Indole-3-acetic acid impacts biofilm formation and virulence production of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

References

• Algammal AM, Mabrok M, Sivaramasamy E, Youssef FM, Atwa MH, El-Kholy AW, Hetta HF, Hozzein WN. 2020. Emerging MDR-Pseudomonas aeruginosa in fish commonly harbor oprL and toxA virulence genes and bla TEM, bla CTX-M, and tetA antibiotic-resistance genes. Sci Rep. 10:15961. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-72264-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alhede M, Kragh KN, Qvortrup K, Allesen-Holm M, van Gennip M, Christensen LD, Jensen PØ, Nielsen AK, Parsek M, Wozniak D, et al. 2011. Phenotypes of non-attached Pseudomonas aeruginosa aggregates resemble surface attached biofilm. PLoS One. 6:e27943. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027943.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altaf M, Zeyad MT, Hashmi MA, Manoharadas S, Hussain SA, Ali Abuhasil MS, Almuzaini MAM. 2021. Effective inhibition and eradication of pathogenic biofilms by titanium dioxide nanoparticles synthesized using Carum copticum extract. RSC Adv. 11:19248–19257. doi: 10.1039/d1ra02876f.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amer MA, Wasfi R, Attia AS, Ramadan MA. 2021. Indole derivatives obtained from Egyptian Enterobacter sp. soil isolates exhibit antivirulence activities against uropathogenic Proteus mirabilis. Antibiotics (Basel). 10:363. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics10040363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anju VT, Busi S, Mohan MS, Ranganathan S, Ampasala DR, Kumavath R, Dyavaiah M. 2022. In vivo, in vitro and molecular docking studies reveal the anti-virulence property of hispidulin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa through the modulation of quorum sensing. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation. 174:105487. doi: 10.1016/j.ibiod.2022.105487.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boya BR, Lee JH, Lee J. 2022. Antibiofilm and Antimicrobial Activities of Chloroindoles Against Uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol. 13:872943. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.872943.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burley SK, Bhikadiya C, Bi C, Bittrich S, Chen L, Crichlow GV, Christie CH, Dalenberg K, Di Costanzo L, Duarte JM, et al. 2021. RCSB Protein Data Bank: powerful new tools for exploring 3D structures of biological macromolecules for basic and applied research and education in fundamental biology, biomedicine, biotechnology, bioengineering and energy sciences. Nucleic Acids Res. 49:D437–D451. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkaa1038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cascioferro S, Carbone D, Parrino B, Pecoraro C, Giovannetti E, Cirrincione G, Diana P. 2021. Therapeutic strategies to counteract antibiotic resistance in MRSA biofilm-associated infections. ChemMedChem. 16:65–80. doi: 10.1002/cmdc.202000677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen L, Qian PY. 2017. Review on molecular mechanisms of antifouling compounds: an update since 2012. Mar Drugs. 15:264. doi: 10.3390/md15090264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chimerel C, Murray AJ, Oldewurtel ER, Summers DK, Keyser UF. 2013. The effect of bacterial signal indole on the electrical properties of lipid membranes. Chemphyschem. 14:417–423. doi: 10.1002/cphc.201200793.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chitra G, Franklin DS, Sudarsan S, Sakthivel M, Guhanathan S. 2017. Indole-3-acetic acid/diol based pH-sensitive biological macromolecule for antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant applications. Int J Biol Macromol. 95:363–375. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.11.068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CLSI. 2016. Methods for antimicrobial dilution and disk susceptibility testing of infrequently isolated or fastidious bacteria. Wayne. www.clsi.org.
   Google Scholar
• Coban AY, Darka O, Fisgin NT, Cihan CC, Bilgin K, Akgunes A, Guven T, Dokuzoguz B, Birinci A, Durupinar B. 2005. The resazurin microplate method for rapid detection of vancomycin resistance in enterococci. J Chemother. 17:361–366. doi: 10.1179/joc.2005.17.4.361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui B, Chen X, Guo Q, Song S, Wang M, Liu J, Deng Y. 2022. The cell–cell communication signal indole controls the physiology and interspecies communication of Acinetobacter baumannii. Microbiol Spectr. 10:e0102722. doi: 10.1128/spectrum.01027-22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dallakyan S, Olson A. 2015. Participation in global governance: coordinating “the voices of those most affected by food insecurity. Global Food Security Governance. 1263:1–11. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2269-7.
   Google Scholar
• Díaz MA, González SN, Alberto MR, Arena ME. 2020. Human probiotic bacteria attenuate Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm and virulence by quorum-sensing inhibition. Biofouling. 36:597–609. doi: 10.1080/08927014.2020.1783253.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feng K, Ni C, Yu L, Zhou W, Li X. 2019. Synthesis and antifouling evaluation of indole derivatives. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 182:109423. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friesner RA, Murphy RB, Repasky MP, Frye LL, Greenwood JR, Halgren TA, Sanschagrin PC, Mainz DT. 2006. Extra precision glide: docking and scoring incorporating a model of hydrophobic enclosure for protein-ligand complexes. J Med Chem. 49:6177–6196. doi: 10.1021/jm051256o.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girennavar B, Cepeda ML, Soni KA, Vikram A, Jesudhasan P, Jayaprakasha GK, Pillai SD, Patil BS. 2008. Grapefruit juice and its furocoumarins inhibits autoinducer signaling and biofilm formation in bacteria. Int J Food Microbiol. 125:204–208. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.03.028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomila A, Carratalà J, Eliakim-Raz N, Shaw E, Wiegand I, Vallejo-Torres L, Gorostiza A, Vigo JM, Morris S, Stoddart M, Combacte Magnet WP5 Rescuing Study Group and Study Sites, et al. 2018. Risk factors and prognosis of complicated urinary tract infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in hospitalized patients: a retrospective multicenter cohort study. Infect Drug Resist. 11:2571–2581. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S185753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo W, Yao S, Sun P, Yang T, Tang C, Zheng M, Ye Y, Meng L. 2020. Discovery and characterization of natural products as novel indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 inhibitors through high-throughput screening. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 41:423–431. doi: 10.1038/s41401-019-0246-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halgren TA. 2009. Identifying and characterizing binding sites and assessing druggability. J Chem Inf Model. 49:377–389. doi: 10.1021/ci800324m.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamidi S, Monajjemzadeh F, Siahi‐Shadbad M, Khatibi SA, Farjami A. 2023. Antibacterial activity of natural polymer gels and potential applications without synthetic antibiotics. Polymer Engineering & Sci. 63:5–21. doi: 10.1002/pen.26184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han TH, Lee J-H, Cho MH, Wood TK, Lee J. 2011. Environmental factors affecting indole production in Escherichia coli. Res Microbiol. 162:108–116. doi: 10.1016/j.resmic.2010.11.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han JT, Li DY, Zhang MY, Yu XQ, Jia XX, Xu H, Yan X, Jia WJ, Niu S, Kempher ML, et al. 2021. EmhR is an indole-sensing transcriptional regulator responsible for the indole-induced antibiotic tolerance in Pseudomonas fluorescens. Environ Microbiol. 23:2054–2069. doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.15354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazan R, Que Y-A, Maura D, Rahme LG. 2012. A method for high throughput determination of viable bacteria cell counts in 96-well plates. BMC Microbiol. 12:259. doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hentzer M, Wu H, Andersen JB, Riedel K, Rasmussen TB, Bagge N, Kumar N, Schembri MA, Song Z, Kristoffersen P, et al. 2003. Attenuation of PA by QSI. Embo J. 22:3803–3815. doi: 10.1093/emboj/cdg366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu P, Huang P, Chen MW. 2013. Curcumin reduces Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation by inhibiting sortase A activity. Arch Oral Biol. 58:1343–1348. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.05.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakobsen TH, Van Gennip M, Phipps RK, Shanmugham MS, Christensen LD, Alhede M, Skindersoe ME, Rasmussen TB, Friedrich K, Uthe F, et al. 2012. Ajoene, a sulfur-rich molecule from garlic, inhibits genes controlled by quorum sensing. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 56:2314–2325. doi: 10.1128/AAC.05919-11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar P, Jin‐Hyung L, Lee J. 2021. Diverse roles of microbial indole compounds in eukaryotic systems. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 96:2522–2545. doi: 10.1111/brv.12765.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar A, Sperandio V. 2019. Indole signaling at the host-microbiota-pathogen interface. mBio. 10:e01031-19. doi: 10.1128/mBio.01031-19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kung VL, Ozer EA, Hauser AR. 2010. The accessory genome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 74:621–641. doi: 10.1128/mmbr.00027-10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunz Coyne AJ, El Ghali A, Holger D, Rebold N, Rybak MJ. 2022. Therapeutic strategies for emerging multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infect Dis Ther. 11:661–682. doi: 10.1007/s40121-022-00591-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ledala N, Malik M, Rezaul K, Paveglio S, Provatas A, Kiel A, Caimano M, Zhou Y, Lindgren J, Krasulova K, et al. 2022. Bacterial indole as a multifunctional regulator of Klebsiella oxytoca complex enterotoxicity. mBio. 13:e0375221. doi: 10.1128/mbio.03752-21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee J, Attila C, Cirillo SLG, Cirillo JD, Wood TK. 2009. Indole and 7-hydroxyindole diminish Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence. Microb Biotechnol. 2:75–90. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2008.00061.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JH, Cho HS, Kim Y, Kim JA, Banskota S, Cho MH, Lee J. 2013. Indole and 7-benzyloxyindole attenuate the virulence of Staphylococcus aureus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 97:4543–4552. doi: 10.1007/s00253-012-4674-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JH, Cho MH, Lee J. 2011. 3-Indolylacetonitrile Decreases Escherichia coli O157: h 7 Biofilm Formation and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence. Environ Microbiol. 13:62–73. doi: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02308.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee J, Jayaraman A, Wood TK. 2007. Indole is an inter-species biofilm signal mediated by SdiA. BMC Microbiol. 7:15. doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-7-42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JH, Kim YG, Kim CJ, Lee JC, Cho MH, Lee J. 2012. Indole-3-acetaldehyde from Rhodococcus sp. BFI 332 inhibits Escherichia coli O157: H7 biofilm formation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 96:1071–1078. doi: 10.1007/s00253-012-3881-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee K, Yoon SS. 2017. Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm, a programmed bacterial life for fitness. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 27:1053–1064. doi: 10.4014/jmb.1611.11056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Limoli DH, Jones CJ, Wozniak DJ. 2015. Bacterial extracellular polysaccharides in biofilm formation and function. Microbiol Spectr. 3:223–247. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.MB-0011-2014.
   Google Scholar
• Lin L, Tan RX. 2011. Cross-kingdom actions of phytohormones: a functional scaffold exploration. Chem Rev. 111:2734–2760. doi: 10.1021/cr100061j.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund-Palau H, Turnbull AR, Bush A, Bardin E, Cameron L, Soren O, Wierre-Gore N, Alton EWFW, Bundy JG, Connett G, et al. 2016. Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in cystic fibrosis: pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic approaches. Expert Rev Respir Med. 10:685–697. doi: 10.1080/17476348.2016.1177460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhavi Sastry G, Adzhigirey M, Day T, Annabhimoju R, Sherman W. 2013. Protein and ligand preparation: parameters, protocols, and influence on virtual screening enrichments. J Comput Aided Mol Des. 27:221–234. doi: 10.1007/s10822-013-9644-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmoud E, Hayallah AM, Kovacic S, Abdelhamid D, Abdel-Aziz M. 2022. Recent progress in biologically active indole hybrids: a mini review. Pharmacol Rep. 74:570–582. doi: 10.1007/s43440-022-00370-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahto KU, Kumari S, Das S. 2022. Unraveling the complex regulatory networks in biofilm formation in bacteria and relevance of biofilms in environmental remediation. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 57:305–332. doi: 10.1080/10409238.2021.2015747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manoharan RK, Lee JH, Lee J. 2018. Efficacy of 7-benzyloxyindole and other halogenated indoles to inhibit Candida albicans biofilm and hyphal formation. Microb Biotechnol. 11:1060–1069. doi: 10.1111/1751-7915.13268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauline L, Gressier M, Roques C, Hammer P, Ribeiro SJL, Caiut JMA, Menu MJ. 2013. Bifunctional silica nanoparticles for the exploration of biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biofouling. 29:775–788. doi: 10.1080/08927014.2013.798866.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mojicevic M, D'Agostino PM, Nikodinovic-Runic J, Vasiljevic B, Gulder TAM, Vojnovic S. 2019. Antifungal potential of bacterial rhizosphere isolates associated with three ethno-medicinal plants (poppy, chamomile, and nettle). Int Microbiol. 22:343–353. doi: 10.1007/s10123-019-00054-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moradali MF, Ghods S, Rehm BHA. 2017. Pseudomonas aeruginosa lifestyle: a paradigm for adaptation, survival, and persistence. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 7:39. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ni C, Chen G, Li X, Zhao H, Yu L. 2021. Synthesis and application of indole esters derivatives containing acrylamide group as antifouling agents. Chem Phys Lett. 781:138994. doi: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138994.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliphant K, Allen-Vercoe E. 2019. Macronutrient metabolism by the human gut microbiome: major fermentation by-products and their impact on host health. Microbiome. 7:91. doi: 10.1186/s40168-019-0704-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver A, Mulet X, López-Causapé C, Juan C. 2015. The increasing threat of Pseudomonas aeruginosa high-risk clones. Drug Resist Updat. 21-22:41–59. doi: 10.1016/j.drup.2015.08.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oluyombo O, Penfold CN, Diggle SP. 2019. Competition in biofilms between cystic fibrosis isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is shaped by R-pyocins. mBio. 10:1–13. doi: 10.1128/mBio.01828-18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paczkowski JE, Mukherjee S, McCready AR, Cong J-P, Aquino CJ, Kim H, Henke BR, Smith CD, Bassler BL. 2017. Flavonoids Suppress Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence through allosteric inhibition of quorum-sensing receptors. J Biol Chem. 292:4064–4076. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M116.770552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandey S, Kant S, Khawary M, Tripathi D. 2022. Macrophages in microbial pathogenesis: commonalities of defense evasion mechanisms. Infect Immun. 90:e0029121. doi: 10.1128/iai.00291-21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parai D, Banerjee M, Dey P, Chakraborty A, Islam E, Mukherjee SK. 2018. Effect of reserpine on Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing mediated virulence factors and biofilm formation. Biofouling. 34:320–334. doi: 10.1080/08927014.2018.1437910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paraszkiewicz K, Moryl M, Płaza G, Bhagat D, K. Satpute S, Bernat P. 2021. Surfactants of microbial origin as antibiofilm agents. Int J Environ Health Res. 31:401–420. doi: 10.1080/09603123.2019.1664729.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter M, Davidson FA, MacPhee CE, Stanley-Wall NR. 2022. Systematic microscopical analysis reveals obligate synergy between extracellular matrix components during Bacillus subtilis colony biofilm development. Biofilm. 4:100082. doi: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2022.100082.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Qin S, Xiao W, Zhou C, Pu Q, Deng X, Lan L, Liang H, Song X, Wu M. 2022. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: pathogenesis, virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, interaction with host, technology advances and emerging therapeutics. Sig Transduct Target Ther. 7:199. doi: 10.1038/s41392-022-01056-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakuragi Y, Kolter R. 2007. Quorum-sensing regulation of the biofilm matrix genes (pel) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol. 189:5383–5386. doi: 10.1128/JB.00137-07.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salama ES, Kabra AN, Ji MK, Kim JR, Min B, Jeon BH. 2014. Enhancement of microalgae growth and fatty acid content under the influence of phytohormones. Bioresour Technol. 172:97–103. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.09.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salini R, Santhakumari S, Veera Ravi A, Karutha Pandian S. 2019. Synergistic antibiofilm efficacy of undecanoic acid and auxins against quorum sensing mediated biofilm formation of luminescent Vibrio harveyi. Aquaculture. 498:162–170. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.08.038.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandasi M, Leonard CM, Viljoen AM. 2010. The in vitro antibiofilm activity of selected culinary herbs and medicinal plants against Listeria monocytogenes. Lett Appl Microbiol. 50:30–35. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-765X.2009.02747.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sethupathy S, Sathiyamoorthi E, Kim YG, Lee JH, Lee J. 2020. Antibiofilm and antivirulence properties of indoles against Serratia marcescens. Front Microbiol. 11:584812. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.584812.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen J, Yang L, You K, Chen T, Su Z, Cui Z, Wang M, Zhang W, Liu B, Zhou K, et al. 2022. Indole-3-acetic acid alters intestinal microbiota and alleviates ankylosing spondylitis in mice. Front Immunol. 13:762580. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.762580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen DK, Filopon D, Chaker H, Boullanger S, Derouazi M, Polack B, Toussaint B. 2008. High-cell-density regulation of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa type III secretion system: implications for tryptophan catabolites. Microbiology (Reading). 154:2195–2208. doi: 10.1099/mic.0.2007/013680-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith RS, Iglewski BH. 2003. P. aeruginosa quorum-sensing systems and virulence. Curr Opin Microbiol. 6:56–60. doi: 10.1016/S1369-5274(03)00008-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souza CF, Baldissera MD, Descovi SN, Zeppenfeld CC, Verdi CM, Santos RCV, da Silva AS, Baldisserotto B. 2019. Grape pomace flour alleviates Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced hepatic oxidative stress in grass carp by improving antioxidant defense. Microb Pathog. 129:271–276. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.02.024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srinivasarao S, Nizalapur S, Yu TT, Wenholz DS, Trivedi P, Ghosh B, Rangan K, Kumar N, Gowri Chandra Sekhar KV. 2018. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of triazole-containing 2-phenylindole and salicylic acid as quorum sensing inhibitors against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ChemistrySelect. 3:9170–9180. doi: 10.1002/slct.201801622.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas J, Thanigaivel S, Vijayakumar S, Acharya K, Shinge D, Seelan TSJ, Mukherjee A, Chandrasekaran N. 2014. Pathogenecity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Oreochromis mossambicus and treatment using lime oil nanoemulsion. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 116:372–377. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.01.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venturi V. 2006. Regulation of quorum sensing in Pseudomonas. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 30:274–291. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2005.00012.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worthington RJ, Richards JJ, Melander C. 2012. Small molecule control of bacterial biofilms. Org Biomol Chem. 10:7457–7474. doi: 10.1039/c2ob25835h.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiroudaki S, Sabbatini S, Pecoraro C, Cascioferro S, Diana P, Wauthoz N, Antognelli C, Monari C, Giovagnoli S, Schoubben A. 2023. Development of a new indole derivative dry powder for inhalation for the treatment of biofilm-associated lung infections. Int J Pharm. 631:122492. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122492.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xu A, Zhang X, Wang T, Xin F, Ma LZ, Zhou J, Dong W, Jiang M. 2021. Rugose small colony variant and its hyper-biofilm in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: adaption, evolution, and biotechnological potential. Biotechnol Adv. 53:107862. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang Q, Pande GSJ, Wang Z, Lin B, Rubin RA, Vora GJ, Defoirdt T. 2017. Indole signalling and (micro)algal auxins decrease the virulence of Vibrio campbellii, a major pathogen of aquatic organisms. Environ Microbiol. 19:1987–2004. doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.13714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang C, Sun W, Liu S, Xia C. 2015. Comparative effects of indole derivatives as antifouling agents on the growth of two marine diatom species. Chem Ecol. 31:299–307. doi: 10.1080/02757540.2015.1022536.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zarkan A, Liu J, Matuszewska M, Gaimster H, Summers DK. 2020. Local and universal action: the paradoxes of indole signalling in bacteria. Trends Microbiol. 28:566–577. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.02.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang C, Fu Q, Shao K, Liu L, Ma X, Zhang F, Zhang X, Meng L, Yan CZ, Zhao X. 2022. Indole-3-acetic acid improves the hepatic mitochondrial respiration defects by PGC1a up-regulation. Cell Signal. 99:110442. doi: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110442.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang W, Yamasaki R, Song S, Wood TK. 2019. Interkingdom signal indole inhibits Pseudomonas aeruginosa persister cell waking. J Appl Microbiol. 127:1768–1775. doi: 10.1111/jam.14434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang S, Yang Q, Fu S, Janssen CR, Eggermont M, Defoirdt T. 2022. Indole decreases the virulence of the bivalve model pathogens Vibrio tasmaniensis LGP32 and Vibrio crassostreae J2-9. Sci Rep. 12:5749. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-09799-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zutz C, Bacher M, Parich A, Kluger B, Gacek-Matthews A, Schuhmacher R, Wagner M, Rychli K, Strauss J. 2016. Valproic acid induces antimicrobial compound production in Doratomyces microspores. Front Microbiol. 7:510. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar