Where the bulk terminates: Experimental evidence for restructuring, chemibonded OH − and H + , adsorbed water and hydrocarbons on calcite surfaces

References

• Stumm , W. and Morgan , J.J. 1981 . Aquatic Chemistry: An Introduction Emphasizing Chemical Equilibria in Natural Waters, , 2nd ed. , Toronto : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Sposito , G. 1984 . The Surface Chemistry of Soils , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , J.A. , James , R.O. and Leckie , J.O. 1978 . "Surface ionization and complexation at the oxide/water interface" . J. Colloid Interface Sci. , 63 : 480 – 499 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , J.A. and Hayes , K.F. 1986 . Geochemical Processes at Mineral Surfaces , ACS Symposium Series 323 Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• Hiemstra , T. , van Riemsdijk , W.H. and Bolt , G.H. 1989 . "Multi-site proton adsorption modelling at the solid/solution interface of (hydr)oxides: A new approach. I. Model description and evaluation of intrinsic reaction constants" . J. Colloid Interface Sci. , 133 : 91 – 104 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiemstra , T. and van Riemsdijk , W.H. 1991 . "Physical-chemical interpretation of primary charging behavior of metal (hydr)oxides" . Colloids Surf. , 59 : 7 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Van Cappellen , P. , Charlet , L. , Stumm , W. and Wersin , P. 1993 . "A surface complexation model of the carbonate mineral-aqueous solution interface" . Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta , 57 : 3505 – 3518 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pokrovsky , O.S. , Schott , J. and Thomas , F. 1999 . "Processes at the magnesium-bearing carbonate solution interface: I--A surface speciation model for magnesite" . Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta , 63 : 863 – 880 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pokrovsky , O.S. , Schott , J. and Thomas , F. 1999 . "Dolomite surface speciation and reactivity in aquatic systems" . Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta , 63 : 3133 – 3143 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang , Y. , Baer , D.R. , McCoy , J.M. , Amonette , J.E. and Lafemina , J.P. 1996 . "Dissolution kinetics at the calcite-water interface" . Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta , 60 : 4883 – 4887 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCoy , J.M. and Lafemina , J.P. 1997 . "Kinetic Monte-Carlo investigation of pit formation at the CaCO 3 (10-14) surface-water interface" . Surf. Sci. , 373 : 288 – 299 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dove , M.T. , Winkler , B. , Leslie , M. , Harris , M.J. and Salje , E.K.H. 1992 . "A new interatomic potential model for calcite: Applications to lattice dynamics studies, phase transition and isotope fractionation" . Am. Mineral. , 77 : 244 – 250 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catti , M. , Pavese , A. , Apra , E. and Roetti , C. 1993 . "Quantum mechanical Hartree-Fock study of calcite (CaCO 3) at variable pressure and comparison with magnesite (MgCO 3)" . Phys. Chem. Miner. , 20 : 104 – 110 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao , Y. and Siders , P.S. 1997 . "Molecular Hartree-Fock model of calcium carbonate" . Theochem. J. Mol. Struc. , 419 : 173 – 184 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thackeray , D.J. and Siders , P.D. 1998 . "Molecular-orbital and empirical-potential descriptions of CaCO 3" . J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. , 94 : 2653 – 2661 .
   Google Scholar
• Titiloye , J.O. , Parker , S.C. and Mann , S. 1993 . "Atomistic simulation of calcite surfaces and the influence of growth additives on their morphology" . J. Cryst. Growth , 131 : 533 – 545 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Leeuw , N.H. and Parker , S.C. 1997 . "Atomistic simulation of the effect of molecular adsorption of water on the surface structure and energies of calcite surfaces" . J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. , 93 : 467 – 475 .
   Google Scholar
• de Leeuw , N.H. and Parker , S.C. 1998 . "Modeling the competitive adsorption of water and methanoic acid on calcite and fluorite surfaces" . Langmuir , 14 : 5900 – 5906 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Leeuw , N.H. , Parker , S.C. and Harding , J.H. 1999 . "Molecular dynamics simulation of C-crystal dissolution from calcite steps" . Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter , 60 : 13792 – 13799 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisler , D.K. and Cygan , R.T. 1998 . "Cation diffusion in calcite: Determining closure temperatures and the thermal history for the Allan-Hills-84001 Meteorite" . Meteor. Planet. Sci. , 33 : 785 – 789 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright , K. , Cygan , R.T. and Slater , B. 2001 . "Structure of the (10-14) surfaces of calcite, dolomite and magnesite under wet and dry conditions" . Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. , 3 : 839 – 844 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stipp , S.L. and Hochella , M.F. Jr . 1991 . "Structure and bonding environments at the calcite surface as observed with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and low-energy electron diffraction (LEED)" . Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta , 55 : 1723 – 1736 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stipp, S.L.S. "What is a clean surface?--Organic carbon, its influence on calcite surface morphology and a treatment method for removing it" (in preparation).
   Google Scholar
• Eggleston , C.M. 1994 . "High resolution scanning probe microscopy: tip-surface interaction, artifacts and applications in mineralogy and geochemistry" ” . In Scanning Probe Microscopy of Clay Minerals , Edited by: Nagy , K.L. and Blum , A.E. 1 – 90 . Clay Minerals Society .
   Google Scholar
• Clarke , L.J. 1985 . Surface Crystallography: An Introduction to Low-Energy Electron Diffraction , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• McMillan , P.F. and Hofmeister , A.M. 1988 . "Infrared and Raman spectroscopy" ” . In Spectroscopic Methods in Mineralogy and Geology , Reviews in Mineralogy Edited by: Hawthorne , F.C. Vol. 18 , 99 – 159 . Washington, DC : Mineralogical Society of America .
   Google Scholar
• Hochella , M.F. Jr . 1988 . "Auger electron and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies" ” . In Spectroscopic Methods in Mineralogy and Geology , Reviews in Mineralogy Edited by: Hawthorne , F.C. Vol. 18 , 573 – 637 . Washington, DC : Mineralogical Society of America .
   Google Scholar
• Benninghoven , A. , Rüdenauer , F.G. and Werner , H.W. 1987 . Chemical Analysis , Chichester : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Brady , P.V. and House , W.A. 1996 . "Surface-controlled dissolution and growth of minerals" ” . In Physics and Chemistry of Mineral Surfaces , Edited by: Brady , P.V. 225 – 306 . Boca Raton : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Somasundaran , P. and Agar , G.E. 1967 . "The zero point of charge of calcite" . J. Colloid Interface Sci. , 24 : 433 – 440 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foxall , T. , Peterson , G. , Rendall , H.M. and Smith , A.L. 1979 . "Charge determination at calcium salt/aqueous solution interface" . J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1 , 75 : 1034 – 1039 .
   Google Scholar
• Siffert , B. and Fimbel , P. 1984 . "Parameters affecting the sign and the magnitude of the electrokinetic potential of calcite" . Colloids Surf. , 11 : 377 – 389 .
   Google Scholar
• Amankonah , J.O. and Somasundaran , P. 1985 . "Effects of dissolved mineral species on the electrokinetic behavior of calcite and apatite" . Colloids Surf. , 15 : 335 – 353 .
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , D.W. and Pownall , P.G. 1989 . "Surface electrical properties of calcite" . J. Colloid Interface Sci. , 131 : 74 – 82 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stipp , S.L.S. 1999 . "Toward a conceptual model of the calcite surface: Hydration, hydrolysis and surface potential" . Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta , 63 : 3121 – 3131 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stipp , S.L.S. , Hochella , M.F. Jr , Parks , G.A. and Leckie , J.O. 1992 . "Cd 2+ uptake by calcite, solid-state diffusion, and the formation of solid-solution: Interface processes observed with near-surface sensitive techniques (XPS, AES and LEED)" . Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta , 56 : 1941 – 1951 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stipp , S.L.S. , Eggleston , C.M. and Nielsen , B.S. 1994 . "Calcite surface structure observed at micro-topographic and molecular scale with Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)" . Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta , 58 : 3023 – 3033 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stipp , S.L.S. , Konnerup-Madsen , J. , Franzreb , K. , Kulik , A. and Mathieu , H.-J. 1998 . "Spontaneous movement of ions through calcite at standard temperature and pressure" . Nature , 396 : 356 – 359 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiarello , R.P. , Wogelius , R.A. and Sturchio , N.C. 1993 . "In situ synchrotron X-ray reflectivity measurements at the calcite-water interface" . Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta , 57 : 4103 – 4110 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stipp , S.L.S. , Gutmannsbauer , W. and Lehmann , T. 1996 . "The dynamic nature of calcite surfaces in air" . Am. Mineral. , 81 : 1 – 8 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stipp, S.L.S., Eggleston, C.M. and Refson, K. "A more versatile conceptual model for describing crystal surface reactivity" (in preparation).
   Google Scholar