Are Emotional Intelligence and Contagion Moderators of the Association between Students' Perceptions of Instructors' Nonverbal Immediacy Cues and Students' Affect?

References

• Akerjordet , K. , & Severinsson , E. ( 2007 ). Emotional intelligence: A review of the literature with specific focus on empirical and epistemological perspectives . Journal of Clinical Nursing , 16 , 1405 – 1416 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen , M. , Witt , P. L. , & Wheeless , L. R. ( 2006 ). The role of instructor immediacy as a motivational factor in student learning: Using meta-analysis to test a causal model . Communication Education , 55 , 21 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen , J. F. (1979). Instructor immediacy as a predictor of teaching effectiveness. In D. Nimmo (Ed.), Communication yearbook 3 (pp. 543–559). New Brunswick , NJ : Transaction Books.
   Google Scholar
• Barsade , S. G. ( 2002 ). The ripple effect: Emotional contagion and its influence on group behavior . Administrative Science Quarterly , 47 , 544 – 675 .
   Google Scholar
• Brackett , M. A. , Rivers , S. E. , Shiffman , S. , Lerner , N. , & Salovey , P. ( 2006 ). Relating emotional abilities to social functioning: A comparison of self-report and performance measures of emotional intelligence . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 91 , 780 – 795 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chory-Assad , R. M. ( 2002 ). Classroom justice: Perceptions of fairness as predictors of student motivation, learning, and aggression . Communication Quarterly , 50 , 58 – 77 .
   Google Scholar
• Christensen , L. J. , & Menzel , K. E. ( 1998 ). The linear relationship between student reports of teacher immediacy behaviors and perceptions of state motivation, and of cognitive, affective, and behavioral learning . Communication Education , 47 , 82 – 90 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christophel , D. M. ( 1990 ). The relationships among teacher immediacy behaviors, student motivation, and learning . Communication Education , 39 , 323 – 340 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comstock , J. , Rowell , E. , & Bowers , J. W. ( 1995 ). Food for thought: Instructor nonverbal immediacy, student learning, and curvilinearity . Communication Education , 44 , 251 – 266 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doherty , R. W. ( 1997 ). The emotional contagion scale: A measure of individual differences . Journal of Nonverbal Behavior , 21 , 131 – 154 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frymier , A. B. ( 1994 ). A model of immediacy in the classroom . Communication Quarterly , 42 , 133 – 144 .
   Google Scholar
• Frymier , A. B. , & Houser , M. L. ( 2000 ). The teacher-student relationship as an interpersonal relationship . Communication Education , 49 , 207 – 219 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatfield , E. , Cacioppo , J. T. , & Rapson , R. L. ( 1994 ). Emotional contagion . New York , NY : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ilies , R. , Wagner , D. T. , & Morgeson , F. P. ( 2007 ). Explaining affective linkages in teams: Individual differences in susceptibility to contagion and individualism-collectivism . Journal of Applied Psychology , 92 , 1140 – 1148 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kearney , P. ( 1994 ). Affective learning . In R. B. Rubin , P. Palmgreen , & H. E. Sypher (Eds.), Communication research measures: A sourcebook (pp. 81 – 85 ). New York , NY : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Kerssen-Griep , J. , Trees , A. R. , & Hess , J. A. ( 2008 ). Attentive facework during instructional feedback: Key to perceiving mentorship and an optimal learning environment . Communication Education , 57 , 394 – 414 .
   Google Scholar
• Krathwohl , D. R. , Bloom , B. S. , & Masia , B. B. ( 1964 ). Taxonomy of educational objectives. The classification of educational goals, handbook 2: Affective domain . New York , NY : McKay .
   Google Scholar
• Lenaghan , J. A. , Buda , R. , & Esner , A. B. ( 2007 ). An examination of the role of emotional intelligence in work and family conflict . Journal of Managerial Issues , 19 , 76 – 94 .
   Google Scholar
• Mayer , J. D. , Salovey , P. , & Caruso , D. R. ( 2004 ). Emotional intelligence: Theory, findings, and implications . Psychological Inquiry , 15 , 197 – 215 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCroskey , J. C. ( 1994 ). Assessment of affect toward communication and affect toward instruction in communication . In S. Morreale & M. Brooks (Eds.), 1994 SCA summer conference proceedings and prepared remarks: Assessing college student competence in speech communication (pp. 57 – 68 ). Annandale , VA : Speech Communication Association .
   Google Scholar
• McCroskey , J. C. , Fayer , J. M. , Richmond , V. P. , Sallinen , A. , & Barraclough , R. A. ( 1996 ). A multi-cultural examination of the relationship between nonverbal immediacy and affective learning . Communication Quarterly , 44 , 297 – 307 .
   Google Scholar
• Mehrabian , A. ( 1969 ). Some referents and measures of nonverbal behavior . Behavioral Research Methods and Instrumentation , 1 , 203 – 207 .
   Google Scholar
• Mehrabian , A. ( 1981 ). Silent messages () , 2nd ed. . Belmont , CA : Wadsworth .
   Google Scholar
• Mottet , T. P. , & Beebe , S. A. ( 2002 ). Relationships between instructor nonverbal immediacy, student emotional response, and perceived student learning . Communication Research Reports , 19 , 77 – 88 .
   Google Scholar
• Mottet , T. P. , Frymier , A. B. , & Beebe , S. A. (2006). Theorizing about instructional communication. In T. P. Mottet , V. P. Richmond , & J. C. McCroskey (Eds.), Handbook of instructional communication: Rhetorical and relational perspectives (pp. 255–282). Boston , MA : Allyn and Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Mottet , T. P. , Garza , R. , Beebe , S. A. , Houser , M. L. , Jurrells , S. , & Furler , L. ( 2008 ). Instructional communication predictors of ninth-grade students' affective learning in math and science . Communication Education , 57 , 333 – 355 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumann , R. , & Strack , F. ( 2000 ). Mood contagion: The automatic transfer of mood between persons . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 79 , 211 – 223 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plax , T. C. , Kearney , P. , McCroskey , J. C , & Richmond , V. P. ( 1986 ). Power in the classroom VI: Verbal control strategies, nonverbal immediacy and affective learning . Communication Education , 35 , 43 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramanathan , S. , & McGill , A. L. ( 2007 ). Consuming with others: Social influences on moment-to-moment and retrospective evaluations of an experience . Journal of Communication Research , 34 , 506 – 524 .
   Google Scholar
• Richmond , V. P. , Gorham , J. S. , & McCroskey , J. C. ( 1987 ). The relationship between selected immediacy behaviors and cognitive learning . In M. L. McLaughlin (Ed.), Communication yearbook 10 (pp. 574 – 590 ). Newbury Park , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Rodriguez , J. I. , Plax , T. G. , & Kearney , P. ( 1996 ). Clarifying the relationship between teacher nonverbal immediacy and student cognitive learning: Affective learning as the central causal mediator . Communication Education , 45 , 293 – 305 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salovey , P. , & Mayer , J. D. ( 1990 ). Emotional intelligence . Imagination, Cognition and Personality , 9 , 185 – 211 .
   Google Scholar
• Schrodt , P. ( 2003 ). Student perceptions of instructor verbal aggressiveness: The influence of student verbal aggressiveness and self-esteem . Communication Research Reports , 20 , 240 – 250 .
   Google Scholar
• Schrodt , P. , & Turman , P. D. , & Soliz , J. ( 2006 ). Perceived understanding as a mediator of perceived teacher confirmation and students' ratings of instruction . Communication Education , 55 , 370 – 388 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrodt , P. , Witt , P. L. , Turman , P. D. , Myers , S. A. , Barton , M. H. , & Jernberg , K. A. ( 2008, November ). Testing a general model of instructional communication across four institutions . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Communication Association, San Diego, CA .
   Google Scholar
• Schutte , N. S. , Malouff , J. M. , Hall , L. E. , Haggerty , D. J. , Cooper , J. T. , et al. . ( 1998 ). Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence . Personality and Individual Differences , 25 , 167 – 177 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schutte , N. S. , Malouff , J. M. , Simunek , M. , McKenley , J. , & Hollander , S. ( 2002 ). Characteristics of emotional intelligence and emotional well-being . Cognition and Emotion , 16 , 769 – 785 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smythe , M. J. , & Hess , J. A. ( 2005 ). Are student self-reports a valid method for measuring teacher nonverbal immediacy? Communication Education , 54 , 170 – 179 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witt , P. L. , Wheeless , L. R. , & Allen , M. ( 2004 ). A meta-analytical review of the relationship between instructor immediacy and student learning . Communication Monographs , 72 , 184 – 217 .
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , Q. , Oetzel , J. G. , Gao , X. , Wilcox , R. G. , & Takai , J. ( 2007 ). A further test of immediacy-learning models: A cross-cultural investigation . Journal of Intercultural Communication Research , 36 , 1 – 13 .
   Google Scholar