC. 2020. Essential oils as an innovative approach against biofilm of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. In: Dincer S, Özdenefe MS, Arkut A, editors. Bacterial biofilms. London (UK): IntechOpen Book Series. doi:10.5772/intechopen.91833
   Google Scholar
• Chouhan S, Sharma K, Guleria S. 2017. Antimicrobial activity of some essential oils – Present status and future perspectives. Medicines. 4:58. doi:10.3390/medicines4030058
   Google Scholar
• CLSI. 2019. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. USA. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. CLSI documents M07-A10. USA. [accessed 2022 January 9]. https://clsi.org/standards/products/microbiology/documents/m100/.
   Google Scholar
• Cordeiro I, Secco R, Carneiro-Torres DS, Lima LR, Caruzo MBR, Berry P, Riina R, Silva OLM, Silva MJ, Sodré RC. 2015. Croton in lista de espécies da flora do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. [accessed 2021 January 8]. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/FichaPublicaTaxonUC/FichaPublicaTaxonUC.do?id=FB17497.
   Google Scholar
• Dool HVD, Kratz PD. 1963. A generalization of the retention index system including linear temperature programmed gas–liquid partition chromatography. J Chromatogr A. 11:463–471. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(01)80947-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EUCAST. European Committee for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 2000. Terminology relating to methods for the determination of susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Infect. 6:503–508. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0691.2000.00149.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng X, Zhang W, Wu W, Bai R, Kuang S, Shi B, Li D. 2021. Chemical composition and diversity of the essential oils of Juniperus rigida along the elevations in Helan and Changbai Mountains and correlation with the soil characteristics. Ind Crops Prod. 159:113032. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.113032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filoche SK, Soma K, Sissons CH. 2005. Antimicrobial effects of essential oils in combination with chlorhexidine digluconate. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 20:221–225. doi:10.1111/j.1399-302X.2005.00216.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Freires IA, Denny C, Benso B, Alencar SM, Rosalen PL. 2015. Antibacterial activity of essential oils and their isolated constituents against cariogenic bacteria: a systematic review. Molecules. 20:7329–7358. doi:10.3390/molecules20047329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross EL, Beall CJ, Kutsch SR, Firestone ND, Leys EJ, Griffen AL. 2012. Beyond Streptococcus mutans: dental caries onset linked to multiple species by 16S rRNA community analysis. PLoS One. 7:e47722. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047722
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guimarães AC, Meireles LM, Lemos MF, Guimarães MCC, Endringer DC, Fronza M, Scherer R. 2019. Antibacterial activity of terpenes and terpenoids present in essential oils. Molecules. 24:2471. doi:10.3390/molecules24132471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heo SM, Ruhl S, Scannapieco FA. 2013. Implications of salivary protein binding to commensal and pathogenic bacteria. J Oral Biosci. 55:169–174. doi:10.1016/j.job.2013.06.004
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hofer D, Meier A, Sener B, Guggenheim B, Attin T, Schmidlin PR. 2011. Biofilm reduction and staining potential of a 0.05% chlorhexidine rinse containing essential oils. Int J Dent Hyg. 9:60–67. doi:10.1111/j.1601-5037.2009.00437.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang R, Li M, Gregory RL. 2011. Bacterial interactions in dental biofilm. Virulence. 2:435–444. doi:10.4161/viru.2.5.16140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakubovics NS, Goodman SD, Mashburn-Warren L, Stafford GP, Cieplik F. 2021. The dental plaque biofilm matrix. Periodontol 2000. 86:32–56. doi:10.1111/prd.12361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kachur K, Suntres Z. 2020. The antibacterial properties of phenolic isomers, carvacrol and thymol. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 60:3042–3053. doi:10.1080/10408398.2019.1675585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karpanen TJ, Worthington T, Hendry ER, Conway BR, Lambert PA. 2008. Antimicrobial efficacy of chlorhexidine digluconate alone and in combination with eucalyptus oil, tea tree oil and thymol against planktonic and biofilm cultures of Staphylococcus epidermidis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 62:1031–1036. doi:10.1093/jac/dkn325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaspar JR, Godwin MJ, Velsko IM, Richards VP, Burne RA. 2019. Spontaneously arising Streptococcus mutans variants with reduced susceptibility to chlorhexidine display genetic defects and diminished fitness. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 63:e00161-19. doi:10.1128/AAC.00161-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuang X, Chen V, Xu X. 2018. Novel approaches to the control of oral microbial biofilms. Biomed Res Int. 2018:1–13. doi:10.1155/2018/6498932
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamont RJ, Koo H, Hajishengallis G. 2018. The oral microbiota: dynamic communities and host interactions. Nat Rev Microbiol. 16:745–759. doi:10.1038/s41579-018-0089-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee DW, Jung JE, Yang YM, Kim JG, Yi HK, Jeon JG. 2016. The antibacterial activity of chlorhexidine digluconate against Streptococcus mutans biofilms follows sigmoidal patterns. Eur J Oral Sci. 124:440–446. doi:10.1111/eos.12285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemos JA, Palmer SR, Zeng L, Wen ZT, Kajfasz JK, Freires IA, Abranches J, Brady LJ. 2019. The biology of Streptococcus mutans. Microbiol Spectr. 7:1–18. doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.GPP3-0051-2018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lima-Accioly P, Lavor-Porto P, Cavalcante F, Magalhães P, Lahlou S, Morais S, Leal-Cardoso J. 2006. Essential oil of Croton nepetaefolius and its main constituent, 1,8-cineole, block excitability of rat sciatic nerve in vitro. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 33:1158–1163. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.2006.04494.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martins A, Rodrigues LB, Cesário FRAS, Oliveira MRC, Tintino CDM, Castro FF, Wanderley AG. 2017. Anti-edematogenic and anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oil from Croton rhamnifolioides leaves and its major constituent 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol). Biomed Pharmacother. 96:387–395. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melo RS, Azevedo AMA, Pereira AMG, Rocha RR, Cavalcante RMB, Matos MNC, Lopes PHR, Gomes GA, Rodrigues THS, Santos HS, et al. 2019. Chemical composition and antimicrobial effectiveness of Ocimum gratissimum L. essential oil against multidrug-resistant isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Molecules. 24:3864. doi:10.3390/molecules24213864
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosaddad SA, Tahmasebi E, Yazdanian A, Rezvani MB, Seifalian A, Yazdanian M, Tebyanian H. 2019. Oral microbial biofilms: an update. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 38:2005–2019. doi:10.1007/s10096-019-03641-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nazzaro F, Fratianni F, De Martino L, Coppola R, De Feo V. 2013. Effect of essential oils on pathogenic bacteria. Pharmaceuticals. 6:1451–1474. doi:10.3390/ph6121451
   Google Scholar
• Okahashi N, Nakata M, Terao Y, Isoda R, Sakurai A, Sumitomo T, Yamaguchi M, Kimura RK, Oiki E, Kawabata S, et al. 2011. Pili of oral Streptococcus sanguinis bind to salivary amylase and promote the biofilm formation. Microb Pathog. 50:148–154. doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2011.01.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oussalah M, Caillet S, Lacroix M. 2006. Mechanism of action of Spanish oregano, Chinese cinnamon and savory essential oils against cell membranes and walls of Escherichia coli O157: H7 and Listeria monocytogenes. J Food Prot. 69:1046–1055.,doi:10.4315/0362-028x-69.5.1046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen L, Laird K. 2018. Synchronous application of antibiotics and essential oils: dual mechanisms of action as a potential solution to antibiotic resistance. Crit Rev Microbiol. 44:414–435. doi:10.1080/1040841X.2018.1423616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacheco-Hernández Y, Santamaria-Juárez JD, Hernández-Silva N, Cruz-Durán R, Mosso-González C, Villa-Ruano N. 2021. Essential oil of Lepidium virginicum: protective activity on anthracnose disease and preservation effect on the nutraceutical content of tamarillo fruit (Solanum betaceum). Chem Biodivers. 18:e2000941. doi:10.1002/cbdv.202000941
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinto RM, Soares FA, Reis S, Nunes C, Van Dijck P. 2020. Innovative Strategies Toward the Disassembly of the EPS Matrix in Bacterial Biofilms. Front Microbiol. 26:952. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.00952
   Google Scholar
• Pitts NB, Zero T, Marsh PD, Ekstrand K, Weintraub JA, Gomez FR, Tagami J, Twetman S, Tsakos G, Ismail A. 2017. Dental caries. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 3:1–16. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.30
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramos JMO, Santos CA, Santana DG, Antoniolli AR, Santos DA, Alves PB, Thomazzi SM. 2017. Impact of Croton argyrophyllus essential oil on behavioural models of nociception. Flavour Fragr J. 32:40–45. doi:10.1002/ffj.3343
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramos JMO, Santos CA, Santana DG, Santos DA, Alves PB, Thomazzi SM. 2013. Chemical constituents and potential anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oil from the leaves of Croton argyrophyllus. Braz J Pharmacogn. 23:644–650. doi:10.1590/S0102-695X2013005000045
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribeiro SM, Bonilla OH, Lucena EMP. 2018. Influência da sazonalidade e do ciclo circadiano no rendimento e composição química dos óleos essenciais de Croton spp. da Caatinga. Iheringia Ser Bot. 73:31–38. doi:10.21826/2446-8231201873104
   Google Scholar
• Riina R, Ee BWV, Caruzo MBR, Carneiro-Torres DS, Santos RF, Berry PE. 2021. The Neotropical Croton sect. Geiseleria (Euphorbiaceae): classification update, phylogenetic framework, and seven new species from South America. Annals. 106:111–166. doi:10.3417/2021669
   Google Scholar
• Roberts WE, Mangum JE, Schneider PM. 2022. Pathophysiology of demineralization, Part II: enamel white spots, cavitated caries, and bone infection. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 20:106–119. doi:10.1007/s11914-022-00723-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rocha RR, Matos MNC, Guerrero JAP, Cavalcante RMB, Melo RS, Azevedo AMA, Pereira AMG, Lopes PHR, Rodrigues THS, Bandeira PN, et al. 2021. Comparative study of the chemical composition, antibacterial activity and synergic effects of the essential oils of Croton tetradenius baill. and C. pulegiodorus baill. against Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Microb Pathog. 156:104934. doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104934
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubini D, Banu SF, Nisha P, Murugan R, Thamotharan S, Percino MJ, Subramani P, Nithyanand P. 2018. Essential oils from unexplored aromatic plants quench biofilm formation and virulence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Microb Pathog. 122:162–173. doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2018.06.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos HS, Bandeira PN, Lemos TLG, Santiago GMP. 2017. Chemical composition and larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) of essential oils from leaves, stalks and roots of the Croton nepetaefolius Baill (Euphorbiaceae). Int J Mosq Res. 4:19–22. doi:10.1155/2015/490765
   Google Scholar
• Shukla R, Kumar A, Singh P, Dubey NK. 2009. Efficacy of Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown essential oil and its monoterpene aldehyde constituents against fungi isolated from some edible legume seeds and 62 aflatoxin B1 production. Int J Food Microbiol. 135:165–170. doi:10.1111/1750-3841.13254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simón-Soro A, Mira A. 2015. Solving the etiology of dental caries. Trends Microbiol. 23:76–82. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2014.10.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Şimşek M, Duman R. 2017. Investigation of effect of 1,8-cineole on antimicrobial activity of chlorhexidine gluconate. Pharmacognosy Res. 9:234–237. doi:10.4103/0974-8490.210329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song X, Xia YX, He ZD, Zhang HJ. 2018. A review of natural products with anti-biofilm activity. COC. 22:789–817. doi:10.2174/1385272821666170620110041
   Google Scholar
• Souza AVV, Britto D, Santos US, Bispo LP, Turatti ICC, Lopes NP, Oliveira AP, Almeida JRGS. 2017. Influence of season, drying temperature and extraction time on the yield and chemical composition of ‘marmeleiro’ (Croton sonderianus) essential oil. J Essent Oil Res. 29:76–84. doi:10.1080/10412905.2016.1178183
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suárez AI, Vásquez LJ, Manzano MA, Compagnone RS. 2005. Essential oil composition of Croton cuneatus and Croton malambo growing in Venezuela. Flavour Fragr J. 20:611–614. doi:10.1002/ffj.1498
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullan RMA, Li JK, Crowley PJ, Brady LJ, Dufrêne YF. 2015. Binding forces of Streptococcus mutans P1 adhesin. ACS Nano. 9:1448–1460. doi:10.1021/nn5058886
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takenaka S, Ohsumi T, Noiri Y. 2019. Evidence-based strategy for dental biofilms: Current evidence of mouthwashes on dental biofilm and gingivitis. Jpn Dent Sci Rev. 55:33–40. doi:10.1016/j.jdsr.2018.07.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thurnheer T, Karygianni L, Flury M, Belibasakis GN. 2019. Fusobacterium species and subspecies differentially affect the composition and architecture of supra- and subgingival biofilms models. Front Microbiol. 10:1716. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.01716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen PYF, Chen MX, Zhong YJ, Dong QQ, Wong HM. 2022. Global burden and inequality of dental caries, 1990 to 2019. J Dent Res. 101:392–399. doi:10.1177/00220345211056247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. World Health Organization. 2020. Oral Health. Geneva (CH). [accessed 2021 December 16]. https://www.who.int/health-topics/oral-health#tab=tab_1.
   Google Scholar
• Wongsariya K, Phanthong P, Bunyapraphatsara N, Srisukh V, Chomnawang MT. 2014. Synergistic interaction and mode of action of Citrus hystrix essential oil against bacteria causing periodontal diseases. Pharm Biol. 52:273–280. doi:10.3109/13880209.2013.833948
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yadav MK, Chae SW, Im GJ, Chung JW, Song JJ. 2015. Eugenol: a phyto-compound effective against methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus clinical strain biofilms. PLoS ONE. 10:e0119564–13. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119564
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yap PSX, Yusoff K, Lim S-HE, Chong C-M, Lai K-S. 2021. Membrane disruption properties of essential oils—A double-edged sword? Processes. 9:595. doi:10.3390/pr9040595
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar