Childhood Experiences with Family Pets and Internalizing Symptoms in Early Adulthood

References

• Ainsworth, M. D. S. 1979. Infant–mother attachment. American Psychologist 34: 932–937. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.34.10.932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ainsworth, M. D. S. 1989. Attachments beyond infancy. American Psychologist 44: 709–716. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.44.4.709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akiyama, H., Holtzman, J. M. and Britz, W. E. 1986. Pet ownership and health status during bereavement. Omega 17: 187–193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albert, A. and Bulcroft, K. 1988. Pets, families, and the life course. Journal of Marriage & the Family 50: 543–552. doi: 10.2307/352019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, K., Blascovich, J. and Mendes, W. B. 2002. Cardiovascular reactivity in the presence of pets, friends, and spouses: The truth about cats and dogs. Psychosomatic Medicine 64: 727–739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arambasic, L., Kerestes, G., Kuterovac-Jagodic, G. and Vizek-Vidovic, V. 2000. The role of pet ownership as a possible buffer variable in traumatic experiences. Studia Psychologica 42: 135–146.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Archer, J. and Winchester, G. 1994. Bereavement following death of a pet. British Journal of Psychology 85: 259–271. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8295.1994.tb02522.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ascione, F. R., Weber, C. V., Thompson, T. M., Heath, J., Maruyama, M. and Hayashi, K. 2007. Battered pets and domestic violence: Animal abuse reported by women experiencing intimate violence and by nonabused women. Violence Against Women 13: 354–373. doi: 10.1177/1077801207299201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldry, A. C. 2003. Animal abuse and exposure to interparenteral violence in Italian youth. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 18: 258–281. doi: 10.1177/0886260502250081
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldry, A. C. 2005. Animal abuse among preadolescents directly and indirectly victimized at school and at home. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 15: 97–109. doi: 10.1002/cbm.42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barnes, L. L. B., Harp, D. and Jung, W. S. 2002. Reliability generalization of scores on the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Educational and Psychological Measurement 62: 603–608. doi: 10.1177/0013164402062004005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A. and Brown, G. K. 1996. Beck Depression Inventory. 2nd edn. San Antonio: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein, D. P. and Fink, L. 1998. Childhood Trauma Questionnaire: A Retrospective Self-Report. San Antonio: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein, D. P., Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., Walker, E., Pogge, D., Ahluvalia, T. et al. 2003. Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abuse & Neglect 27: 169–190. doi: 10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00541-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. 1982. Attachment and Loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. 2nd edn. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, B. H., Richards, H. C. and Wilson, C. A. 1996. Pet bonding and pet bereavement among adolescents. Journal of Counseling & Development 74: 505–509. doi: 10.1002/j.1556-6676.1996.tb01901.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budge, R. C., Spicer, J., Jones, B. and St. George, R. 1998. Health correlates of compatibility and attachment in human–companion animal relationships. Society & Animals 6: 219–234. doi: 10.1163/156853098X00168
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chur-Hansen, A., Stern, C. and Winefield, H. 2010. Gaps in the evidence about companion animals and human health: Some suggestions for progress. International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare 8: 140–146. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-1609.2010.00176.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chur-Hansen, A., Winefield, H. and Beckwith, M. 2009. Companion animals for elderly women: The importance of attachment. Qualitative Research in Psychology 6: 281–293. doi: 10.1080/14780880802314288
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, S. P. 2002. Can pets function as family members? Western Journal of Nursing Research 24: 621–638. doi: 10.1177/019394502320555386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collis, G. M. and McNicholas, J. 1998. A theoretical basis of health benefits of pet ownership. In Companion Animals in Human Health, 105–122, ed. C. C. Wilson and D. C. Turner. Thousand Oaks, CA: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Crawford, E. K., Worsham, N. L. and Swinehart, E. R. 2006. Benefits derived from companion animals, and the use of the term “attachment.” Anthrozoös 19: 98–112. doi: 10.2752/089279306785593757
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daly, B. and Morton, L. L. 2003. An investigation of human–animal interactions and empathy as related to pet preference, ownership, attachment, and attitudes in children. Anthrozoös 19: 113–127. doi: 10.2752/089279306785593801
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeGue, S. and DiLillo, D. 2009. Is animal cruelty a “red flag” for family violence? Investigating co-occurring violence toward children, partners, and pets. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 24: 1036–1056. doi: 10.1177/0886260508319362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deviney, E., Dickert, J. and Lockwood, R. 1983. The care of pets within child abusing families. International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems 4: 321–329.
   Google Scholar
• Edleson, J. L., Johnson, K. K. and Shin, N. 2007. Children's Exposure to Domestic Violence Scale: User Manual. St. Paul, MN: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, S. E., Davies, C. and DiLillo, D. 2008. Exposure to domestic violence: A meta-analysis of child and adolescent outcomes. Aggression and Violent Behavior 13: 131–140. doi: 10.1016/j.avb.2008.02.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filiatre, J. C., Millot, J. L., Montagner, H., Eckerlin, A. and Gagnon, A. C. 1988. Advances in the study of the relationship between children and their pet dogs. Anthrozoös 2: 22–32. doi: 10.2752/089279389787058190
   Google Scholar
• Flynn, C. P. 1999. Exploring the link between corporal punishment and children's cruelty to animals. Journal of Marriage and the Family 61: 971–981. doi: 10.2307/354017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flynn, C. P. 2000a. Why family professionals can no longer ignore violence toward animals. Family Relations 49: 87–95. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-3729.2000.00087.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flynn, C. P. 2000b. Woman's best friend: Pet abuse and the role of companion animals in the lives of battered women. Violence Against Women 6: 162–177. doi: 10.1177/10778010022181778
   Google Scholar
• Garrity, T. F., Stallones, L., Marx, M. B. and Johnson, T. P. 1989. Pet ownership and attachment as supportive factors in the health of the elderly. Anthrozoös 3: 35–44. doi: 10.2752/089279390787057829
   Google Scholar
• Girardi, A. and Pozzulo, J. D. 2012. The significance of animal cruelty in child protection investigations. Social Work Research 31: 53–60. doi: 10.1093/swr/svs012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gravetter, F. J. and Forzano, L. B. 2006. Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd edn. Belmont: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Gros, D. F., Antony, M. M., Simms, L. J. and McCabe, R. E. 2007. Psychometric properties of the State-Trait Inventory for Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety (STICSA): Comparison to the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Psychological Assessment 19: 369–381. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.19.4.369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guest, C. M., Collis, G. M. and McNicholas, J. 2006. Hearing dogs: A longitudinal study of social and psychological effects on deaf and hard-of-hearing recipients. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 11: 252–261. doi: 10.1093/deafed/enj028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gullone, E. and Robertson, N. 2008. The relationship between bullying and animal abuse behaviors in adolescents: The importance of witnessing animal abuse. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 29: 371–379. doi: 10.1016/j.appdev.2008.06.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry, B. C. 2004a. The relationship between animal cruelty, delinquency, and attitudes toward the treatment of animals. Society & Animals 12: 185–207. doi: 10.1163/1568530042880677
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry, B. C. 2004b. Exposure to animal abuse and group context: Two factors affecting participation in animal abuse. Anthrozoös 17: 290–305. doi: 10.2752/089279304785643195
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins, J. L. 1986. Physiological effects of petting a companion animal. Psychological Reports 58: 21–22. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1986.58.1.21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, T. P., Garrity, T. F. and Stallones, L. 1992. Psychometric evaluation of the Lexington Attachment to Pets Scale. Anthrozoös 5: 160–175. doi: 10.2752/089279392787011395
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidd, A. H. and Kidd, R. M. 1985. Children's attitudes toward their pets. Psychological Reports 57: 15–31. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1985.57.1.15
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobak, R. 2009. Defining and measuring of attachment bonds: Comment on Kurdek. Journal of Family Psychology 23: 447–449. doi: 10.1037/a0015213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurdek, L. A. 2008. Pet dogs as attachment figures. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 25: 247–266. doi: 10.1177/0265407507087958
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurdek, L. A. 2009. Pet dogs as attachment figures for adult owners. Journal of Family Psychology 23: 439–446. doi: 10.1037/a0014979
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, M., Feiring, C., McGuffog, C. and Jaskir, J. 1984. Predicting psychopathology in six-year-olds from early social relations. Child Development 55: 123–136. doi: 10.2307/1129839
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maker, A., Kemmelmeier, M. and Peterson, C. 1998. Long-term psychological consequences in women of witnessing parental physical conflict and experiencing abuse in childhood. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 13: 574–589. doi: 10.1177/088626098013005002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann, C. J. 2003. Observational research methods. Research design II: Cohort, cross sectional, and case-control studies. Journal of Emergency Medicine 20: 54–60.
   Google Scholar
• McIntosh, S. C. 2004. The links between animal abuse and family violence, as reported by women entering shelters in Calgary communities. http://canadianveterinarians.net/pdfs/McIntoshCalgaryStudy.pdf. Accessed on September 25, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Melson, G. F. 1998. The role of companion animals in human development. In Companion Animals in Human Health, 219–236, ed. C. C. Wilson and D. C. Turner. Thousand Oaks, CA: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, K. S. and Knutson, J. F. 1997. Reports of severe physical punishment and exposure to animal cruelty by inmates convicted of felonies and by university students. Child Abuse & Neglect 21: 59–82. doi: 10.1016/S0145-2134(96)00131-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohr, W. K., Noone Lutz, M. J., Fantuzzo, J. W. and Perry, M. A. 2000. Children exposed to family violence: A review of empirical research from a developmental-ecological perspective. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 1: 264–283. doi: 10.1177/1524838000001003004
   Google Scholar
• Morrow, V. 1998. My animals and other family: Children's perspectives on their relationships with companion animals. Anthrozoös 11: 218–226. doi: 10.2752/089279398787000526
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller, M. K. 2014. Is human–animal interaction (HAI) linked to positive youth development? Initial answers. Applied Developmental Science 18: 5–16. doi: 10.1080/10888691.2014.864205
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagengast, S. L., Baun, M. M., Megel, M. and Leibowitz, M. J. 1997. The effects of the presence of a companion animal on physiological arousal and behavioral distress in children during a physical examination. Journal of Pediatric Nursing 12: 323–330. doi: 10.1016/S0882-5963(97)80058-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paul, E. S. and Serpell, J. A. 1996. Obtaining a new pet dog: Effects on middle childhood children and their families. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 47: 17–29. doi: 10.1016/0168-1591(95)01007-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poresky, R. H., Hendrix, C., Mosier, J. E. and Samuelson, M. L. 1987. The companion animal bonding scale: Internal reliability and construct validity. Psychological Reports 60: 743–746. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1987.60.3.743
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rew, L. 2000. Friends and pets as companions: Strategies for coping with loneliness among homeless youth. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing 13: 124–140. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6171.2000.tb00089.x
   Google Scholar
• Risley-Curtiss, C., Holley, L. C. and Wolf, S. 2006. The animal–human bond and ethnic diversity. Social Work 51: 257–268. doi: 10.1093/sw/51.3.257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robin, M., ten Bensel, R. W., Quigley, J. and Anderson, R. K. 1984. Abused children and their pets. In The Pet Connection: Its Influence on Our Health and Quality of Life, 111–117, ed. R. K. Andrerson, B. L. Hart and L. A. Hart. Minneapolis, MN: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Schaefer, K. D., Hays, K. A. and Steiner, R. L. 2007. Animal abuse issues in therapy: A survey of therapists’ attitudes. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 38: 530–537. doi: 10.1037/0735-7028.38.5.530
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiloh, S., Sorek, G. and Terkel, J. 2003. Reduction of state-anxiety by petting animals in a controlled laboratory experiment. Anxiety, Stress & Coping 16: 387–395. doi: 10.1080/1061580031000091582
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel, J. M., Angulo, F. J., Detels, R., Wesch, J. and Mullen, A. 1999. AIDS diagnosis and depression in the multicenter AIDS cohort study: The ameliorating impact of pet ownership. AIDS Care 11: 157–170. doi: 10.1080/09540129948054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souter, M. A. and Miller, M. D. 2007. Do animal-assisted activities effectively treat depression? A meta-analysis. Anthrozoös 20: 167–180. doi: 10.2752/175303707X207954
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spielberger C. D. 1983. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults: Manual, Instrument and Scoring Guide. Menlo Park, CA: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Sprinkle, S. D., Lurie, D., Insko, S. L., Atkinson, G., Jones, G. J., Logan, A. R. and Bissada, N. N. 2002. Criterion validity, severity cut scores, and test-retest reliability of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in a university counseling center sample. Journal of Counseling Psychology 49: 381–385. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.49.3.381
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storch, E. A., Roberti, J. W. and Roth, D. A. 2004. Factor structure, concurrent validity, and internal consistency of the Beck Depression Inventory - Second Edition in a sample of college students. Depression and Anxiety 19: 187–189. doi: 10.1002/da.20002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straede, C. M. and Gates, G. R. 1993. Psychological health in a population of Australian cat owners. Anthrozoös 6: 30–42. doi: 10.2752/089279393787002385
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B. G. and Fidell, L. S. 2007. Using Multivariate Statistics. 5th edn. Boston: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, K., Every, D., Rainbird, S., Cornell, V., Smith, B. and Trigg, J. 2014. No pet or their person left behind: Increasing the disaster resilience of vulnerable groups through animal attachment, activities and networks. Animals 4: 214–240. doi: 10.3390/ani4020214
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, K. L. and Gullone, E. 2006. An investigation into the association between the witnessing of animal abuse and adolescents’ behavior toward animals. Society & Animals 14: 221–243. doi: 10.1163/156853006778149163
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tower, R. B. and Nokota, M. 2006. Pet companionship and depression: Results from a United States internet sample. Anthrozoös 19: 50–64. doi: 10.2752/089279306785593874
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vizek-Vidovic, V. V., Stetic, V. V. and Bratko, D. 1999. Pet ownership, type of pet and socio-emotional development of school children. Anthrozoös 12: 211–217. doi: 10.2752/089279399787000129
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volant, A. M., Johnson, J. A., Gullone, E. and Coleman, G. J. 2008. The relationship between domestic violence and animal abuse: An Australian study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 28: 1277–1295. doi: 10.1177/0886260508314309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, N. L. and Weinstein, M. 1993. Pet ownership in relation to depression, anxiety, and anger in working women. Anthrozoös 6: 135–138. doi: 10.2752/089279393787002295
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells, D. L. 2007. Domestic dogs and human health: An overview. British Journal of Health Psychology 12: 145–156. doi: 10.1348/135910706X103284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells, D. L. 2009. The effects of animals on human health and well-being. Journal of Social Issues 65: 523–543. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.2009.01612.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar